psy final
Results of behavioral genetics twin studies suggest that heritability estimates for the big five personality factors are about 20 percent.
50 percent.
Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality?
A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.
Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?
Agreeableness
________ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
Bipolar disorder
________ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder
_______ is the psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts.
Cognitive dissonance
_______ is a technique in cognitive therapy.
Decatastrophize
Which of the following scenarios indicates the psychoanalytic phenomenon of transference?
Derek feels attached to his psychotherapist who resembles his girlfriend.
________ is a defense mechanism that means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target.
Displacement
________ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?
Drives do not always follow from needs.
________ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in females. ________ are the class of sex hormones that are predominate in males. Estrogens/Endorphins
Estrogens/Androgens
________ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony.
Groupthink
According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?
He is addicted to smoking cigarettes.
Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?
Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.
Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?
In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.
Identify the function of the parasympathetic nervous system.
It aids in relaxing and healing the body.
Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is true?
It includes new diagnoses such as binge-eating disorder and gambling addiction
According to Lyubomirsky, which of the following effects does engaging in altruistic behavior have on one's well-being?
It increases happiness
Which of the following statements is true of the concept of risky shift?
It is the tendency for individuals to more willingly endorse riskier decisions when in a group than when they are alone.
Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
It states that frustration always leads to aggression.
The facial feedback hypothesis provides support for the
James-Lange theory of emotion.
_______ are recurrent thoughts, and ________ are recurrent behaviors.
Obsessions/compulsions
Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?
People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.
________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
______ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
Positive illusion
Which of the following statements about biological therapies is FALSE
Psychologists can prescribe drugs for psychological disorders in most states.
Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?
Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
_______ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Social psychology
Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?
The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory primarily concern personal growth rather than the filling of deficiencies.
Which of the following is true regarding the Rorschach inkblot test?
The test does not meet certain criteria of reliability and validity.
Which of the following indicates the view of a humanistic therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems?
They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level.
Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?
They strive to eliminate individuals' depressed symptoms or behaviors.
The cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) approach to understanding personality was developed by which of the following psychologists?
Walter Mischel
Cindy recently played in a softball game in which she misplayed a ground ball for an error. Later, in the same game, she made a great catch on a very difficult play. According to the self-serving bias, she would attribute her error to ________ and her good catch to her ________.
a bad bounce/good fielding skills
Social desirability is
a major problem with self-report assessments.
According to Freud's therapeutic technique, getting people to talk freely
allows their deepest thoughts to emerge.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of ________ test of personality.
an empirically keyed self-report
A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of
anorexia nervosa.
Tranquilizers are ________ drugs
antianxiety
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as
attribution.
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the
biological approach.
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with
body dysmorphic disorder.
According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, what is the best way to gain insight into a person's core problems?
bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, girls experience
castration completed.
According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by
changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.
Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy
clearly shows that psychotherapy works.
Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing
client-centered therapy.
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates
conformity.
According to Freud, the superego
considers whether the id's impulses can be satisfied in acceptable moral terms.
Mischel nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are
consistent.
Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?
crowdsourcing
Ralph just started taking guitar lessons last week. Jimmie has been playing guitar for almost 20 years. According to the concept of social facilitation, performing in front of an audience of strangers and friends tonight is likely to ________ Ralph's performance and ________ Jimmie's performance.
decrease/enhance
June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. During Mardi Gras, she found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to
deindividuation.
The Stanford prison experiment provides a dramatic example of how social situations and the roles we take on in life can influence
deindividuation.
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as
deindividuation.
All of the following are classified as anxiety disorders, EXCEPT
depression.
Self-report personality tests
directly ask people whether specific items describe their personality traits.
Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn't like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present. Evan's behavior can be explained in terms of
display rules.
A(n) ________ is a type of self-report test that is created by first identifying two groups that are known to be different.
empirically keyed test
Ethology describes motivation from a(n)
evolutionary perspective.
Systematic desensitization involves
exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?
extraversion
Annie's mother pays her $5 for every book she reads. Annie is reading like crazy, not because she loves books, but rather because she enjoys spending her money on candy and toys. Annie is demonstrating ________ motivation.
extrinsic
Brad has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now. He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr. Simons, a psychiatrist, asks Brad detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history. Brad tells Dr. Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous. Brad also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems. After conducting a quick examination of Brad's symptoms, Dr. Simons discovers that Brad's incessant worry does not have a particular cause, and it has taken a physical toll on Brad's health. Which of the following disorders is Dr. Simons most likely to diagnose Brad with?
generalized anxiety disorder
Autonomy refers to
he sense that one is in control of one's own life.
From Maslow's perspective, motivation is primarily the result of
humans focusing on satisfying basic needs before moving to higher needs.
Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her ________. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her ________.
id; superego
Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as
individual psychology.
According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?
internal/external causes
Competence, relatedness, and autonomy are examples of
intrinsic motivation.
Chaz has been on antipsychotic medication for several weeks now. As a consequence, he is most likely to experience the side effect of
involuntary muscle movement.
Which of the following would suggest that you feel happy because you are laughing?
james-Lange theory
Jane is afraid of crowds. If her therapist uses systematic desensitization technique, Jane will be asked to
learn how to relax.
In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the
lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is
major depressive disorder.
Ever since Kerry lost her job, she has been feeling worthless. It's been more than two weeks now since she slept well. She has lost a lot of weight and keeps thinking about committing suicide. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Kerry is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder.
Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of
mania.
According to recent research on sexual patterns of behavior in the United States,
marriage and monogamy rule sexual behavior.
A(n) ________ is a physical or biological deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation.
need
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
You are having dinner with your friend who experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and with no specific cause. Your friend would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from
panic disorder.
Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that
personality varies considerably from one context to another.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first?
physiological needs
Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?
post-traumatic stress disorder
Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel. He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days. Since then, Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work. Sometimes, Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel. These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Jerome shows symptoms suggestive of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
pressure for unanimity
The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why ________ increases attraction.
proximity
Sean, a psychologist, told his colleague "My client must confront the conflicts he faced in his childhood and gain release from this burdening anxiety." According to this statement, it can be concluded that Sean follows a ________ approach.
psychodynamic
Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?
psychosurgery
All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT
reduced awareness.
Eysenck suggested that the ________ of extraverts and introverts differs with respect to the baseline level of arousal.
reticular activation system
William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try and improve the lives of the residents there. The citizens currently have enough to eat and drink. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next
safety
Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?
self-efficacy
According to self-determination theory, competence motivation involves
self-efficacy and mastery.
Carlos intends to help one of his clients who feels that he is a failure and is not capable of achieving anything in life. Which of the following cognitive therapies should be implemented by Carlos in this situation?
self-instructional technique
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?
serotonin
Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for
smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.
"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of
social comparison.
Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?
social identity theory
Eric has an extreme fear of being humiliated in public. As a result, he avoids public gatherings and functions. The thought of speaking in front of the crowd induces panic in him. Which of the following best describes Eric's disorder?
social phobia
According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, crying over spilled milk will result in
sorrow because you are crying
A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing
specific phobia.
The ________ calms the body.
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following techniques should be most likely implemented by a behavioral therapist when a client has a fear of public speaking?
systematic desensitization
What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD? overprotective parents
the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts
According to ________, our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior.
the cognitive affective processing systems (CAPS) theory of personality
The advertising committee for a politician is going door to door and asking people to put a big, ugly election sign on their lawn. If the people refuse, they ask them if they would consider putting a smaller sign on the lawn. The staff is using
the door-in-the-face technique.
If it is night, we are likely to feel hungry even if we ate a big lunch. This illustrates
the effect of learned associations on eating behavior.
According to ________, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.
the foot-in-the-door technique
John is selling magazine subscriptions and chocolates. He asks you whether you are interested in buying some chocolates for $1 and you say yes. When you go to get the money to pay for the chocolates and return to the door, John asks you if you would also like to buy a $25 subscription to a variety of magazines. Even though you don't read magazines, you agree to buy a magazine subscription. This is an example of
the foot-in-the-door technique.
The broaden-and-build model begins with
the influence of positive emotions on cognitive processing.
Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of
the self-serving bias
Which of the following is the most important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
the therapeutic alliance
The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because
they are far removed from reality.
In the context of community mental-health movement, deinstitutionalization involves
transferring individuals with psychological disorders from mental institutions to community-based facilities.
Each time Harry feels anxious, he compulsively pulls hair from his scalp or eyebrows. This compulsive urge to pull his hair has made him partially bald. Harry is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following OCD-related disorders?
trichotillomania
The ________ is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
ventromedial hypothalamus
Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?
Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance
_______ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
Anorexia nervosa
________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Anorexia nervosa
_______ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Effexor
________ emphasize independence and self-reliance, whereas ________ emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interdependence. Collectivist cultures/individualistic cultures
Individualistic cultures/collectivist cultures
Which of the following statements about instincts is FALSE?
Instincts are learned behavioral responses.
Identify the true statement about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
Intrinsic motivation is believed to lead to more positive outcomes than extrinsic motivation.
________ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.
Romantic love
Which of the following is true of ventromedial hypothalamus?
When this area of an animal's brain is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.
Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin's performance can be best explained by the
Yerkes-Dodson law
Which of the following individuals would benefit from systematic desensitization?
a person who has a phobia of closed spaces
Which of the following therapies represents the application of operant principles to psychological disorders?
applied behavior analysis
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains
archetypes.
All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT
behavior that is inconsistent.
Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,
clients have better treatment outcomes.
According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?
competence, autonomy, and relatedness
According to the self-determination theory, when an individual has a high sense of self-efficacy and a belief that he or she can gain skills and overcome obstacles, the individual's beliefs most likely reflects
competence.
Ivan is very depressed, and the danger of suicide is eminent. He is not responding to the drugs normally employed to treat depression. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prove helpful in reducing Ivan's depression and suicidal behavior?
electroconvulsive therapy
Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?
extraversion
The ________ is the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do.
false consensus effect
An individual who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder.
Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the ________ of personality.
humanistic perspective
Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?
id
The elaboration likelihood model
identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.
Beck's cognitive therapy focuses on
illogical thoughts.
According to Freud's psychosexual stages of development, the latency period occurs
immediately after the phallic stage.
In humans, ________ concentrations have been linked with weight, body fat, and weight loss in response to dieting.
leptin
The chemical substance ________, released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism.
leptin
With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered
maladaptive.
Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the ________ of psychological disorders.
medical model
Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are
more likely to drop out of therapy.
An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience
motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts.
Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The ________ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the ________ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.
positive symptoms/negative symptoms
Which of the following therapies stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems
psychodynamic therapies
Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders
psychological approach.
Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?
repression
Parents warn a new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As a result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and he behaves in ways that elicit aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called
self-fulfilling prophecy.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism? GABA
serotonin
Rachel has a pessimistic attitude. She worries incessantly about things and can never seem to see the positive side of life. According to the biological perspective, Rachel's attitude could best be explained by low levels of
serotonin.
An individual's ________ refers to the direction of his or her erotic interests.
sexual orientation
The ________ approach to personality places emphasis on conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals.
social cognitive
By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to
stabilize moods.
Which of the following is a technique that is used in family therapy?
structural change
Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?
the investment model
Allport used ________ to conduct research on personality.
the lexical approach
Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because
the presence of other individuals arouses us.
After Bungee jumping, David's nervous system signals the production of large amounts of epinephrine which causes high arousal. During this time, he notices a beautiful woman and cognitively interprets his excitement as attraction toward the woman. This exemplifies the concept of the
two-factor theory.
