Psy Of Adol. Exam 2

What proportion of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for someone to hit a boyfriend or girlfriend?

More than 80% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl to hit her boyfriend; however, only about 10% believe it is OK for a boy to hit his girlfriend. (W)

More advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style?

authoritative

With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to:

communicate with people they have offline relationships with.

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their:

dates

What percent of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or buttocks to a fellow student?

+ 75% (W)

The average duration of a romantic relationship during the middle high school years is about _____ months.

6

Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs?

Adolescents are rarely required to use skills taught in school.

Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become:

All

Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually change adolescents' behaviors?

All

What is the main difference in time-use between 15- to 17-year-olds in the late 1970s and 15- to 17-year-olds in the early 2000s?

Among boys and girls, there was a significant decline in the proportion of time devoted to paid jobs and a significant increase in time devoted to leisure activities.

Which of the following statements about autonomy is false?

An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in autonomy development

Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false?

Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity moratorium state?

Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to engage in false-self behavior?

Emily, who has high support from her parents and peers

Who would argue that the physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption and conflict inside the family system?

Erik Erikson

Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity achieved state?

Francis, who has established a coherent sense of identity; she has made identity commitments after a period of exploration

According to the textbook, which of the following statements is not true?

Having a huge network of many friends is more important than having a few good friendships.

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?

High achievement in school boosts self-esteem

Which adolescent is least likely to spend leisure time reading?

Jeannette, who lives in the United States

How much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence?

They remain about the same.

An infant who is indifferent to his/her caregiver would have what type of attachment?

anxious-avoidant

Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish:

autonomy.

Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he least likely to take?

baby-sitter

Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-grade class. What are his results likely to say?

baby-sitting and lawn work

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:

blaming other people for one's problems.

Based on the Five Cs of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others?

caring

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that:

children are more strict observers of religious customs.

Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is this called?

co-rumination

During adolescence, the importance of religion:

decreases

Research suggests that the most reliable way to combat the unemployment problem of adolescents who are not attending school is through:

helping adolescents stay in school.

Carrie's parents have repeatedly told her not to pierce her belly button despite her argument that all of her friends are getting their belly buttons pierced. Carrie's urge to pierce her navel probably stems from:

her desire to conform to her peers.

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

high school (W)

Jessica is 15 years old and spends most of her energy wondering who she is and what kind of person she will become. Erikson would describe her as facing the crisis called

identity versus identity diffusion.

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be:

impulsive.

The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble _____ in adolescence and the likelihood of turning to a parent _____.

increases; remains stable

Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components.

independence; autonomy

Research studying the relation between identity and intimacy has provided support for the idea that:

individuals follow different developmental paths. (W)

Tyler's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing:

individuation.

Dr. Eckert wants to learn whether students with high self-esteem are more likely to participate in extracurricular activities, or if participation in extracurricular activities enhances adolescents' psychological well-being. She is most likely to understand a cause-and-effect relationship between psychological well-being and extracurricular activities by using which type of study?

longitudinal

Approximately how many of today's high school students will have worked in an after-school job before graduating?

majority

Researchers who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults in criminal court typically base their arguments on findings that:

mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood.

Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date?

neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date (W)

Affluent, suburban, and White children are _____ likely to be home unsupervised, and poor, minority, and urban and rural children are _____ likely.

none (W)

Craig is easily persuaded by his friends to engage in illegal and antisocial behaviors. If you had to guess, which style of parenting do you think Craig's mom and dad utilize?

permissive

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during:

preadolescence

According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop?

preadolescent, same-sex relationships

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

preconventional.

Adolescents spend the least amount of time on _____ activities and the most amount of time on _____ activities.

productive; leisure

Ron will be going to a new school in the fall. According to a research study presented in the textbook, what would be most effective in making this transition less stressful?

providing Ron with social support and encouragement from parents and peers at school

Overall, the greatest number of working high school students are employed in:

restaurants and retail establishments.

Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in:

same-sex relationships.

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:

selecting a negative identity

Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because:

the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16.

With respect to the rate of unemployment, which of the following is a "recent" phenomenon?

the high rate of unemployment among high school graduates who do not go to college

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among minorities. This model is called:

the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI).

When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say:

the person should confess

Which of the following statements concerning sexual-minority (LGBT) youth is false?

the progression through the phases of dating and romance is as similar for them as for heterosexual adolescents

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?

the routine activity theory

Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated successfully if:

they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships.

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:

to be depressed.

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

uses and gratifications approach (W)

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining.

Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue?

Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to change how they view and feel about themselves.

Which of the following statements about dating violence is false?

Dating violence is virtually nonexistent among LGBT adolescents.

Which adolescent is most likely to spend free time with friends?

Jenny, who lives in the United States

When the author of the textbook, Laurence Steinberg, says that "Some researchers have argued that the question of whether self-esteem is stable during adolescence is a poor one," what does he mean?

Researchers have argued that asking whether self-esteem is stable is a poor question because group averages often hide substantial differences between people. (W)

Have attempts to speed up the identity development process by training individuals to think more about how specific life events have played a role in their development been effective?

The results of these training programs have been mixed. (W)

According to the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:

adolescents who feel discriminated against in school may feel less control over their academic achievement, which may lead to feelings of depression.

Much of adolescents' money is spent on discretionary purchases related to leisure activities. Additionally, many adolescents spend money on ____, which accounts for one-sixth of the amount of dollars spent each year on _____.

alcohol and cigarettes; alcohol

During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing:

an internal working model

Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria?

anxious-resistant attachment

Girls are more likely than boys to settle disagreements with friends by:

apologizing.

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs

are dreary.

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their ethnic group typically:

are more sensitive to racial cues

Justin, a 16-year-old, has a substance-abuse problem. According to a research study presented in the textbook, to whom is he most likely to turn for help?

his friends

Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______.

individuation; emotional closeness

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

personal taste.

Research has shown that ethnic socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one's ethnic group is associated with:

positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

According to Erikson, a necessary "time-out" for adolescents is called:

psychosocial moratorium

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except:

the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions.