PSY105 Test

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Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables?

-.12

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

NREM 1 sleep

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

REM sleep

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

a hypothesis

A drug that mimics the effects of a particular neurotransmitter is called a(n)

agonist

Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

alpha waves

To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's

amygdala

An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of

assuming that association implies causation

For several months following a sudden and unexpected divorce, Henry was excessively preoccupied with thoughts of his ex-wife. His reaction resulted from the disruption of

attachment

A focus on the links between brain activity and behavior is most characteristic of psychologists who work from a ________ perspective.

biological

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires

biopsychosocial

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires

biopsychosocial approach

Prenatal testosterone secretions exert one of their earliest influences on

brain organization

During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the

brainstem

The reticular formation is located in the

brainstem

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex

Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate

causes from effects

Your conscious awareness of your own name and self-identity depends primarily on the normal functioning of your

cerebral cortex

The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in

children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

circadian rhythm

One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology involves a focus on

continuity and stages

To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.

control

Juanita suffers from a painful back condition. Smoking marijuana would reduce her pain, but she thinks it would be wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Juanita is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ level of morality.

conventional

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables?

correlation coefficient

To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use

correlational measures

In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences between social groups result from

cultural influence

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called

debriefing

Among employed women, the task of raising children is especially likely to be associated with ________ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with ________ marital satisfaction.

decreasing; increasing

The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to

develop general principles to help explain behavior

Lilianne is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that Lilianne has also just

developed a sense of object permeance

The social roles assigned to women and men

differ widely across cultures

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

diminish immunity to disease

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

duckling and bouncing ball

A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be

due to chance variation within and between the sample groups

The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of the

endocrine system

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is an aspect of our

environment

Infant rats deprived of their mothers' normal licking had more ________ that block access to the "on" switch for developing the brain's stress hormone receptors.

epigenetic molecules

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.

evolutionary

The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome

A critical period is a phase during which

exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development.

Bats need a lot of sleep because their high waking metabolism produces ________ that are toxic to neurons.

free radicals

People's moral judgments are most likely to seem unrestrained by normal emotions if they have suffered damage to their

frontal cortex

Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that part of the

frontal lobes thicker in women

During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation of the ________.

frontal lobes; limbic system

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

gender schema

A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns demonstrates

gender typing

Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of

gender typing

A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be

CorrectA. due to chance variation within and between the sample groups.

Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that

CorrectA. person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences between groups.

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

CorrectB. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that

CorrectB. people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.

The hypothalamus influences the ________ to send messages to the ________.

CorrectB. pituitary; endocrine glands

The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the

CorrectB. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

If warmly supportive parents are especially likely to have children with high self-esteem, this would most clearly indicate that

CorrectB. warmly supportive parenting and children's self-esteem are correlated.

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior and personality traits is known as

CorrectC. behavior genetics.

The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the

CorrectC. ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

CorrectC. sleep patterns may be genetically influenced.

Curare is a paralyzing poison that functions as a(n)

CorrectD. ACh antagonist.

Brain plasticity may contribute to the effectiveness of

CorrectD. constraint-induced therapy.

Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during its first few hours of life. Carol should be told that

CorrectD. human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.

As people progress through adulthood, women become

CorrectD. more assertive and men become more empathic.

A synapse is a(n)

junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron

Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to

lapse into a coma

The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is

late afternoon or early evening

The amygdala consists of emotion-linked neural clusters in the

limbic system

Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn

male systemizing tendency

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

mean

The activation of light-sensitive retinal proteins in our eyes signals our brains to decrease production of

melatonin

According to Piaget, imagining an action and mentally reversing it would be an example of a

mental operation

In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is

more likely to effect a childs language accent

People expect men to be ________ hungry for political power than women. When men and women are both perceived to be politically power hungry, men are ________ likely than women to suffer voter backlash.

more, less

Gay men report ________ interest in uncommitted sex and ________ interest in their partner's physical attractiveness than do lesbian women.

more;more

Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by

motor neurons

Degeneration of the myelin sheath results in

multiple sclerosis

The process of forming new neurons within the brain is called

neurogenesis

A limbic system reward center located in front of the hypothalamus is called the

nucleus accumbens

Social learning theorists emphasize that

observation and imitation

Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by

operational definitions

Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?

overconfidence

Migraines are most closely linked with an

oversupply of glutamate

At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the

pituitary gland

In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo

The part of the brainstem that helps to coordinate movements is called the

pons

If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would demonstrate that

positively correlated

Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited, appearing mostly among people who prize individualism.

postconventional

Regis thinks it's wrong to drive over the speed limit simply because he might get punished for doing so. He is demonstrating Kohlberg's ________ stage of morality.

preconventional

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the ________ stage is to the ________ stage.

preoperational; concrete operational

Remembering to take your prescribed medications at a specific time of day best illustrates

prospective memory

To accurately isolate cause and effect, experimenters should use

random assignment

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the

range

Premature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their unstimulated counterparts to show signs of

rapid weight gain

Which region of your brainstem plays a role in arousing you to a state of alertness when someone nearby mentions your name?

reticular formation

Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are talking on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of

selective attention

Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of

selective mating

According to Vygotsky, parents who say "No, no!" when pulling a child's hand away from a cake are giving the child a tool for

self control

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

sexual motivation

A periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness that involves distinct stages is known as

sleep

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

Neural activity that reenacts and promotes recall of prior novel experiences is most closely associated with

slow wave sleep

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with

slow-wave sleep

Compared with others their own age, children who form a positive self-concept are more likely to be

sociable

Compared with their counterparts in more collectivist countries, 17-year-olds in North America are more likely to experience

social identity

Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr. Eskenazi's contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be highlighted by

social learning theorists

The male answer syndrome suggests that men are less likely than women to demonstrate

social modesty

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds

spend less time in deep sleep

The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the

spinal cord

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of

stability and change

The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of

stability and change

When researcher Karen Wynn showed 14-month-old infants a numerically impossible outcome, the infants

stared longer at the outcome

To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the ________ of the observed differences.

statistical significance

Evidence that easy, relaxed infants develop secure attachments more readily than difficult, emotionally intense babies would illustrate the importance of

temperament

Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

temperament; responsive parenting

Auditory stimulation is first processed in the ________ lobes.

temporal

Information from higher brain regions is transmitted to the medulla through the

thalamus

Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell?

thalamus

Dr. Wolski conducts research on the potential relationship between neurotransmitter deficiencies and mood states. Dr. Wolski's research focus is most characteristic of

the biological perspective

The central nervous system consists of

the brain and spinal cord

Our inability to fall asleep early, as we had planned, is most likely a reflection of

the circadian rhythm

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

the experimental treatment is absent

Four-year-old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that

the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy

Psychologists who view the developmental process as a sequence of distinct stages generally believe that ________ is(are) the same for everyone.

the order but not the timing of the stages

A normal curve would approximate the distribution of

the physical heights of all American women

In which type of research is a representative, random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?

the survey

Just after birth, the cries of newborns bear the intonation of

their mother's language

French toddlers preferred playing with chamomile-scented toys if

their mothers had once used a skin balm with a chamomile scent.

Hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, travel through the bloodstream to affect other

tissues

To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of

twin studies

Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.

variation

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

vivid

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

gut feelings

Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations

Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

hindisght bias

The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by

hindsight bias

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the

hypothalamus

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart

Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the

impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior

Most children who experience parental neglect or abuse manage to have socially meaningful and productive lives. This best illustrates

infantile amnesia

Two-year-old Anna perceives her parents as cold and rejecting. This is most indicative of

insecure attachment

According to Erikson, adolescence is to identity as late adulthood is to

integrity

The vast majority of neurons in the body's nervous system are

interneurons

Erikson suggested that the adolescent search for identity is followed by a developing capacity for

intimacy

Laboratory games reveal that people's desire to punish wrongdoings is driven mostly by automatic emotional reactions rather than by deliberate conscious calculations that punishment will deter crime. This most clearly supports the ________ perspective on morality.

intuitionist


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