#PSY004
The descriptors "positive" and "negative," when used in reference to reinforcers, are synonyms for
"add" and "remove."
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
. a gold star
During summer camp, campers get a sticker each time they demonstrate good sportsmanship. When they have earned 10 stickers, they may select a candy bar. This represents an example of
. a token economy.
Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of (a)
. biological predisposition
Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n)
. conditioned stimulus
While studying ________, ________ discovered ________ conditioning. a. monkeys; Skinner; operant b. rabbits; Watson; observational c. digestion; Pavlov; classical d. mental events; Plato; aerobic e. dogs; Bandura; insight
. digestion; Pavlov; classical
The key advantage of using a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement is that
. it produces more responding.
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called
. latent learning.
The fact that food aversions are ________ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory.
. not entirely learned
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of
. the formation of a cognitive map
When good things happen to someone, the probability of repeating the behavior that occurred before the good things increases. This best illustrates
. the law of effect.
Cognitive learning is best described by all of the following EXCEPT: a. became the dominant perspective at the end of the 20th century b. learning involves insight c. big names include Tolman and Bandura d. the learner ignores useful information from stimuli e. inferences are made about mental processes that are not directly observable
. the learner ignores useful information from stimuli
When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that
. the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose.
When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n)
. unconditioned response
Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning? a. A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk. b. A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours. c. A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. d. You wince when you see a long needle similar to the one that hurt you during a drug injection last week. e. A and B are correct.
A and B are correct.
. ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer
A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
Which of the following is NOT an example of an operant? a. A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat. b. One-month-old Jamie sucks on a nipple in order to hear her mother's voice. c. A rat presses a lever to receive a food pellet. d. Sam tells a joke that has previously evoked much laughter. e. Abe repeatedly presses a button on a toy, because he likes the loud sound it makes.
A dog salivates after seeing a bowl of meat
Which of the following is an example of a rewarding consequence? a. food b. high grades c. praise d. money e. All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following is true of punishment? a. Punishment can involve the application of an aversive stimulus. b. Punishment must be used consistently in order to be effective. c. Aggression can be produced by punishment. d. Punishment interferes with the learning of new and better behaviors. e. All of the above are correct.
All of the above are correct.
. ________ reported that watching violent behaviors makes children more likely to behave violently.
Bandura
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
Bandura
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is
Bandura
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
. ________ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS.
Extinction
Which of the following is true of the difference between operant and classical conditioning? a. Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning. b. Food is presented after the response in classical conditioning c. Classical conditioning requires a stimulus that follows the UCR. d. Classical conditioning is used to learn new useful behaviors. e. Operant conditioning involves the modification of an old reflex.
Food is presented before the response in classical conditioning.
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of ________to accomplish this.
Garcia
______ refers to a simple form of learning that involves learning NOT to respond to stimulation.
Habituation
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
Köhler
. ________ refers to the process of experience producing a lasting change in behavior.
Learning
__________ is a process through which experience brings about a lasting change in behavior or knowledge
Learning
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner conducted their classic study of conditioned fear with an infant known as __________.
Little Albert
Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.
________ are observable behaviors that have an effect on the environment.
Operants
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was
Pavlov
Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate? a. Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. b. Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food. c. Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning. d. Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food. e. Pavlov wanted to be a psychologist very badly, which is why he did research that influenced the field of psychology.
Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
________ punishment involves the ________ of an aversive stimulus.
Positive; application
. ________ refers to the condition in which media violence reduces emotional arousal while watching violence.
Psychic numbing
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
Regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.
Rewards and punishments
. ________ is a procedure for changing behavior by reinforcing responses that approach the desired goal
Shaping
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following
A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a
Skinner box
Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
. In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?
The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?
The sound is the CS
What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?
They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.
The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is
Thorndike
If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of
Thorndike's law of effect
The concept of latent learning was developed by
Tolman
In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?
UCS
. ________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.
Unlike; response
Imagine that you have an intense fear of flying and that that you are enrolled in a counterconditioning therapy program to help you lose this fear. Which of the following situations would greatly interfere with the success of this therapy for fear of flying? a. Your plane develops engine trouble while you are on a short 20-minute practice flight. b. You take a muscle relaxant to calm you before the therapy. c. You are told over and over that flying is quite safe. d. You watch a movie about a person safely flying on a trip. e. B and C are correct.
Your plane develops engine trouble while you are on a short 20-minute practice flight.
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior? a. a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior b. a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior c. a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented d. a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior e. a child sitting quietly because he knows his father is working and needs to concentrate.
a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a fixed-ratio schedule
What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?
a loud noise
The Premack principle states that
a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred one.
Thorndike was known for his work with
a puzzle box
An eye blink is an example of
a reflex.
For Little Albert, his fear of ________ was interpreted as an instance of ________.
a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?
a white rat
Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment? a. making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule b. making the punishment consistent c. pairing punishment of the wrong behavior with reinforcement of the correct behavior d. having the punishment immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish e. having the punishment include some form of physical discipline
a. making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food was called the ________ step of the classical conditioning process
acquisition
The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as
acquisition
The similarity of positive reinforcement and positive punishment is that each involves
adding a stimulus
The extinction of an operant response requires that
all possible reinforcers must be withheld
According to Skinner, when you take an aspirin for your headache, taking the aspirin is ________ whereas the headache is ________.
an operant; a negative reinforcer
The Skinner box was designed so that
animals could press a lever to receive food.
Wolfgang Köhler suggested that chimps a. can use a primitive form of language. b. would seek affection directly from Kohler. c. avoid other chimps. d. are capable of insight learning. e. administer punishment to other chimps.
are capable of insight learning.
Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now rejects food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ________, the food is now acting as a ________.
aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus
Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? a. Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. b. Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. c. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement d. Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time. e. Contiguous reinforcement is the same as continuous reinforcement
c. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement
Punishment is so difficult to use effectively for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. the power of punishment to suppress behavior usually disappears when the threat of punishment is removed. b. the lure of rewards may make punishment worth the price c. punishment is applied equally. d. punishment triggers escape or aggression. e. punishment makes the learner apprehensive
c. punishment is applied equally
Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to
cats
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of
classical conditioning
Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?
classical conditioning
The two main types of behavioral learning are a. reflexive responses and shaping. b. insight learning and operant conditioning. c. classical conditioning and operant conditioning. d. social learning and observational learning. e. reinforcement and insight learning.
classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called
classical conditioning.
Researchers argue that complex organisms have two types of learning "circuits" - one involving simple behavior responses and the other involving
complex forms of learning
The longest interval between the CS and UCS is required for classical conditioning of
conditioned fear.
Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced
conditioned food aversion
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this.
conditioned food aversions
Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a
conditioned response
The abbreviation CR stands for
conditioned response
In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.
conditioned response (CR)
After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR
conditioned stimulus
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.
conditioned stimulus
Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the
conditioned stimulus
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
The abbreviation CS stands for
conditioned stimulus.
In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of
consequences
You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?
continuous reinforcement
The best strategy to teach an organism a new response quickly is to use
continuous reinforcement.
Which of these punishments is LEAST likely to be effective? a. Claire is punished immediately for swearing at her mother. b. Dylan does not get desert every time he fails to clear the dinner table. c. To punish Brenda for hitting, her parents take away her phone but do not spank her. d. Brandon's parents call him a liar when he is dishonest. e. B and C are correct.
d. Brandon's parents call him a liar when he is dishonest.
A punisher ________ the probability of a response while a negative reinforcer ________ the probability of a response.
decreases; increases
A practical use of aversive conditioning by John Garcia was to
dissuade wild coyotes from attacking sheep.
Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers
do not inherently satisfy physical needs
Using the Premack principle, once you have finished studying for your next biology test you should
do something you enjoy.
The cognitive view would argue that learning
does not always change behavior, but it always produces changes in mental activity.
Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true? a. Learning is another word for "maturation." b. Learning is a lasting condition. c. Learning involves changes in behavior. d. Learning involves experiences. e. Learning involves changes in knowledge.
earning is another word for "maturation."
Learning always occurs as a result of
experience
Organisms seem to learn the spatial layout of their environment by ________, even if they are not reinforced for learning particular paths.
exploration
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI JOE action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
extinction
The situation in which a CS is presented alone (no UCS) is termed __________
extinction
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called
extinction
One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ________ in a process known as ________.
extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called
extinction.
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
fish food
A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
A television producer who receives a monthly check is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
If Julie receives her allowance every Sunday, assuming she has completed all of her chores, she is on which intermittent schedule of reinforcement?
fixed interval
Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.
fixed interval
For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?
fixed ratio
Your friend works in a lab and is paid for each three blood smears analyzed. Your friend is operating on which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio (A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses before reinforcement is received.)
The term "reinforcer" refers to any condition that ________ a response.
follows and strengthens
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people
food
Generally, it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur. One exception to this rule is illustrated by
food aversions.
Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of
habituation.
Punishment must be administered ________ in order to be effective.
immediately and consistently
Positive reinforcers ________ the likelihood of ensuing responses.
increase
Reinforcement is to punishment as
increase is to decrease.
The capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment
involves the hippocampus.
While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because a. it is not a behavior. b. jumping is only done for survival purposes. c. not everyone would jump in this situation. d. jumping is merely a reflex. e. jumping is a difficult skill, biologically speaking.
jumping is merely a reflex
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called
latent learning.
Studies of observational learning demonstrate that
learning can occur in the absence of personal experience
Damage to neurons within the ________ that use the transmitter ________ would be expected to diminish the experience of reward.
limbic system; dopamine
The notion that learning produces physical changes in the synapses of the brain is consistent with
long-term potentiation
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? a receiving harsh criticism for lying to your parents b. losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew c. getting stung by a bee when walking barefoot outside and stepping on the bee d. getting pepper-sprayed for making a lewd comment to a stranger e. getting spanked by a parent for mouthing off
losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the
loud noise
An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that
naturally elicits a behavior without learning
When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as
negative punishment
When Joe thinks about his sorely missed girlfriend he drinks alcohol, which helps dull his feelings. This best illustrates
negative reinforcement.
If a child cries to obtain a new toy, the crying acts as a
negative reinforcer.
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being
negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather. We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)
neutral stimulus
The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires
no learning
If Tyler is given an allowance of $5.00 on every Friday for doing his chores, based on a fixed interval, we should expect that he will
not do many chores until just before allowance time.
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of
observational learning
The idea that we can learn from seeing the actions of others is known as
observational learning
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
observational learning
Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey's dad might
offer her a piece of candy.
Any observable, voluntary behavior that is emitted by an organism to affect the environment is called a(n)
operant
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on
operant conditioning
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by
operant conditioning
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called
operant conditioning
What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A's on her tests?
partial reinforcement
The most effective form of punishment usually involves a. intense physical pain. b. penalties, such as loss of privileges. c. psychological pain. d. attacks on character. e. delayed and inconsistent consequences.
penalties, such as loss of privileges
An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that
phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a
physiologist who was studying digestion
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
positive punishment.
A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?
positive reinforcer
Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as
present is to remove
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
Food, sex, and water are considered examples of
primary reinforcers.
Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement
produces resistance to extinction.
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
punishment
Maricella works as a seamstress. Her boss tells her that every time she completes five shirts, she will receive $5. When done with the five shirts, she dumps them into a bin and gets paid. Her pattern of shirt completion is most likely to be
rapid shirt completion with a short break after each five completed
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.
ratio
The key difference between the two main forms of schedules of reinforcement is whether
reinforcement is determined by time or by number of responses
The best way to ensure that your son will continue to clean his room once he has started doing it is to
reward him some, but not all, of the times he cleans his room.
In terms of the equity of punishment, a. girls are punished more often than boys. b. punishment is usually applied equally to all people. c. schools more often use punishment to control members of racial minority groups. d. boys and girls receive about equal amounts of punishment. e. grade school children receive as much physical punishment as do adults.
schools more often use punishment to control members of racial minority groups.
A _________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a _________ reinforcer.
secondary; primary
As a marine biologist, you are trying to teach a dolphin to jump over a bar. At first, you reward the dolphin every time it swims near the bar. Then, you only reward her when she emerges from the water near the bar. Eventually, you reward the dolphin each time she jumps out of the water. Then, you only reward the dolphin when she jumps over the bar. This technique is an example of
shaping
Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of
shaping
A Vietnam war veteran who hears a "call to battle stations" alarm sound last heard in heavy combat would be expected to
show strong emotional arousal.
You are walking by a cash machine when you notice that the person at the machine starts jumping up-and-down because the machine gave them too much cash. You wait in line and insert your card and ask for the same amount of money as the person before you. Your behavior reflects
social learning.
The difference between negative and positive punishment is whether
something has been taken away or given.
Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as he hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
sound of the electric can opener
B. F. Skinner was a radical behaviorist who refused to
speculate about what happens inside an organism.
An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called
spontaneous recovery
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
spontaneous recovery
One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as
spontaneous recovery.
Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating
stimulus discrimination
After feeding a dog with a red bowl but never giving any food with a green bowl, the dog now salivates only to the red bowl. This is an example of:
stimulus discrimination.
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.
stimulus generalization
The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates
stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called
stimulus generalization
Robert's dog, Little Gut, runs to Robert when he says, "Come." If one day, Little Gut comes running when Robert says, "Dumb," we might say that Little Gut has demonstrated
stimulus generalization.
A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.
strengthens; weakens
A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands' analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating
that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it
Reinforcement on an interval schedule is always based on
the amount of time that has passed.
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because
the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome
One outcome demonstrated by Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert was that
the fear response may generalize to other stimuli
Thorndike's idea that responses that brought about positive outcomes would likely be repeated is called
the law of effect.
Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day, and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are decent, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to
the mere exposure effect.
Insight learning involves a. the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships. b. the integration of unfamiliar objects into familiar patterns. c. a strategy of vicarious trial-and-error. d. the development of abstract concepts. e. the process of assimilation
the perception of familiar objects in new forms or relationships.
Drivers seldom slow down in construction zones because
the punishment is unlikely to occur
Negative reinforcement involves
the removal of an aversive stimulus
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the Bobo doll study. The term Bobo refers to
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study.
One factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that
there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS
In order to get her 3rd-grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) ________ to modify the children's behaviors
token economy
A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. a. conditioned stimulus b. conditioned response c. unconditioned response d. controlled response e. neutral response
unconditioned response
The abbreviation UCR stands for
unconditioned response
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)
unconditioned response.
Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted
unconditioned stimulus.
The abbreviation UCS stands for
unconditioned stimulus.
To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are now given ________ during chemotherapy
unusually flavored candies or ice cream
Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
variable interval
Your text suggests that waiting for an elevator is a good example of a ________ reinforcement schedule.
variable interval
Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus she is promoting the ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable interval (You never know how much time has to pass before another quiz will occur, so this demonstrates the VI schedule of reinforcement)
A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable ratio
A punisher is an aversive consequence that
weakens the behavior it follows.
Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment?
when it is swift
Punishment is MOST effective a. in most circumstances. b. when it occurs immediately after the undesired behavior. c. when it is mildly aversive. d. in surprisingly few situations. e. when it uses physical discipline.
when it occurs immediately after the undesired behavior
Which of the following is NOT a key difference between operant and classical conditioning? a. the order of stimulus and response b. whether they are voluntary c. whether they are based on reflex responses d. whether behavior is based on past stimulation or future conditions e. whether they attempt to explain how learning occurs
whether they attempt to explain how learning occurs
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a
white rat.
In operant conditioning, extinction involves
withholding reinforcement.
Punishment is an effective means to control someone's behavior only if
you can control the environment all of the time
