PSY Mcgraw-Hill Chapter 5

Coffee is a __________, and a natural component of the plants that are sources of coffee, tea, and cola drinks.

stimulant

To which classifications does MDMA belong top?

stimulant and hallucinogen

Amphetamines are classified as _________ drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.

stimulants

To which category of drug do amphetamines belong?

stimulants

___________ are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity

stimulants

MDMA is an illegal synthetic drug with both _______ and ________

stimulating and hallucinogenic

Our minds can race from one idea to the next, altering our awareness of things around us. This is called:

stream of consciousness

A(n) _________ stimulus involves a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

unconditioned

A(n) _________ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

Amphetamines are also called ___________ due to their stimulative effects.

uppers

Scientists speculate that sleep might serve which of the following needs? (Select all that apply.)

1. Consolidating energy during a time (night) when food is less likely to be available 2. Restoring the body and the brain

Match the category of psychoactive drug to its main effect on the central nervous system.

1. Depressants: A category of drugs that slows down mental and physical activity and decreases the processing of information in the central nervous system. 2. Stimulants: A category of drugs that increases the processing of information in the central nervous system. 3. Hallucinogens: A category of drugs in which a person's perceptual experiences are modified.

Match each of the major sleep disorders with their descriptions.

1. Insomnia: Difficulties falling asleep, waking up during the middle of the night, or waking up too early 2. Sleepwalking: Occurs during the deepest stages of sleep and is also called somnambulism 3. Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fears and includes symptoms similar to a panic attack 4. Narcolepsy: Sudden urge to sleep 5. Sleep Apnea: A disorder characterized by moments of stopped breathing during sleep

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

Nicotine stimulates the brain's reward centers by raising _______ levels.

Dopamine

The processing of awareness and arousal throughout various parts of the brain is identified as:

Global Brain Workspace

Which of the following statements is true regarding hypnosis?

Hypnosis is used for the treatment of such conditions as alcoholism, somnambulism, migraines, overeating, and smoking.

A hallucinogen that produces striking perceptual changes even in low doses is Blank______ which is classified as a:

LSD; hallucinogen

______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

Which of the following is NOT considered as depressant?

MDMA

Jelani had a dream that he was a rock star. The dream content that Jelani remembers where he was singing on stage to an audience is an example of:

Manifest Content

__________, a hormone produced in the brain's pineal gland, is secreted at about 9:30 P.M. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents.

Melatonin

__________, also called narcotics, depress activity in the central nervous system.

Opiates

Which researcher discovered the principles of classical conditioning?

Pavlov

__________ drugs are drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change mood.

Psychoactive

______ is a natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness.

Sleep

Match each stage of sleep with its description.

Stage W: A person is awake and their EEG patterns include beta and alpha waves. Stage N1: When a person is just dozing off and starting to fall asleep; may include sudden muscle movements or the sensation of falling. Stage N2: No longer consciously aware of the environment; an EEG pattern will show sleep spindles. Stage N3: Characterized by delta wave patterns in an EEG and is considered our deepest sleep. Stage R: An active stage of sleep characterized by REM and fast wave patterns in an EEG.

The social cognitive behavior view of hypnosis states that hypnosis is:

a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way they believe that a hypnotized person should behave.

Hypnosis may be defined as

a psychological state of altered attention and expectation.

Psychoactive drugs are substances that:

act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

When combined with __________, barbiturates can be lethal.

alcohol

Individuals in a hypnotic state display a predominance of __________ and ________ waves when monitored by an EEG.

alpha and beta

What is an unconditioned response?

an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is NOT an effect of the overuse of alcohol?

balance is heightened

Periodic rhythms of the body that are annual or season cycles are called __________ rhythms.

biological

Periodic fluctuations in the body are known as

biological rhythms

Pavlov was the founder of

classical conditioning

When Ashon comes home from work every day, he opens the garage door and pulls his car into the garage. His dog, Spot, hears the noise of the garage door opening and the car entering the garage before Ashon comes through the garage door. Now, when Spot hears the garage door open, Spot runs to the garage door to greet Ashon. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

Awareness and arousal are the two main parts of:

consciousness

Controlled processes are the most alert states of human _____________, in which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal.

consciousness

Stream of consciousness is a __________ of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

continuous flow

The most alert states of consciousness, in which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal, are known as

controlled processes

Tranquilizers, such as Valium and Xanax, are classified as __________ drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.

depressant

Drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation are called tranquilizers, and they fall into the ________ category of drugs.

depressants

To which drug category do tranquilizers belong?

depressants

Which psychoactive drugs slow down mental and physical activity?

depressants

True or false: Your global brain workspace involves using the same part of your brain to process different levels of consciousness.

false

LSD is classified as a _________ that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes.

hallucinogen

Marijuana is classified as a ___________, which are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

hallucinogen

To which drug classification does marijuana belong?

hallucinogen

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real are known as:

hallucinogens

___________are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.

hallucinogens

_________ may be defined as a psychological state of altered attention and expectation, in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

hypnosis

According to Carskadon's research, early school starting times may cause

inattention in class.

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that

increase the central nervous system's activity

Which of the following does the book not mention as a problem that hypnosis has been applied to?

mania

__________ __________ is a dream's surface content.

manifest content

All of the following are classified as depressants EXCEPT:

marijuana

A recent research review concluded that sleep is vital to the consolidation of ___________

memory

Alpha and beta waves are characteristic of

persons in a relaxed waking state.

The main effect of tranquilizers is that they

reduce anxiety and induce relaxation

Which of the following are considered barbiturates?

seconal and nembutal

MDMA produces its effects by releasing which of the following neurotransmitters.

serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

What are the major sleep disorders?

sleep apnea, sleepwalking and sleep talking, insomnia, nightmares and night terrors, narcolepsy

In the _________ cognitive behavior view of hypnosis, hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave.

social

In the __________, __________, _________ view of hypnosis, hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way they believe that a hypnotized person should behave.

social cognitive behavior

Which of the following are factors in the way an individual metabolizes alcohol? (Select all that apply.)

Body weight, Individual differences in the way the body, metabolizes alcohol, Stomach enzymes, and Gender

_________ _______ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical Conditioning

_____________ is an individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal.

Consciousness

_____________, are chemicals produced by the body's cells while we are fighting an infection that are powerfully sleep-inducing.

Cytokines

_____________ produced by the body's cells while we are fighting an infection that are powerfully sleep-inducing.

Cytokines are chemicals

Fast, irregular, and low-amplitude electrical activity corresponds to

Wakefulness