PSY101 Test 4

1) In the case study we discussed in class, what changed for participants after playing the on-line game?

Those who played the game had decreased rate of prejudice that lasted for at least a month. It reduced anger towards refugees

How are traumatic memories different than repressed memories?

Traumatic memories were not encoded correctly so the full story with all the details were never properly stored. They cannot be recalled. Repressed memory can become unrepressed (it is unconscious).

1) What is discrimination?

Unfair behavior based on stereotyping & prejudice (pre-judgement)

1) Why do we sometimes avoid recognizing facts or situations that could change our perspective?

We avoid information that makes us uncomfortable (can be unconscious or conscious) Conscious- don't want to challenge ideas that make us feel better/in control Unconscious- we don't recognize it; more uncomfortable with change than a small amount of cognitive dissonance

Do the Big 5 personality traits change across the lifespan?

yes

1) Fundamental attribution error

The way someone's behaving in the moment is their personality, not the situation occurring

What are the Freudian defense mechanisms?

-repression: expulsion from awareness of unacceptable ideas/motives -regression: the return of behavior that is typical of earlier stages of development -displacement:the transfer of unacceptable impulses away from their original objects onto safer or less threatening objects -denial: refusal to recognize a threatening impulse or desire -reaction formation: behaving in a way that is the opposite of ones true wishes or desires in order to keep these repressed -rationalization: the use of self-justifications to explain away unacceptable behavior -projection: imposing ones own impulses or wishes onto another person -sublimination: the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially constructive pursuits

How does stereotype threat impact the elderly?

They are thought of being slow and helpless, mean and rude

1) What is assimilation & accomodation, and what do they have to do with prejudices?

Assimilation: have a schema and fit new info into the existing schema; if it doesn't fit its wrong Accommodation: able to think your schema is wrong and change the way you think about things to fit it in your schema (this doesn't happen because you're either too young/ info that makes us uncomfortable we avoid)

1) Who is more likely to be conscious of their prejudiced beliefs & why?

B is more likely a. A concrete operational thinker (inductive reasoning): Classify by groups b. A formal operational thinker(deductive reasoning): Re-analyze groups, able to think about people as more than what group they are in

1) Why does the way we think change?

Experience causes cognitive dissonance (when you look at a situation and your feelings are out of line with it) so we re-evaluate schemas and our brain changes

1) Just world belief

Idea that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

What else can be "repressed" besides memories?

Ideas, motives, emotions

New research: What did the HEXACO model change about the "BIG 5"?

It added honesty-humility to the Big 5 and renamed neuroticism as emotionality

1) When it comes to mental health, why is it so hard to diagnose, treat, and heal ourselves? What gets in our way?

Its hard to diagnose treat and heal ourselves because we have nothing to compare what we are feeling to; our experience Is very real and its hard to see it from an outside perspective

1) What can a therapist do for you that talking to a friend can't do?

They can track our progress and tell us when we are improving

1) What is a stereotype?

Set of traits associated with membership in a group/category

1) What are two types of stigma associated with mental health?

Social vs. self (just-world belief-your problems are your fault) and fear of judgement

1) Self-serving bias

Take credit for positive events, blame external factors for negative events

Explain the relationship between temperament, genes, and personality traits.

Temperament starts a personality, you are born with it, it is in your genes. Your personality traits stem from it.

How might a diagnosis be helpful? What did her diagnosis mean to the woman in the video clip we watched from "Humans of New York"? How do these two individuals represent the pros and cons of a diagnostic approach to mental illness?

The benefits of a diagnosis would be having a treatment plan, a sense of control, and the right medication. The woman thought that the diagnosis was bullshit; she self diagnosed and that gives no comparison group, experience Is confounded

Understand what Trait Theories are, and know the "Big Five"

The theory designated to identify and measure individual personality characteristics can be defined as trait theory. Trait theory approach focuses on personality differences between individuals. **USE ACRONYM OCEAN TO REMEMBER

Door-in-the-face technique is best illustrated by which of the following examples? a. A furniture salesperson suggests you buy a new couch, chair, and matching end tables. When you decline, they offer just the chair. b. A bookshop employee says if you don't buy something soon, they'll kick you out of the store. c. An online musical instrument shop assigns you a "sales engineer", who then makes friendly chit-chat and sends you holiday cards. d. A TV infomercial first claims that an exercise bike is a "$1,000 value", then a moment later offers it for $699 if you order soon.

a. A furniture salesperson suggests you buy a new couch, chair, and matching end tables. When you decline, they offer just the chair.

Nick's brother Todd has been unemployed for nine months. If Nick has an internal locus of control, how is he likely to explain Todd's inability to find a job? a. He is not trying hard enough. b. He is just having bad luck. c. The job market is bad right now. d. Hiring managers are biased.

a. He is not trying hard enough.

Suppose a patient undergoes deep brain stimulation and experiences definite but mild improvements in her symptoms. Which of the following adjustments by her doctors would most plausibly further improve her symptoms? a. Increase the amount of current being delivered. b. Introduce visual feedback of her vital signs during brain stimulation sessions. c. Redo the microelectrode placement procedure. d. Use more frequent stimulation.

a. Increase the amount of current being delivered.

Which of the following relationships most clearly display a combination of intimacy and commitment? a. Janeane and Lucy, who have been "best friends" for decades, and often share their hopes and fears b. Tim and Patricia, who have been neighbors for years and often help each other with major household favors c. Laurence and Diego, who only met a few days ago but seem completely infatuated with one another d. Paige and her aunt, whom she doesn't feel that close to, but whom she is still helping during a bout of pneumonia

a. Janeane and Lucy, who have been "best friends" for decades, and often share their hopes and fears

Which of the following examples best demonstrates the role of cognitions in abnormal behavior? a. Rashid is often anxious because he believes his coworkers dislike him. b. Dominique developed a fear of flying after being on an especially turbulent flight. c. Lara has always dreaded public speaking and avoids it as much as she can. d. Devin sometimes lashes out at friends because of poor impulse control.

a. Rashid is often anxious because he believes his coworkers dislike him.

Brooke is distracted by a phone call while shopping and accidentally walks out of the store without paying for the clothes she is holding. According to Freud, if Brooke has an overly dominant superego how will she likely respond to this mistake? a. She will feel immense guilt and immediately return to the store to confess her crime. b. She will feel pleasure from her crime and think about stealing more items. c. She will realize her mistake and calmly return to the store to return the clothes. d. She will feel ambivalent about the act and decide to keep the clothes.

a. She will feel immense guilt and immediately return to the store to confess her crime.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory describes individual differences in a. approach, avoidance, and inhibition of behavior. b. effortful control and positive and negative emotionality. c. overarching, universal personality traits. d. the contribution of genetics versus environment to personality.

a. approach, avoidance, and inhibition of behavior.

The accepted formal definition of abnormal behavior is a. behavior that is distressing and harmful to self or others. b. behavior that deviates from what is ideal. c. behavior that deviates from what is typical. d. behavior that is resistant to psychological treatment.

a. behavior that is distressing and harmful to self or others.

The term for an uncomfortable state that occurs when our outward behavior doesn't match our attitudes is a. cognitive dissonance. b. belief discomfort. c. belief incongruence. d. affective mismatch.

a. cognitive dissonance.

Anhedonia refers to a. disinterest in activities that previously provided pleasure. b. repetitively and unproductively focusing on one's problems. c. impulsive engagement in pleasure-seeking activities. d. decreased ability to read or predict the emotions of others.

a. disinterest in activities that previously provided pleasure.

Bruno wants to unlearn his habit of overeating. If he wants a treatment that is fast and effective, regardless of how unpleasant it might be, then theoretically, the best strategy would be to a. eat so much chocolate ice cream that he feels sick afterwards, and repeat the process if necessary. b. engage in a healthy habit like exercise instead of eating dessert every time he has a craving, then reward himself with TV watching time. c. get rid of all the chocolate ice cream and other dessert in his house and abstain until he no longer craves it. d. explore painful early childhood experiences, with the guidance of a therapist, that may underlie his motivation to overeat.

a. eat so much chocolate ice cream that he feels sick afterwards, and repeat the process if necessary.

Mania is best described as a period of a. elevated mood and marked impulsivity b. unusually low energy c. lack of motivation d. contentment and self-confidence.

a. elevated mood and marked impulsivity

A professional football league is concerned that deindividuation is causing athletes to act more aggressively and increasing the risk of serious injuries. If this hypothesis is true, the best strategy is to a. give athletes smaller helmets so their faces are more clearly visible. b. change team uniforms by removing official logos or other signs of authority. c. change the sport's rules so that some players decide on acts of aggression, but others carry them out. d. add more players to each team, with previously aggressive teams getting the most extra players.

a. give athletes smaller helmets so their faces are more clearly visible.

A tech company believes that software engineers are more valuable than other types of employee. When the choice exists, they always hire a new software engineer rather than a new accountant, a new janitor, etc. This strategy backfires - the more software engineers they hire, the more often the company makes poor decisions. This outcome is most likely explained by a. groupthink. b. compliance. c. deindividuation. d. social loafing.

a. groupthink.

Lucius is a scientist who has developed a new kind of especially effective sunscreen. He wants to persuade dermatologists, who are experts at treating skin conditions, that his sunscreen is worthwhile. He is most likely to succeed if he emphasizes a. how his sunscreen has been proven effective in clinical trials and why it works better than others based on its formula. b. how not using his sunscreen could lead to scary diseases such as severe sunburn or cancer. c. how his sunscreen is a wonderful product that will make doctors feel good about prescribing it and patients feel good for using it. d. how he is the most credible person to develop such a product because of his training and credentials as a scientist.

a. how his sunscreen has been proven effective in clinical trials and why it works better than others based on its formula.

The mere exposure effect occurs when regular exposure to neutral or positive stimuli leads to a. increased liking of the stimuli. b. increased familiarity with the stimuli. c. increased availability in memory of the stimuli. d. increased belief in the stimuli.

a. increased liking of the stimuli.

When delivering a persuasive message, arousing negative emotions is risky mostly because a. it may cause the opposite result, in which the listener refuses to accept the possibility of negative consequences. b. it may cause the listener to associate negative emotions with the speaker rather than with the topic at hand. c. if the message is being assessed with the peripheral route, emotional appeals are ineffective. d. it is unlikely to cause the cognitive dissonance needed for attitude change.

a. it may cause the opposite result, in which the listener refuses to accept the possibility of negative consequences.

The most common side effect of electroconvulsive therapy is a. persistent memory loss. b. temporary difficulty with motor control. c. temporary sensory numbness on parts of the face. d. temporary headaches and jaw pain.

a. persistent memory loss.

The use of radiation and precise lesions to treat a small group of people with MDD or OCD is best described as a. psychosurgery. b. deep brain stimulation. c. neurofeedback. d. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

a. psychosurgery.

Lotte has begun a regular routine of aerobic and weightlifting exercise on the advice of her therapist. Assuming this is an attempt to treat symptoms of a psychological disorder, of the following, Lotte is most likely trying to address a. rumination caused by depression. b. traumatic flashbacks caused by PTSD. c. obsessive behaviors caused by OCD. d. unrealistic beliefs caused by body dysmorphia.

a. rumination caused by depression.

Recent meta-analyses show that stable first impressions are formed rapidly, often within a. seconds. b. minutes. c. hours. d. days.

a. seconds.

Freud interpreted resistance on the part of a patient as a sign that a. the patient is getting closer to insight. b. the patient is in danger of leaving therapy prematurely. c. the therapist is causing discomfort by pushing too hard. d. the therapist is a poor fit for the patient.

a. the patient is getting closer to insight.

Suppose a person experiences both feelings of hopelessness and a lack of motivation to a much greater degree than average. Although these symptoms are consistent with major depressive disorder, this diagnosis would not be valid unless further tests of impairment were performed. This example most clearly demonstrates the fact thatAPA.1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology's content domains a. the statistical approach is only a starting point to defining abnormality. b. different cultures may disagree on which behaviors are ideal. c. abnormal behavior is not necessarily unusual. d. two or more disorders may occur in the same individual.

a. the statistical approach is only a starting point to defining abnormality.

Your 2nd-grade nephew says that his classmate Maria got 100% on a math test and he was surprised because he "thought girls weren't any good at math!" To counteract his belief in this stereotype, which of the following replies would be most effective? a. "It was a pretty easy test; I bet a lot of kids got 100%!" b. "Maria works really hard and she deserves that score!" c. "Maria's family is so helpful and makes sure she has quiet time to study!" d. "Maria's tutor is great. If you want to get better at math, we can get you a tutor too!"

b. "Maria works really hard and she deserves that score!"

Lana thinks she failed to get a promotion at work because her boss dislikes her. If this assumption is a result of her diagnosed depression, then according to cognitive explanations of MDD, the healthiest replacement attribution would be? a. "I may have missed this promotion, but at least I got the last one!" b. "Maybe I missed out because I haven't been getting to work on time lately." c. "Next time an opportunity comes up, I'll brush up on my relevant skills." d. "My bosses often dislike me, so that's not actually my fault."

b. "Maybe I missed out because I haven't been getting to work on time lately."

James is pursuing therapy because he feels that his life lacks meaning. Which type of clinician is he most likely seeing? a. A psychoanalyst b. A humanistic counselor c. A psychiatrist d. A cognitive-behavioral therapist

b. A humanistic counselor

Matt, a personality researcher, develops a new model of personality that describes an individual's personality using ten different factors. To accompany this model, he designs an assessment that measures these ten factors. Which of the following describes the best approach for determining the validity of his new assessment? a. Giving it to a group of people and asking if they found it easy to understand and complete in the allotted time b. Conducting a factor analysis to see if the individual items form clusters around the ten proposed personality factor c. Thoroughly reading through each of the questions to make sure they are asking what he wants to assess d. Giving several people the test on two occasions and seeing if scores change between assessments

b. Conducting a factor analysis to see if the individual items form clusters around the ten proposed personality factor

Janelle is walking in the park with her young daughter. An angry-looking raccoon appears nearby and runs toward them. When it gets close and bares its teeth, Janelle kicks the raccoon away. This example best illustrates which type of aggression on Janelle's part? a. Maternal aggression b. Defensive aggression c. Instrumental aggression d. Reactive aggression

b. Defensive aggression

Which of the following best describes the development of the Big Five Theory of personality? a. Prominent researchers debated until a consensus was reached on the five most important personality traits. b. Factor analysis was used to identify five core traits that reliably described and predicted personality. c. Thousands of people were interviewed about which traits they cared about most in other people. d. Factor analysis was used to identify which traits were mentioned most frequently in popular literature.

b. Factor analysis was used to identify five core traits that reliably described and predicted personality.

Although Li-Wen did not answer any questions correctly, his trivia team managed to win the game. If Li-Wen is from a collectivistic culture, how is likely to respond to this outcome? a. He will feel shame over disappointing his team. b. He will take pride in his team's overall performance. c. He will inflate his role in the team's victory. d. He will minimize his contribution to the win.

b. He will take pride in his team's overall performance.

Which of the following choices accurately describes an important difference between family and group therapy? a. In group therapy, some patients are pressured into attendance by the others, whereas in family therapy, members typically attend of their own volition. b. In family therapy, some patients are pressured into attendance by the others, whereas in group therapy, members typically attend of their own volition. c. Group therapy usually focuses on learning better coping skills, whereas family therapy usually focuses on talking about the things on one's mind d. Family therapy usually focuses on learning better coping skills, whereas group therapy usually focuses on talking about the things on one's mind.

b. In family therapy, some patients are pressured into attendance by the others, whereas in group therapy, members typically attend of their own volition.

A common saying is that, "You only get one chance to make a first impression." Which of the following aspects of first impressions best supports this saying? a. Rapidly formed b. Persistent c. Culture-dependent d. Susceptible to bias

b. Persistent

Mark is excited to share the details of his new, surprisingly successful diet. He forwards some supportive articles about the diet to a group of fitness-minded friends who are skeptical of fad diets. Later on, Mark is distressed to learn that his friends are even more skeptical than before. Based on your understanding of group decision-making, what is the most likely explanation? a. The articles Mark sent were inflammatory or insulting toward the other side of the argument, making the group "dig their heels in" and strengthen their position. b. The articles Mark sent were actually credible in support of the diet; however, they also contained information that could contradict the diet, which was likely the main source of the group's position. c. The group correctly assessed the diet as a fad by synthesizing their individual knowledge, whereas Mark had no one to help him make his decision. d. The group had likely already reached a decision about this diet before Mark sent the articles, and conformity kept them from re-evaluating this decision.

b. The articles Mark sent were actually credible in support of the diet; however, they also contained information that could contradict the diet, which was likely the main source of the group's position.

The main goal of person-centered therapy is to a. uncover conscious drives. b. achieve congruence. c. reduce stress. d. resolve ongoing interpersonal conflicts.

b. achieve congruence.

Jona used to believe that leaving shopping carts strewn around the parking lot is rude and careless. However, one day she does this because she's too tired to return her cart properly. Now she believes this behavior is a good thing because customer convenience is important. This example shows how aversive feelings can a. strengthen our beliefs. b. cause us to think more deeply about our beliefs. c. cause behavior to change to match our beliefs. d. cause us to deny the conflict between our beliefs and behavior.

b. cause us to think more deeply about our beliefs.

Psychotherapies generally center around a. medication to treat the biological basis of psychological problems. b. conversation between the professional providing the therapy and the person seeking help. c. physiological assessment of the person seeking help while they experience problem behaviors or cognitions. d. formal neurological tests of potential brain dysfunction.

b. conversation between the professional providing the therapy and the person seeking help.

Malik is on his school's tennis team. Regardless of his opponent, he enters each tennis game with the confidence that he can win. This belief is consistent with having a. low self-efficacy. b. high self-efficacy. c. an internal locus of control. d. an external locus of control.

b. high self-efficacy.

A study on prejudice had participants listen to a radio broadcast of a basketball game. When players were described as "White" as opposed to "Black", participants rated the players as more a. athletic. b. intelligent. c. selfish. d. cautious.

b. intelligent.

People with somatic symptom disorder are especially at risk of becoming dependent on pain medication. Based on your understanding of this disorder, the most likely explanation is that a. others have stereotyped them as addicted to drugs. b. pain medication is unlikely to address the root cause of their pain. c. pain medication affects them more powerfully than healthy controls. d. the brain regions causing their symptoms are also linked to drug dependency.

b. pain medication is unlikely to address the root cause of their pain.

Suppose two drunk men begin fighting at a bar. If the bar is very crowded that night, aggression research predicts that a. the men will display less aggression because the onlookers are potential reminders of their social ties to one another. b. the fight is less likely to escalate because onlookers are more likely to attempt to break up the fight. c. the fight is more likely to escalate because the onlookers are more likely to be encouraging the fight. d. the men will display more aggression because the crowd may trigger their need to impress or display dominance to the group.

b. the fight is less likely to escalate because onlookers are more likely to attempt to break up the fight.

PTSD is unique among the disorders listed in the DSM-5 because it is the only one a. with almost no genetic components. b. with a specified cause. c. that does not show warning signs earlier than young adulthood. d. whose learning component is nearly fully understood.

b. with a specified cause.

According to social and evolutionary theories, how might loneliness and depression help an individual's survival? a. By increasing available time for productive work by reducing social obligations b. By increasing preparedness for worst-case scenarios c. By promoting better relationships with others d. By encouraging isolation from potential conflict

c. By promoting better relationships with others

Tanisha attends therapy to learn mindfulness techniques to address her phobia of dogs. Which kind of therapy is she most likely attending? a. Psychotherapy b. Group therapy c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy d. Humanistic counseling

c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy

In terms of learning explanations for ASPD, consider operant conditioning, in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences (i.e., rewards or punishment) that follow. How might operant conditioning explain the typical behaviors in ASPD, as compared to healthy controls? a. Criminal or aggressive behavior in healthy controls is reduced by the threat of prison, a highly aversive environment for most people; but people with ASPD enjoy such harsh, potentially conflict-filled environments, making imprisonment a reward for them. b. Lack of concern about others by people with ASPD can be misinterpreted as confidence, which brings many social and professional rewards; but healthy controls are typically not confident or self-centered enough to receive such rewards. c. Cruel behavior is punished in healthy controls by regret or guilt, reducing its frequency; but such behavior would not produce distressing feelings in ASPD, allowing them to continue. d. Bragging and other self-aggrandizing behaviors are punished in healthy controls with social disapproval; but those with ASPD have a greater need to prove themselves worthwhile, which outweighs the disapproval.

c. Cruel behavior is punished in healthy controls by regret or guilt, reducing its frequency; but such behavior would not produce distressing feelings in ASPD, allowing them to continue.

Elouise recently seems angry and annoyed with her roommate. These feelings were not caused by any obvious event or interaction. How might the traditional psychoanalytic idea of transference explain her feelings? a. Elouise has unresolved feelings of guilt for failing to support her roommate after a recent breakup. b. Elouise is showing resistance because her roommate has recently gained uncomfortable insight into her character. c. Elouise's roommate reminds her of her older sibling, with whom she has a combative relationship. d. Elouise is angry as a defense mechanism because her roommate makes her feel inadequate.

c. Elouise's roommate reminds her of her older sibling, with whom she has a combative relationship.

How could a clinician best use the principles of evidence-based practice (EBP) to evaluate their patients' mental health outcomes? a. Measure what percentage of patients return for further treatment. b. Informally ask patients about their improvement at the end of treatment. c. Give patients a well-validated survey of mental health. d. Assess patients based on clinical judgment of their improvement.

c. Give patients a well-validated survey of mental health.

After a serious injury, Paul no longer thinks of himself as an athlete. Now, he primarily thinks of himself as a husband and employee. In this example, which of the following has changed for Paul? a. His self-esteem b. His self-schema c. His self-concept d. His self-awareness

c. His self-concept

Michael, a clinical psychologist, wants to assess his patients' level of neuroticism at their first visit using a standardized, valid personality measure. In selecting his measure, how will he determine if it is valid? a. If all of the questions ask about different aspects of personality b. If data on the measure suggests people score the same over time c. If scores correspond to actual patient differences in neuroticism d. If data on the measure suggests that scores fluctuate over time

c. If scores correspond to actual patient differences in neuroticism

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the personal self and the interpersonal self? a. Culture determines if someone's sense of self is personal or interpersonal. b. Adolescents have an interpersonal self, while adults have a personal self. c. Individuals possess both and each contributes to their overall sense of self. d. Individuals have either a personal or an interpersonal self.

c. Individuals possess both and each contributes to their overall sense of self.

Linda's three-year-old son, Todd, constantly throws tantrums and reacts negatively to most stimuli in his environment. Concerned by this behavior, Linda sets up play dates for Todd with one of his classmates who always appears to be smiling and laughing. Linda hopes that this child's behavior will have a positive effect on Todd. Given research on temperament, is this exposure likely to affect his emotionality? a. Yes, all aspects of temperament are contagious and observing this behavior will reduce his negative emotionality. b. Yes, he will observe the other child receiving more reinforcement for their behavior and will then change his disposition. c. No, while some aspects of temperament are contagious, the propensity for negative emotions is not affected. d. No, exposure to someone with more positive emotionality will only increase his negative emotionality.

c. No, while some aspects of temperament are contagious, the propensity for negative emotions is not affected.

Given your understanding of dissociative identity disorder (DID), which other disorder is a person most likely to be misdiagnosed as instead? a. Agoraphobia, because of its symptom of irrational fear b. PTSD, because of its symptom of flashbacks c. Schizophrenia, because of its symptom of hearing voices d. OCD, because of its symptom of intrusive, unexpected thoughts

c. Schizophrenia, because of its symptom of hearing voices

On the morning of her son's birthday party, Rebecca receives a call that the party venue is no longer available. If Rebecca has high self-esteem, how is she likely to respond to this information? a. She will feel overwhelmed with finding another venue and end up cancelling the party. b. She will try to problem-solve but give up when there are no obvious solutions. c. She will immediately start calling other venues and continue to do so until a new location is reserved. d. She will beat herself up for once again not having a good enough party for her son.

c. She will immediately start calling other venues and continue to do so until a new location is reserved.

Jenean's class went on a field trip to a nature center. As part of the experience, the nature center director walked around to each of the children while holding a tarantula spider. If Jenean's temperament is low in reactivity, how is she likely to respond when confronted with the tarantula? a. She will scream hysterically. b. She will be intensely afraid but keep a neutral expression. c. She will not be particularly bothered. d. She will jump up and down with excitement.

c. She will not be particularly bothered.

You've begun writing news stories for a social media blog. According to research on persuasion in social media, which of the following is most likely to cause readers to believe your stories? a. Emphasize that print journalists agree with you by including a list of affiliate newspapers and magazines. b. Appeal to older adults, especially those of the Baby Boomer generation or older. c. Show how many people agree with you by displaying a running count of how many visitors and positive comments you've had. d. Design your blog and news stories with as little sound and video as possible.

c. Show how many people agree with you by displaying a running count of how many visitors and positive comments you've had.

Which of the following best demonstrates a delusion in a patient with schizophrenia? a. Perceiving a flashing pattern of lights in the sky that aren't really there b. Smelling chocolate chip cookies even though none are present c. Thinking they are a world-famous author even though they are not d. Becoming nonverbal and completely unresponsive to stimuli

c. Thinking they are a world-famous author even though they are not

Jackie is an 18-year-old who has decided to enroll in a trade school rather than attend college. She asks you whether skipping college is likely to hurt her mental health. You advise her that, based on research using face-to-face interviews, a. college students actually showed higher rates of psychological disorders than same-age peers. b. college students did show lower rates of psychological disorders than same-age peers. c. college students and same-age peers had similar rates of most psychological disorders. d. college students tend to have psychological disorders of greater severity than same-age peers.

c. college students and same-age peers had similar rates of most psychological disorders.

Terrell is a civil engineer helping to build dams to protect against future floods in a coastal city. He thinks this is a great mission, which allows him to tolerate the unpleasant parts of the job, like working in humid, swampy conditions. In terms of obedience research, what is Terrell most likely experiencing a. the power of authority over personal ethics. b. social conformity. c. engaged followership. d. individual consistency.

c. engaged followership.

In terms of their levels of self-esteem, the opposite of a person with NPD is one with a. schizophrenia. b. antisocial personality disorder. c. major depressive disorder. d. body dysmorphic disorder.

c. major depressive disorder.

Cognitive restructuring is a therapeutic technique in which a. the client is encouraged to say whatever is on their mind. b. new, helpful conditioning is learned to replace earlier, distressing conditioning held by the client. c. new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs held by the client. d. the client is gradually exposed to more and more intense examples of a feared stimulus.

c. new, rational beliefs replace earlier, irrational beliefs held by the client.

A congressperson asks you, as an expert on psychological disorders, how she might reduce the prevalence of schizophrenia among people in her district. You advise her that the best option would be to allocate resources towards a. removing excess sugar and unneeded additives from food, especially from the school lunches of young people. b. encouraging young children to play games that develop and strengthen their theory of mind. c. reducing the rates of childhood poverty and making poor peoples' environments less stressful. d. encouraging accurate diagnosis and proper medication, if needed, for kids with ADHD.

c. reducing the rates of childhood poverty and making poor peoples' environments less stressful.

Freud suggested that individuals use defense mechanisms to a. shift psychic energy to the superego. b. coordinate the needs of the id with reality. c. resolve painful psychic energy. d. determine rules for right and wrong.

c. resolve painful psychic energy.

Prior to getting in front of the class to give his oral presentation, Mark whispers to his friends "get ready, I'm awful at this and I didn't sleep at all last night." Mark's warning to his friends is an example of a. self-enhancement. b. the spotlight effect. c. self-handicapping. d. terror management theory.

c. self-handicapping.

Fergie's younger brother has just been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and sensory hypersensitivity. If Fergie wants to understand what hypersensitivity feels like, the doctor could explain that a. different senses are jumbled, so that input to one is experienced as sensation in another. b. sensations are faint, as if being experienced while half asleep. c. sensations are experienced with overwhelming, unpleasant intensity. d. physical events seem to happen everywhere at once rather than in separate locations.

c. sensations are experienced with overwhelming, unpleasant intensity.

Nicolás wants to see a therapist to address ongoing conflicts with his sister. What would a psychoanalyst likely ask him in the first session? a. "Do you wish you had a better relationship with your sister?" b. "What do you usually do when you're mad at your sister?" c. "What if you talk to your sister and things work out better than you expect? d. "What is your relationship with your sister like?"

d. "What is your relationship with your sister like?"

Which of the following would be feared by a person with agoraphobia? a. A large spider b. A loud television c. An open wound d. A crowded train

d. A crowded train

Which of the following scenarios depicts an example of a defense mechanism? a. Molly develops extreme guilt over accidentally telling her friend a lie. b. Wren stands up for an acquaintance who is being bullied at school. c. Spenser reminds herself of societal rules when feeling impulsive. d. Anthony plays football to deal with anger over his parent's divorce.

d. Anthony plays football to deal with anger over his parent's divorce.

Which of the following is a common cognitive symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)? a. Exaggerated beliefs about one's own importance b. Inability to stay on-task c. Sleep disturbances d. Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness

d. Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness

The "first-generation" antipsychotic drugs used for schizophrenia are most successful at treating which of the following symptoms? a. Catatonia b. Emotional disturbance c. Social withdrawal d. Hallucinations

d. Hallucinations

Leon goes to marriage counseling with his wife. The counselor suggests that their relationship could be improved if Leon increased his level of agreeableness. Leon makes a concerted effort to change this trait and follows each of the counselor's recommendations. How are these efforts likely to affect his low agreeableness? a. This trait will continue to remain low for the rest of his life, regardless of his efforts. b. His underlying personality trait will improve but his behavior will remain the same. c. He will be able to temporarily change his behavior but his personality trait will stay the same. d. He will experience changes in both the underlying personality trait and his behavior.

d. He will experience changes in both the underlying personality trait and his behavior.

Ariana, a school principal, set up a booth at the entrance of her school for parent-teacher night. The booth contained small trinkets with the school's name and a sign inviting parents to "take just one." According to research on self-consciousness and honesty, where should Ariana place the booth to increase the likelihood that parents stick to the "one only" rule? a. In the back of the lobby, far away from the entrance b. Under a wall displaying student artwork c. In a high-traffic area, close to the entrance d. In front of the reflective trophy case

d. In front of the reflective trophy case

In his research on motivation, James Olds allowed rats to behave freely in their laboratory enclosures, then randomly stimulated the dopamine-producing part of their brains. The result was that the rats addictively repeated whichever behavior happened to co-occur with the dopamine spike. This addictive behavior even continued when it was clear the rats were feeling discomfort or pain because of it. Based on your knowledge of the psychological disorders from the textbook, which of the following disorders might be partially explained by these results? a. Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) b. Bipolar disorder c. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

d. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

One potential explanation for why we typically agree to requests by authority figures is that we respond to their legitimacy as authority figures in a general sense, regardless of the specific request and its context. Which of the following hypothetical findings, if confirmed by research, would most conflict with this explanation? a. Some kinds of authority figures promote more obedience in participants than others. b. Participants rarely ask authority figures for explanations as to the purpose of the request. c. Participants seem to comply more readily to authoritative body language than to official uniforms. d. Participants assume that requests made by an authority figure are somehow relevant to their job.

d. Participants assume that requests made by an authority figure are somehow relevant to their job.

Although he is 35 years old, Sheldon has never learned to drive. Each time his friends offer to teach him, he thinks of the risks and possible negative outcomes of driving and declines their offers of help. Given this behavior, reinforcement sensitivity theory suggests that Sheldon likely has a highly active a. temperament. b. fight-flight freeze system (FFFS). c. behavioral approach system (BAS). d. behavioral inhibition system (BIS).

d. behavioral inhibition system (BIS).

When a clinician engages in evidence-based practice (EBP), the first step is to a. conduct a search of the most current scientific literature. b. evaluate their performance based on the patients' outcomes. c. critically evaluate the relevant literature, using standards for good science. d. construct an answerable question of clinical importance.

d. construct an answerable question of clinical importance.

Suppose you are a practitioner of applied behavior analysis. A patient asks for your help in quitting his nail-biting habit. To accomplish this, your best first step would be to a. find out when the nail-biting behavior first began. b. ask why the patient wants to address his nail-biting. c. assess whether his friends or family also share a nail-biting habit. d. figure out which situations and events reliably lead to nail-biting.

d. figure out which situations and events reliably lead to nail-biting.

A restaurant owner wants to help his restaurant's reputation, so he offers customers cash and asks them to write positive reviews. He only makes this offer to customers who clearly didn't like the food. Although the owner did not consider the principle of cognitive dissonance, based on this principle, we might predict that a. the more they are paid, the more likely their reviews will be positive. b. payment is unlikely to convince them to write positive reviews. c. if they are paid a small amount of money, they may rate the food honestly (negatively). d. if they are paid a large amount of money, they may rate the food honestly (negatively).

d. if they are paid a large amount of money, they may rate the food honestly (negatively).

Recurrences of depression might occur because people who have experienced episodes of MDD think differently than people with no history of depression when a. participating in social activities. b. immersed in work. c. unexpected events happen. d. mildly negative mood states occur.

d. mildly negative mood states occur.

Erin had been single for several years after her divorce. Frustrated with dating, her friend suggested that Erin travel to China to meet her brother who was also single. Although Erin was American and did not speak Chinese, she decided to travel to China for three weeks to meet her friend's brother. According to the Big Five Theory of personality, this behavior suggests that Erin is high in a. conscientiousness. b. agreeableness. c. neuroticism. d. openness.

d. openness.

Ravi is a soldier with PTSD who has just returned home to live with his family. He could improve his ability to cope with the disorder by addressing a component of intimacy that returning soldiers are often unable to engage in. Specifically, he could a. spend plenty of time together and bond over shared activities. b. engage in friendly physical touch like hugging or shaking hands. c. give words of affirmation to show them he appreciates them. d. talk to them about the difficulties he's having with adjusting to civilian life.

d. talk to them about the difficulties he's having with adjusting to civilian life.

Compulsions in OCD appear to be efforts to a. create stronger relationships with others. b. make the surrounding environment more pleasant or conducive to productivity. c. avoid the perceived negative judgments of others for not being in control of one's life. d. ward off the anxiety produced by obsessions or some other feared event.

d. ward off the anxiety produced by obsessions or some other feared event.

HEXACO model of BIG 5

honesty-humility, emotionality, openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness

What are the big five personality traits?

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

1) Actor-observer bias

our tendency to attribute our own actions to external causes while attributing others' actions to internal causes

The Rorschach is an example of a ________________ Test.

projective personality test