PSY108 UNIT 2 TEST REVIEW

A nursing instructor asks the nursing student to describe the "formal operations stage" of Piaget's Cognitive developmental theory. The most appropriate response by the nursing student is:

"The child has the ability to think abstractly."

Moral development in adolescence is demonstrated by:

Moral reasoning based on the individual's own principles and code

According to Freud, thumb sucking is a normal behavior of which stage of development?

Oral

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, in the Preconventional level, moral development is thought to be motivated by which of the following:

PUNISHMENT and REWARD

Mr. and Mrs. Banks complain to the nurse that 5-year old is obsessive and openly exposes himself and masturbates. According to Freud, Bryan is in which stage of psychosocial development:

Phallic: According to Freud, the phallic stage is the 3rd stage of psychosexual development for ages three to six years. The child's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia as the erogenous zone.

Having an imaginary friend is characteristic of which age group:

Preschooler

At the completion of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage of Cognitive development, the child:

Recognizes himself or herself as separate

If adolescents do not accomplish the developmental task identified by Erikson, they suffer:

Role confusion

The stage of industry involves which age group:

School-aged child: Industry vs. inferiority is the 4th stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. The 4th stage occurs during childhood between the ages of approximately six and eleven

The developmental task identified by Erikson for the toddler is the acquiring of:

Autonomy

Freud stated that the ego is:

Based on the conscious and reality

A young adult is unable to develop any meaningful relationships and bonding with others. Timothy would be unable to meet which of Maslow's needs:

Belonging

Development is defined as the pattern of:

Change

According to Piaget, a person begins to understand the principle that matter can take on many forms in the:

Concrete stage: The concrete operational stage is the third Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This period spans the time of middle childhood and is characterized by the development of logical thought. While kids at this age become more logical about concrete and specific things, they still struggle with abstract ideas.

According to Freud, experiences that are reality-based, logical, and in one's immediate awareness are in the:

Conscious

Another developmental task of the toddler is:

Controlling Bowels

Most common fear of the preschooler is:

Darkness

Erikson's theory of personality development differs from Freud's in that Erikson:

Erikson Stressed stages based on age and the accomplishment of developmental tasks whereas Freud believed that pleasure centered on the genital area and resolution of the Oedipus complex. The Oedipus complex is a complex of emotions aroused in a young child, typically around the age of four, by an unconscious sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and a wish to exclude the parent of the same sex. (The term was originally applied to boys, the equivalent in girls being called the Electra complex .)

A parent of a 3-year old tells the nurse that the child is having temper tantrums and is rebelling. True of False: The most appropriate instruction to the parent is to punish harshly?

False - the parent is not to punish harshly because this ciule hurt the child and does not lead to effective behavior change. The parent is advised that they SHOULD set limits on the behaviors and react calmly.

True or False: According to Erikson, the foundation for a healthy personality is a rigid school experience.

False, According to Erikson, the foundation for a healthy personality is developing TRUST.

True or False: Daydreaming of super heroes is common to toddlers

False, daydreaming of superheroes is common among school-aged children (not toddlers)

The mother of an 8-year old child tells the nurse that she is concerned about the child because the child seems to be more attentive to friends that anything else. True or False: An appropriate nursing response is "The parent should be worried."

False. The nurse would never tell the parent to worry. Further, the parents should not feel threatened as the child develops friendships. The nurse should advise the parent that peer relationships are important (and even more important in adolescence) and so at "this 8 year old age, the child is developing his or her own personality."

True or False: Emotional equilibrium is nromal for an adolescent?

False: Emotional equilibrium will be up and down during adolescence. It is normal to have ambivalent emotions, times of rebellion with parents, and fear of the consequences of one's actions. Adolescent emotions are not yet in equilibrium.

True of False: Freud proposed two Psychosexual Stages that were not fixed

False: Freud (1905) proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of FIVE fixed psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge.

Which behaviors would best describe a child who lacks basic trust?

Fearful, hostile, and withdrawn

True or False: The libido is the driving force behind all human behavior (according to Freud).

Freud described the libido as a form energy that is part of the id and created by the survival. He argued that libidinal energy is what motivated all human behavior(libido/id) but not everyone agrees with Freud on this.

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, an individual must:

Meet each level of needs to develop into a psychologically mature person

The self-concept is defined as:

How people see themselves

According to Erikson, a 3-year old struggles to achieve a balance between:

Independence and conformity

A school-aged child is interested in school. They read a lot and like to do experiments. Assuming normal development, according to Erikson's theory, this child is in which stage:

Industry vs. Inferiority

The school-aged child who has few experiences of success is likely to develop a sense of:

Inferiority: During Industry vs. inferiority (the 4th stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development), which occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve, children will feel inferior if they do not develop industry. Children are at the stage where they will be learning to read, write, do math, and learn how to do activities on their own.

Erikson believes that 5-year olds will be mastering the task of:

Initiative

As a child matures, the need to love and be loved:

Shifts from the parental figure to peers

The conscience is often referred to as the:

Superego

A young adult will abstains from taking illegal drugs because she believes that law breaking is immoral. She is relying on her what as a decision maker:

Superego: Freud noted that the part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers is the superego.

A parent is very upset that she has observed her 5-year old rubbing her genitals. She asks you if she should scold her. How can a nurse reply to demonstrate and teach about understanding the stages of human growth and development?

The nurse would advice the parent to understand that it is natural to explore the body and parents who are tolerant of explorations will help the child pass through this stage.

Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development

The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages Piaget uses to define cognitive development. Piaget designated the first two years of an infants life as the sensorimotor stage. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment.

A nurse is helping a new parent and while doing so, the nurse is regarding the psychosocial development of the infant. True or False: Using Erikson's developmental theory, the nurse would instruct the mother to allow the infant to signal needs and then the parent will meet those needs.

True

An elderly patient with congestive heart failure is complaining of dyspnea. True or False: They would be unable to satisfy Physiological Needs?

True

TRUE or FALSE: The adolescent's peer groups help him or her to move away from dependence on their family?

True

True or False: Ambivalence refers to having conflicting feelings and reactions at the same time

True

True or False: Assimilation refers to Piaget's Cognitive Theory when a person is able to fit new information into an existing schema.

True

True or False: Growth and Development can be slow and steady with rapid periods?

True

True or False: The most common fear of the toddler is separation.

True

You are talking with a new mother who wants to know why her baby cries. True or False: You explain that crying is the baby's way of signaling they have a need. This could mean they are hungry, fearful, or need a diaper change.

True

True or False: An example of animism is seen when a preschool child falls off a swing and yells, "Bad swing! You made me fall!" Or if they fall off the slide and say, "Bad slide! You pushed me off."

True Animism refers to the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

True or False: The peer group is most important to the adolescent?

True: Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood called Intimacy vs. Isolation and is the 6th stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. According Erikson, adolescents go through the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, which involves exploring who they are as individuals and PEERS are most important.

True or False: Autonomy refers to self-control

True: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt is Stage 2 of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Children at this second stage of development are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control (autonomy).

True or False: Egocentric thinking refers to thinking in reference to oneself.

True: Egocentric thinking refers to a child's INABILITY to see a situation from another person's point of view. According to Piaget, the egocentric child assumes that other people see, hear, and feel exactly the same as the child does.

True or False: The id is the body's primitive, biological drives, which strives for satisfaction (and the libido part of this sex drive).

True: Freud posited that the id, which is part of the human unconscious structure of the psyche, holds the libido's instinctive energy or force. The Libido is also colloquially known as the human sex drive and it refers to a person's overall desire for sexual activity or reproduction behavior.

True or False: Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlined six stages within three different levels.

True: Kohlberg outlined six stages within three different levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality. Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development (first children obey completely and then move into autonomy) while Kohlberg expanded this, proposing that moral development is in three stages and is a continual process throughout the lifespan.

True or False: The key to formal operational thinking is the ability to think with abstract concepts.

True: The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The emerging abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning mark this phase of development. At this point in development, thinking becomes much more sophisticated and advanced. Four cognitive stages of childhood development as identified by Jean Piaget: Sensorimotor Stage: Birth through about 2 years. Preoperational Stage: Ages 2 through 7. Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7 through 11. Formal Operational Stage: Ages 11 and older.

According to Erikson, the developmental task of the infant is the acquiring of:

Trust

According to Freud, behavior and emotional growth are produced by:

conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego

According to Piaget, thinking during the first few months is primarily based on:

reflexive behavior