PSY231 FINAL
APA style research articles are written for what audience?
Other researchers in psychology
Which subsection of the Method should contain a chronological description of the participants' tasks in a study?
Procedure
In what section of a published journal article will you find graphs or tables of the summary data?
Results
The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in (3)
- adverse stress reactions from some of the participants assigned to be prisoners. - cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards. - the study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants.
What 4 things should be presented in the results section of a research article
- alpha level used - statistical tests used - statistics calculated in the tests - a reference to figures or tables of summary data
The purpose of the Abstract is to (3)
- describe the results of the study - briefly explain the purpose of the study - briefly describe the method of the study
A good introduction should (3):
- introduce the topic of the study -review past studies that addressed the research questions of the study - state hypotheses
Independent variables can be manipulated according to (3)
- presence/absence of treatment. - type of treatment - amount of treatment
An experiment is defined by (3)
- the manipulation of a variable - control of confounding variables - tests of casual relationships
T/F- According to ethical guidelines, psychological studies can never involve deception.
False
T/F- Citations are only used when quoting from another source
False
T/F- Developmental psychologists never conduct experiments, because age cannot be manipulated.
False
T/F- The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.
False
T/F- citations are only used when quoting from another sourse
False
Research proposals should describe the proposed study in ___ verb tense.
Future
Videotaping individuals at work to look for off-task behaviors is an example of which observation technique?
Naturalistic observations
The first APA ethical code was based on
Nuremberg Code
As researchers, we usually set alpha at .05 because
This sets our Type 1 error rate at 5%
T/F- Correlational studies are designed to examine relationships between measured variables.
True
T/F- Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.
True
T/F- Participation in research is not always anonymous.
True
T/F- one inch margins are used when formatting pages of an APA style manuscript
True
What would be appropriate to include in the method section of an APA style paper?
a description of the instructions given to participants in the study
An independent variable is
a manipulated variable
Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents
a negative relationship
A well-written discussion section of a journal article should begin with
a review of the hypotheses made in the introduction
A quasi-independent variable is the same as
a subject variable
Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by
an review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB).
A study was done in Pueblo, CO to compare the pattern of heart attack rates across the year before and the year after a public smoking ban had been enacted. The researchers who conducted this study used a(n) ___design.
interrupted time-series
Temperature measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius is an example of a(n) ___ measurement scale.
interval
For the table of condition means below, which effects appear to be present? IV A Level 1 IV A Level 2 IV B Level 1 50 50 IV B Level 2 75 75
main effect of IV B only.
A ___ hypothesis predicts no effect, whereas a ___ hypothesis predicts an effect.
null ; alternative
In inferential statistics, we look for evidence against the
null hypothesis
In an APA style paper, authors' names and affiliations should appear
on the title page
At minimum, how many independent variables must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment?
one
A ___ hypothesis predicts a directional effect, whereas a ___ hypothesis predicts an effect in either direction.
one-tailed ; two-tailed
The decision to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test is made when
p equal to and < alpha
Which subsection of the Method should contain a chronological description of the participants' tasks in a study?
procedure
The development and validation of surveys is called
psychometrics
The difference between an independent variable and a quasi-independent variable is that the quasi-independent variable lacks
random assignment.
___ can be used to counter group differences.
randomization
Time measured in minutes is an example of a(n) ___ scale.
ratio
Suppose that on average, you tend to score about 83% on exams in your courses. Scoring a 95% on the first exam in a course and 84% on the second exam in that course is an example of
regression toward the mean.
The difference between nominal and ordinal measurement scales is that
responses on ordinal scales can be rank ordered and responses on nominal scales cannot be rank ordered.
The difference in scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn out of the population is
sampling error
A distribution is a
set of scores
A risk-benefit analysis involves
showing that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks.
What is a sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error?
simple random sample
When individuals provide survey responses that represent them in the most positive way, even if the responses are untrue, this is called
social desirability bias.
The ___ measure of variability indicates the average difference between the scores of a distribution and the mean of a distribution
standard deviation
The ___ measure of variability indicates the average difference between the scores of a distribution and the mean of a distribution.
standard deviation
The solution to experimenter bias is to use a(n) ___ design.
confounding
Measuring intelligence using the score on an IQ test is an example of
an operational definition.
The solution to experimenter bias is to use a(n) ___ design.
double-blind
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. Based on the results reported above and an alpha level of .05, which of the following p values is possible for the test comparing the groups in this study?
0.008
A psychologist investigating the research question "which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting ___ research.
Applied
Relying on the works of Plato and Aristotle for knowledge about the world is an example of what way of knowing?
Authority
Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of which method of knowing?
Deduction
A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree of ___
External validity
If we reject the null hypothesis when it's really true, we have made a
Type 1 error
If we retain the null hypothesis when it's really false, we have made a
Type 2 error
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. The independent variable in this study is ___, and the dependent variable is ___.
activity group ; memory
A researcher measures time on task behavior for a student who has been referred by their teacher. Then the researcher implements a new reward system for the student to determine if the reward system increases time on task behavior. Time on task behavior is then measured a second time without the treatment to determine if the behavior returns to pre-treatment levels. This study uses a ___ design.
both baseline and A-B-A
___ individuals are selected at random for a study from a list of members of Girl Scout troops to represent the population of girls aged 8-13
cluster sample
A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___ research design
correlational
Which research method can surveys be used with to observe behavior? (4)
correlational, experimental, quasi-experimental, case study
Having different participants in a study experience conditions in different orders is called
counterbalancing
According to ethical guidelines, at the end of their participation participants are often be fully informed as to the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception used in the study. This process is called
debriefing
___ statistics summarize a distribution, while ___ statistics provide a test of the hypothesis.
descriptive ; inferential
Limitations of a study are discussed in the ___ section of an APA style article
discussion
The test-ability canon of the scientific method states that ___
explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrect
Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals from the population who volunteer are selected?
haphazard sample
A nonequivalent pretest-post test design contains a control group that
has not been randomly assigned
In a graph of condition means from an experiment, the ___variable should be plotted on the x-axis, whereas the ___variable should be plotted on the y-axis.
independent ; dependent
Asking individuals to respond to questions or rate items according to their attitudes or behaviors uses the ___ observation technique
survey
A primary disadvantage of a longitudinal design is
the amount of time it takes to conduct the study.
The value of an inferential statistic calculated to compare conditions in an experiment represents
the effect of the independent variable with sampling error removed
Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted?
the study must be designed to minimize harm to the participant and the benefit of the research must outweigh the risks.
___ individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study
volunteer/haphazard sample
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. What is the operational definition of exercise in this study?
walking on a treadmill for 20 minutes
Testing effects are particularly problematic for ___ designs.
within-subjects
Participants receive all levels of a(n) ___variable, but only one level of a(n) ___ variable.
within-subjects ; between-subjects