PSY Test 2
How long do items stay in the sensory store? How long do items stay in short-term memory? How long do items stay in long-term memory? What is the capacity of the sensory store? What is the capacity of short-term memory? What is the capacity of long-term memory?
sensory: very brief period less than 1 second short: 15-30 seconds unless actively rehearsed long: extended period of time, potentially indefinitely sens capacity: very large, briefly holds all incoging info cap short: limited, around 7 items or chunkc cap long: very large potentially unlimited
Know the difference between shared and non-shared environmental influences.
shared: factors that are common to siblings reared together and contribute to their similarities non: factors that are unique to each individual, even within the same family, contributing to differences between siblings.
Thoroughly understand the IQ similarity among relatives graph. Be able to separate genetics and environment using the categories given.
similarity: shows the correlation of IQ scores between different types of relatives, helping to separate the influences of genetics and environment
The principle of cardinality refers to the understanding that
the last word in a counting sequence indicates the quantity of items in a set
What is the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis?
the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions increase the longer children remain in those conditions. As a result early cognitive deficits lead to more deficits which become harder to overcome
Make sure you the understand the "Man with two brains" video clip. If the corpus collosum is completely cut, how can the right hemisphere communicate?
the right hemisphere can communicate through indirect pathways such as the anterior commissure and the brainstem, as well as by directly interacting with the environment.
Understand thoroughly the 5 conservation tasks. Why do 4 year olds have difficulty with them? What is centration and irreversibility?
con tasks: the idea. that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes number, mass, liquid, weight why: centration and irreversibility cen: focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features irr: the inability to go through a series of steps in a problem and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point
How does concrete operational thought differ from formal operational thought?
concrete (7-11): the ability to perform logical operations on concrete objects and events, such as understanding conservation and performing classification tasks formal (12+): the ability to think abstractly, hypothetically, and systematically. can engage in deductive reasoning, consider hypothetical situations, and solve problems using abstract concepts without relying on concrete objects
The "violation-of-expectation" experiments are most commonly used in which perspective?
core knowledge
What characterizes animistic thinking?
belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
The duration of items in the sensory store for visual memory is about:
300-500 milliseconds or 0 .3 to 0 .5 seconds
What helps foster emergent literacy? What does ordinality and cardinality mean? What is the most effective method of learning mathematical skills?
- early exposure to reading and writing activities - interactive reading - engaging with books and print materials - developing phonemic awareness ordinality: the understanding of the order or sequences of numbers cardinality: the understanding that the last number in a counting series represents the total quantity of items effective: a combination of hand-on, interactive experiences and explicit instruction
What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory? How are they related?
semantic: memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, such as knowing that Paris is the capital of France episodic: memory for specific events and experiences from one's life such as recalling your trip to Paris episodic memory can contribute to semantic knowledge by forming generalizable facts over time. while semantic knowledge can influence how episodic memories are encoded and recalled
What are the functions of the corpus collosum, reticular formation, cerebellum, and frontal lobes?
1. Facilitates communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. 2. egulates sleep-wake cycles, arousal, and attention. 3. Coordinates voluntary movements and balance, and plays a role in motor learning. 4. Responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, problem-solving, and personality expression.
What exactly is synaptic pruning? Which area of the brain has the most extended period of development?
1. is the process by which extra or unnecessary synapses (connections between neurons) in the brain are eliminated during childhood and adolescence, allowing the brain to become more efficient. 2. prefrontal cortex
What are the stages in the modal model of memory?
1. sensory memory 2. short term memory 3. long term memory
Be familiar with the Clive Wearing clip, E.P. clip, and false memory clip. Which false memory was purposely implanted in the subjects? Be familiar with the brain games clip on fluid intelligence vs. crystallized intelligence. What was the solution to the light, switches problem?
1. subjects were purposefully implanted with the false memory of getting lost in a shopping mall as a child. 2. The solution involves turning on the first switch and waiting for a while before turning it off and then turning on the second switch. After that, enter the room and observe which bulb is lit up and which bulb is warm but off.
What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
Nutritional Helps physical growth Protects against disease Ensures digestibility Smooth transition to solid foods bonding with mother
What abilities or characteristics are associated more with the left hemisphere? the right hemisphere?
Left Hemisphere: - Language processing (speech, reading, writing) - Logical reasoning - Analytical thinking - Sequential processing Right Hemisphere: - Spatial awareness and perception - Visual and artistic skills - Creativity - Intuitive thinking
In the "store" model of information processing, what role does the central executive play? What is memory span? What do connectionist models attempt to do? Does a central executive exist in the connectionist model?
central: directing attention, managing working memory, & coordinating cognitive process memory span: the amount of information an individual can hold and recall in short term memory connectionist: neural network models, attempt to simulate the way the human brain processes info Central in connectionist: does not
What are some key differences between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories? How does Piaget characterize private speech? How does Vygotsky characterize private speech?
Piaget: focused on stages of cognitive development, emphasizing how children construct knowledge through interactions with their environment and through processes like assimilation and accommodation speech: as egocentric and sign of cognitive development- own thought process rather than social vyg: emphasized the social and cultural context of learning, arguing that cognitive development is largely a result of social interactions and cultural tools. learning can lead to the development and introduce the concept of the zone of proximal development speech: an important tool for self-regulation and cognitive development - plan, guide, and control behavior
Why must infants born with a thyroxine deficiency receive it at once?
an absence of thyroxine results in mental challenge and stunted growth
In Piaget's theory, what are the exact differences between assimilation and accommodation? How do they relate to adaptation? What is meant by organization?
assim: integrating new info into existing without changing schema accom: process of altering existing schemas or creating new ones in response to new info that cannot be assimilated into existing schemas adapttion: involves both organ: internal rearrangement and linking of cognitive schemas into coherent system
According to the core knowledge perspective, infants
begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems
What is crystal intelligence? What is fluid intelligence? How do they differ? What is the three-stratum theory of intelligence?
crystal: the ability to use knowledge and skills acquired through experiences and education fluid: the capacity to think logically adn solve novel problems without relying on prior knowledge, such as pattern recognition and abstract reasoning differ: crystal relies on accumalated knowledge and experiences, while fluid is more about problem solving and adapting new situations 3 stratum: (John Carroll) 1. stratum III gen intelliegnce 2. Stratum II: broad abilities - fluid and crystal 3. Statum I: narrow abilities and specific skills
Crystallized intelligence is assumed to depend more heavily on ________ than fluid intelligence.
culture
Which understanding(s) help(s) concrete operational children successfully do conservation tasks?
decentration & reversibility
In recent years, school-aged children _______________ compared to previous generations.
devote less time to outdoor, informal physical play
What is divergent thinking and how is it related to creativity? What personality traits are characteristic of creative thinkers?
divergent: the ability to generate multiple, unique solutions to a problem or open-ended question. creativity: key component of creativity as it involves thinking outside the box and exploring many possible approaches. traits: Openness to Experience, Curiosity, Independence, Risk-taking, Persistence
What is egocentrism? Know how the "three mountain" problem works. What is animistic thinking? Be able to give an example of animistic thinking.
ego: the inability to differentiate between ones own perspective and that of others 3 mountain: describe what they see from one perspective and then asked to describe another perspective. struggle to describe others- egocentrism animistic: the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, feelings, and intentions ex- sun sad on a cloudy day, stuffed animals
What is the difference between children with excellent cognitive inhibition and poor cognitive inhibition?
excellent: effectively suppress irrelevant or distracting info, focus on relevant tasks, and control impulses, leading to better attention, problem solving, and academic performance poor: struggle to filter out distractions, may have difficulty maintaining focus, and are more prone to impulsive behavior, negatively impact their attention, learning, task performance
Piaget believed that the major function of make-believe play during the preoperational stage is to
exercise representational schemes
What is the difference between experience-expectant brain growth and experience-dependent brain growth?
expectant - refers to the biological process of brain development that relies on experiences that are typical or expected in a species' environment. dependant - refers to brain development that occurs in response to unique, individual experiences and interactions with the environment.
What is the Flynn affect? What are possible causes? What is the stereotype threat?
flynn: the observed rise in average IQ scores over successive generations, occurring across many parts of the world causes: improved nutrition, enhanced education, access to info, smaller family sizes allowing more parental attention, better health care stereo: the fear of confirming negative stereotypes about ones own group, which can adversely affect performance in tasks such as academic tests
What did Piaget believe to be the function of make-believe play? What is dual representation? What is a common method to test for this ability (dual representation) in children?
function: allow children to practice and strengthen their cognitive and social skills by exploring and understanding different roles and scenarios dual: the ability to understand that an object can be both a symbol and a real object simultaneously method: scale model task: children are shown a model of a room and then asked to find hidden object in the actual room based on the location in the model
What is fuzzy trace theory? Do younger children rely more on verbatim memory or gist memory?
fuzz: suggests that memory relies on 2 types of representations: verbatim memory (involves exact details), and gist memory (captures the general meaning or essence of an experience. rely on verbatim memory because their ability to extract and use gist is still developing
What are the hormones and glands responsible for growth and brain development?
growth hormone (GH) - pituitary gland Thyroid - thyroid insulin like growth factors - GH sex hormons - ovaries and testes cortisol - adrenal
What is the best way to measure growth spurts? What is the trend for organized sports?
height, weight, shoe size, tanner stages- physical development body shape pubic hair and brests
What is infantile amnesia? According to your text, what is the most likely cause of infantile amnesia?
infantile amnesia: inability of adults to recall memories from the early years of life, typically before 3 cause: immaturity of the brain hippocampus and prefrontal cortex during early childhood
What are the basics behind the core knowledge perspective?
infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems referred to as core domains of thought. each of these "prewired" understandings permits a ready grasp of new related information and therefore supports early, rapid development of certain aspects of cognition physical and numerical
What is the difference between an intelligence test, an aptitude test and an achievement test? Name an example of each type. How reliable are IQ test scores from year to year? Why do preschool IQ scores have lower reliability?
intell: measure general cognitive abilites and intellectual potential ex: Wechsler Intelligence scale for children aptitude: assesses specifci abilities or potential in particular areas, oftern predicting. future performance ex: SAT achievement: measures knowledge and skills acquired through education or experiences ex: Woodcock-Johnson Tests of achievemnt reliable IQ: stable and reliable but cna fluctuate preschool: lower due to varaiblity in performance
In the brain game clip, what was the solution to the switches/lightbulbs problem?
leave one of the switches off, turn one of the remaining switches on, turn the last switch on for one minute and then turn it off
Know the symptoms and differences between the malnutrition states of marasmus and kwashiorkor. Finally, know the cause of psychosocial dwarfism and the nonorganic failure to thrive.
marasmus: - thinness, loss of muscle & fat, weakness, guant - caused by a severe deficiency in caloric intake Kwashiorkor: - edema (swelling), enlarged liver, thinning hair, skin changes, distended abdomen - results from a protein deficiency
What is object permanence? Know the A-not-B search error thoroughly so you could recognize an example. What is the most likely cause for the A-not-B search error?
object: the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible A not B: occurs when an infant repeatedly searches for an object in its initial hiding spot (A), even after seeing it moved to a new location (B). 8-12 months most likely cause: result from a combination of underdeveloped memory, difficulty in inhibiting a previously successful response, and a lack or mature cognitive control
What affect do programs like Head Start have on children? What are some of the documented outcomes?
positive outcomes especially on lower-income children. outcomes: improved school readiness, enhanced social and emotional development, reduced need for special education services
What is the primacy and recency effect? What type of memory is associated with the primacy effect? What type of memory is associated with the recency effect?
primary: tendency to better recall items presented at the beginning of a list (long term) recency: tendency to better recall items presented at the end of a list (short term)
In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, what is a circular reaction? How does a primary circular reaction differ from a secondary circular reaction?
reaction: is a repitive action that allows infants to explore and learn about their environment through trial and error pri: occurs between 1-4 months and invovles the infants own body sec: between 4-8 months and involves the infant interaction with external objects
When a baby has mastered object permanence, he/she __________.
realizes that objects exist even when out of sight
The fact that most people don't know the exact layout of a penny suggests that:
repeated exposure (rote rehearsal) does not guarantee encoding in memory
How was Piaget right and wrong about the preoperational stage? Under what circumstances are preschool children more likely to display logical thought?
right: during the preoperational stage (2-7), display symbolic thinking, egocentrism, and struggle with conservation tasks wrong: in young children's cognitive abilities. children can display logical thought and understand conservation concepts earlier than he proposed - tasks are simplified and clearly explained - the content is familiar and meaningful to them - receive appropriate support and prompts to guide their thinking
A split-brain patient's right hemisphere is presented with a key. How is he most likely to respond?
select a key from a group of objects presented to his left hand
Which of the following is least likely to be a possible explanation for the Flynn effect?
the ability to make proper tests has declined through the years
According to Vygotsky's theory what is the zone of proximal development? What is scaffolding, cooperative learning, and reciprocal teaching? Be able to recognize examples of these concepts. What does Vygotsky's theory contribute to education?
zone: range of tasks a child can perform with guidance and support from. more knowledgeable others scaff: temporary structured support to help a child accomplish a task within ZPD ex: hints or breaking into smaller parts coop: insructional strategy where children work together in small groups to achieve a common goal and help others learn ex: work together on a project recip: teachers and students take turns leading a discussion or teaching each other ex: explaining text contribute: emphasizing the importance of social interaction, collaboration, and the role of the teacher in guiding students
