PSY101 Mod 7

Which of the following is the best description of interference? A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time A failure to retrieve negative or traumatic memories Competition between newer and older information in memory

Competition between newer and older information in memory

_____ is a confusion between imagined and true memories. Confabulation Habituation Repression Recitation

Confabulation

What theory views the mind as an interconnected network made up of simpler units? Constructivist theory Computational theory Connectionist theory Correlational theory

Connectionist theory

_____ refers to the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory. Encoding Storage Retrieval Information processing

Encoding

____ memory is organized like a timeline. Episodic Semantic Classical Nondeclarative

Episodic

Who was part of a team that demonstrated persistent changes in the strength of synapses responsible for several types of learning in sea slugs? Frederic Bartlett Elizabeth Loftus Eric Kandel Henry Molaison

Eric Kandel

Procedural memories are easy to describe in words. True False

False

The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two was first identified by psychologist ____. Alan Baddeley George Sperling George Miller Richard Atkinson

George Miller

____ codes are used to process touch and other body senses. Visual Haptic Acoustic Echoic

Haptic

Alex is starting his day. Which of the following represents a procedural memory? He grimaces at the sound of the alarm clock. He brushes his teeth. He reminds himself to pack a lunch for work. He forgets his keys.

He brushes his teeth.

What is the main evolutionary benefit of memory? It provides animals with a way to connect more deeply with one another. It gives animals the ability to react to each predator as a new experience. It allows animals to communicate better. It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges.

It allows animals to use information from the past to respond quickly to immediate challenges.

_____ enhances communication between two neurons. Synchronous activation Short-term potentiation Biochemistry Long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation

_____ rehearsal is simple repetition of the material. Introspective Maintenance Functional Elaborative

Maintenance

Professor Sevilla asks one of his graduate students, Leland, to finish his class lecture on memory. Leland begins by explaining that nondeclarative memories (1) are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved memories; (2) are easy to verbalize; (3) include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming; and (4) are also known as implicit memories. Which part of his definition is inaccurate? Nondeclarative memories are unconsciously and effortlessly retrieved. Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize. Nondeclarative memories include memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming. Nondeclarative memories are also known as implicit memories.

Nondeclarative memories are easy to verbalize.

Which of these statements about long term memory is NOT true? Telling someone else about an experience strengthens your ability to recall the experience later. Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are. Thinking about the meaning of a word helps you remember better than thinking about how a word looks visually (e.g., size, font). There is no limit to how much long-term memory we have.

Older people are less able to add new information to their long-term memories than younger people are.

_____ refers to the process of finding memories or reconstructing the details that make up a memory. Encoding Storage Retrieval Information processing

Retrieval

According to the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory, information flows through three stages. What is the correct flow of information in this model? Sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term rehearsal Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory Sensory memory, short-term rehearsal, and long-term memory

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

_____ refers to the process of keeping information in the brain for future reconstruction. Encoding Storage Retrieval Information processing

Storage

What is memory? The transformation of information from one form to another The ability to learn from environmental stimuli The ability to retain knowledge The ability to pay attention during an event

The ability to retain knowledge

It is thought that sleep-related processing helps to reorganize existing memories to accommodate new information. True False

True

A graph of the serial position effect, where the likelihood that an item will be recalled is plotted as a function of the item's position in a list during presentation, takes the shape of a ____. J-shaped curve line that begins at a low level and slopes upward to the right line that begins at a high level and slopes downward to the right U-shaped curve

U-shaped curve

Which of the following is an adaptation of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously? Restorative memory Declarative memory Autobiographical memory Working memory

Working memory

A declarative memory that is accessed in a conscious, direct, and effortful manner is also called ____. an implicit memory a personal history memory a procedural memory an explicit memory

an explicit memory

A cue is ____. the transformation of information from one form to another the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together a memory aid that links new information to well-known information any stimulus that helps you access target information

any stimulus that helps you access target information

The effect of our motivations on our retrieval of memories ____. can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable can exist but is unlikely to affect current attitudes or actions has not been substantiated by research studies is primarily one of mild distortion, like a ripple in a pond

can lead to distortion so that the original information is hardly recognizable

The ability to remember seven numbers plus or minus two refers to the ____. capacity of short-term memory duration of short-term memory duration of semantic memory capacity of semantic memory

capacity of short-term memory

A classic method of measuring the retention of material in long-term memory over time is to ____. conduct MRI scans of the brain at annual or biennial intervals measure levels of cortisol, noradrenaline, and other hormones test and retest regarding the same material at regular intervals compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time

compare the rate of learning material the first time to the rate of learning the same material a second time

The reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____. forgetting decay motivated forgetting interference

decay

Like other adaptations, forming memories requires _____. skill intelligence energy knowledge of the process

energy

Roger is preparing for his final exam in bioethics. In terms of memory retrieval, the most difficult type of exam question will most likely be ____. essay true-false matching multiple choice

essay

Mr. Langley's former high school Latin students are holding a 25-year reunion. He surprises them with a vocabulary game show quiz. His students most likely ____. have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school have forgotten much of what they knew due to the passage of time remembered about 35% of the vocabulary found that they could not remember a thing

have retained much of the vocabulary they knew in high school

Learning changes neural structure in that neurons have _____ axon terminals following sensitization. larger numbers of habituated charged simpler

larger numbers of

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____. mnemonics elaborative rehearsals chunks recitations

mnemonics

Kevin is legally required to send a quarterly check to his former wife, whom he divorced 20 years ago. It annoys him greatly, and he finds that he often forgets until several days after the due date. This is likely an example of ____. retroactive interference suppressed memory repressed memory motivated forgetting

motivated forgetting

The hippocampus ____. serves as a storage location for long-term memories participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory plays a role in procedural memory is unrelated to the formation of spatial memories

participates in the consolidation of information into long-term memory

Scientists have discovered correlations between activity in parts of the human brain and specific components of long-term memory through the observation of ____. patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants taxicab drivers in London, Chicago, and New York infants pigeons and rats, both of whom were born with only half of their cerebral cortex

patients with brain damage and brain-imaging studies in healthy participants

Students who pull all-nighters tend to perform _____ on tests the next day. poorly expertly quickly better than if they had gotten sleep

poorly

Episodic memories are affected by damage to the ____. basal ganglia visual cortex prefrontal cortex amygdala

prefrontal cortex

Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____. subliminal message stimulus above the subjective threshold stimulus below the objective threshold previous stimulus

previous stimulus

Superior recall for the first items on a list is known as the ____. nondeclarative effect primacy effect recency effect declarative effect

primacy effect

An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ____. procedural memory eidetic memory declarative memory retrograde memory

procedural memory

Aaron is studying for his sensation and perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and providing self-referential examples. This is called ____. mnemonics recitation distributive practice the method of loci

recitation

In most cases, information moves from short-term or working memory to long-term memory through ____. chunking mnemonics the method of loci rehearsal

rehearsal

The three steps of memory are encoding, storage, and _____. processing cueing retrieval translation

retrieval

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of ____ memory. episodic procedural autobiographical semantic

semantic

Within the category of declarative memories, far more is known about _______ organization than other types of organization. procedural episodic semantic explicit

semantic

Declarative memories are consciously retrieved memories that are easy to verbalize and include __. semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information explicit and implicit memories semantic, procedural, and autobiographical memories nondeclarative and implicit aspects

semantic, episodic, and autobiographical information

The first stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model involves the retention of large amounts of incoming data for very brief amounts of time. This is called ____. declarative memory short-term memory sensory memory explicit memory

sensory memory

Most types of memories appear stronger after _____. eating sleep sex hearing classical music

sleep

Research has shown that _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories. lack of interference sleep intelligence age

sleep

Two of the most common causes of retrieval failure are interference and _____. stress cues sensations semantics

stress

fMRIs have shown that prefrontal areas of the brain appear to actively ____ memories that are used less frequently. adapt to encode suppress retrieve

suppress

Memory's benefits to survival are shown in the fact that nearly all animals are able to form memories despite ____. the high energy costs the social pressure against it their inability to recall the memories easily the time it takes to form the memories

the high energy costs

The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____. their personal experiences predetermined hierarchies semantic similarities existing cultural norms

their personal experiences

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____. they are based on personal experience they provide fewer cues they provide more cues they provide widely accepted cues

they provide more cues

Encoding is the process of acquiring information and _____ it into memory. recovering retrieving transferring salvaging

transferring

Long-term memory is characterized by ____. unlimited duration and unlimited capacity limited duration and unlimited capacity limited duration and limited capacity unlimited duration and limited capacity

unlimited duration and unlimited capacity

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____. of the nature of rehearsal within working memory of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time working memory processes information as visuospatial memories

working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time