PSY236 Final
Emmon's Five Primary Motivations
enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect
_____ is the hypothetical concept for the internal experience that exists with goal-directed behavior
motivation
what are the motivation-related constructs in personality science
motives goals values desires wants needs striving, tasks, projects
Mcclelland's three primary (Big 3) motivations
needs for achievement affiliation power
what is the goal of intrinsic motivation
the goal is to create an inner experience - satisfaction, master, knowledge, etc
what is the goal of extrinsic motivation
the goal is to exact a consequence from the social environment
true or false motivation forces and factors residing inside the person energize and direct behavior
true
nomothetic
viewed as being shared by most humans
Evolutionary psychology's two motivations:
work and social interaction getting along and getting ahead
what is the hybrid extrinsic/ intrinsic view
"I did it and it felt good" coupled with "hey look what I did"
A key difference between Funder's definition of personality and McAdams's expanded definition of personalty is A)Funder does not make specific reference to the life story or narrative identity B) Funder does not consider the possibility of unconscious influences. C) McAdams does not address dispositional traits in his definition D) McAdams does not see evolution as playing a role in personalit
A
According to the Hennecke et al model, Which of the following is NOT one of the three conditions necessary for self-regulated personality development? wk 15 th reading #5 A) The person must get to the root of what causes them to have unsatisfactory levels of a trait. B) New trait-related behaviors must be viewed as desirable. C) The person must see performance of the new trait-related behavior feasible and must be capable of doing the new behavior. D) The new behavior must be enacted frequently enough to become a habit.
A
Assume that the behaviors associated with conscientiousness are pretty much the same at all stages of development. This would be an example of A) homotypic stability B) heterotypic stability C) rank order stability D) absolute stability
A
Dispositional traits are most clearly revealed in which sense of "self" proposed by McAdams? A) social actor B) motivated agent C) autobiographical author D) Dispositional traits are not addressed in his model of aspects of the self
A
From the perspective of the personality maturation view of personality change during the period of late adolescence to the late 20's, who is LEAST likely to change. wk 14 th reading #12 A) People who are already high on conscientiousness and PEM-A, and low on neuroticism B) People who are low on conscientiousness and PEM-A, and high on neuroticism C) People who enter the work force and assume more adult roles D) Personality is already established by late adulthood and there are no further changes likely during the 20's.
A
If I wondered whether a middle-aged adult was likely to having a strong investment in the well-being of future generations, what element of a life story would suggest the likelihood of such an investment? wk 11 Th reading #6 A) redemption sequences B) contamination sequences C) reminiscence bump D) trait agreeableness
A
Intrinsic motivation refers to experiencing A) benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal B) benefits associated with the process of achieving a goal C) goals that can never be fully completed D) goals that can be objectively completed
A
Personality traits from the Big Five (and similar models), as measured by self-report, show A) moderate to high rank order stability from childhood through adulthood B) low rank order stability C) high rank order stability in adolescence, but not in adulthood D) high rank order stability in childhood, but not in adulthood
A
Psychodynamics - the term for the interplay of different elements of the mind is most specifically related to which of Freud's models? A) Structural B) Topographic C )Psychosexual stage D) Object relations
A
Retrospective research designs (for example, people giving ratings about what their traits were like in the past) A) artificially inflate estimates of personality stability B) are the "gold standard" for personality research C) are the only designs that demonstrate causality D) are more useful than prospective designs
A
The best research design for understanding how personality changes over time is A) prospective (also known as longitudinal) B )retrospective C) cross-sectional D) Randomized clinical trials E) None of the above
A
The cumulative continuity principle of personality development accounts for the finding that wk 15 t reading #9 A) differential stability (rank order stability) increases with age B) absolute stability increases with age C) The accumulation of life experiences over the course of a long life leads to dramatic changes in personality D )There are sharp breaks in the statistical curves demonstrating trait levels over time
A
The following element of a life story would earn a high score on which life-story construct in narrative identity research: "I knew I reached an emotional bottom that year . . . but I began making a stable life again, as a more stable independent person . . . it was a period full of pain, experimentation, and growth, but in retrospect it was necessary for me to become anything like the woman I am today." wk 12 T reading #4 A) exploratory narrative processing B) meaning making C) agency D) redemption
A
True or False: Goals are generally consciously accessible and can be expressed through language. A) True B) False
A
What is the name of the bias in self-report that is the tendency to describe oneself in ways that would meet with the social approval of others? A) Social desirability B) Evaluativenes C) positivity bias D) halo effect
A
Which behavioral change strategy am I using if I post reminders of my specific goals on my refrigerator so that I will see them everyday? wk 15 th lecture #2 A) Stimulus control B) Counter-conditioning C) Exposure D) Self-liberation
A
Which combination of traits is predictive of involvement in criminal behavior? A) low agreeableness and low conscientiousness B) high extraversion and high neuroticism C) low conscientiousness and high neuroticism D) High extraversion and high openness
A
Which of the Big 5 traits declines with age, especially after mid-life? A) Openness B) Conscientiousness C) Extraversion D) Agreeableness E) Neuroticism
A
Which of the following is NOT a core assumption of psychodynamic theory A) All humans have the potential to live relatively anxiety-free lives B) Our memories, motives, and feelings often operate outside or our awareness C) Early life experiences contribute to personality processes that can affect us throughout our lives D) Every aspect of our behavior and experience is causes by a combination of identifiable biological and psychological processes
A
Which of the following personality traits is NEGATIVELY correlated with generativity? A) neuroticism B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) openness to experience
A
Which of the following was NOT one of personality scientists' arguments against the situationist critique of personality psychology? A) Mischel was not a serious researcher and was not in a position to comment on the field of psychology. B) Many of the studies Mischel reviewed were methodologically weak C) Mischel exaggerated the link between situations and specific behaviors D) A correlation of .3 is consistent with most of the effects found in psychology
A
In narrative identity research, the degree to which protagonists are able to affect change in their own lives or influence others in their environment is referred to as A) contamination B) communion C) redemption D) agency
A and D
Which of the following person-environment transactions produce personality stability (You must choose a ALL of the correct answers to earn credit for this question) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option wk 15 T reading #10 A) Attraction B) Selection C) Manipulation D) Attrition E) Transformation
A, B, C, D
Identify all of the personality traits showing large and identifiable changes from late adolescence through the mid-20's. (There are multiple correct answers and you must get them all right to get credit for this question.) Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A) Conscientiousness increases B) The PEM-A aspect of extraversion increases C) Agreeableness decreases D) Neuroticism decreases E) Openness to experience does not change at all
A,B, and D
Assume that there is a set of internal processes associated with neuroticism. If the underlying processes are similar at different ages, but neuroticism has different behavioral manifestations at different ages, this would be an example of wk 15 t reading #1 A) homotypic stability B) heterotypic stability C) absolute stability D) rank order stability
B
Consistency over time in one's level of a trait in comparison to a reference group is sometimes called rank-order stability. It is also known as wk 15 t reading #3 A) absolute stability B) differential stability C) homotypic stability D) heterotypic stability
B
Extrinsic motivation refers to experiencing A) benefits associated with the process of pursuing a goal B) benefits associated with the process of achieving a goal C) goals that can never be fully completed D) goals that can be objectively completed
B
Hennecke et al argue that trait change possible but infrequent. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons they give for people not deliberately attempting trait change. wk 15 th reading #7 A) Most people view their trait levels as relatively desirable B) Because traits have a heritable component they cannot change. C) People often attribute negative experiences to external cause and don't think self-change is needed. D) People are resistant to change because of their desire for coherence and self-consistency. E) Acting in line with one's traits can be easy and overcoming one's dispositions can be effortful and aversive F) People may not see a need for change because the occupy environmental niches that are a good fit for their traits.
B
If I want to predict work performance the best way to do so is with A) extraversion ratings provided by peoples' spouses B) conscientiousness ratings provided by people's coworkers C) peoples' ratings of their own conscientiousness D) peoples' ratings of their own agreeableness
B
Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. If everyone's score stayed basically the same over this ten year period, these findings would demonstrate Wk 14 Th reading #6 A) rank-order stability B) absolute stability C) face validity D) discriminative validity E) all of the above
B
In narrative identity research the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event. Coding ranges from no meaning (low score) to learning a concrete lesson (moderate score) to gaining a deep insight about life (high score). A) communion B) meaning making C) exploratory narrative processing D) coherent positive resolution
B
In narrative identity research the degree to which the protagonist learns something or gleans a message from an event. Coding ranges from no meaning (low score) to learning a concrete lesson (moderate score) to gaining a deep insight about life (high score). wk 13 T lecture A) communion B) meaning making C) exploratory narrative processing D) coherent positive resolution
B
Mastery, getting ahead, and getting along are most relevant to which aspect of self in McAdams theory of personality development A) social actor B) motivated agent C) autobiographical author D) These concepts are not relevant to his model
B
McAdams reported that conversations with parents about personal events are critical to the development of children's A )autobiographical memory B) narrative skills C) self-efficacy D) other-directedness
B
McAdams suggests that traits and roles are the "main currency" of A) self as motivated agent B) self as social actor C) self as autobiographical author D) culture
B
Relationships are likely to be sustained for longer periods of time when the participants are A) high on extraversion and high on agreeableness B) high on agreeableness and low on neuroticism C) low on conscientiousness and high on extraversion D) high on conscientiousness and high on openness
B
TRUE OR FALSE: While there are age-related mean level increases in emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, there is no evidence that these traits are viewed as more desirable as people get older. A) TRUE B) FALSE
B
The cognitive representation of a desired state is called a(n) wk 11 T reading #1 A) motivation B) goal C) intrinsic motivation D) extrinsic motivation
B
The conceptual relevance of personality variables (as opposed to the applied relevance) refers to A) whether they can be accurately measured B) the degree to which they allow personality scientists to test theoretical models of personality processes C) whether they are evident in multiple cultures D) whether they can be changed by psychotherapy
B
The life story interview A) cannot be used for scientific purposes because there is no way to measure any of its elements B) Is used as a tool to investigate both internal dynamics of life stories and external factors that shape the stories C) does not achieve minimal scientific standards for reliability and validity D) none of the above
B
The most active period of time for observing average changes in personality occurs A) between the ages of 13 and 18 B) between the ages of 18 and 29 C) between the ages of 45-60 D) between the ages of 70-90
B
The positive sense people get when they believe that their life has meaning and purpose is called A) hedonic well-being B) eudaimonic well-being C) anhedonia D) euthymia
B
Which Big 5 trait shows, on average, declines during emerging adulthood A) Conscientiousness B) Neuroticism C) Extraversion D) Openness to Experience
B
Which hormone level is most directly associated with intimacy motivation? A) testosterone B) progesterone C) estrogen D) cannabinoid
B
Which identity status is associated with apathy toward relationships and school wk 12 t lecture #3 A) Identity achievement B) diffusion C) foreclosure D) moratorium
B
Which narrative characteristic is most associated with greater psychological well-being and less psychopathology? wk 11 th reading #5 A) reminiscence bump B) coherence C) positivity D) affiliation themes
B
There are multiple correct answers. You must choose all of them to get credit for his question. Freud and Erikson disagree most clearly on Multiple answers: You can select more than one option A) the importance of resolving developmental conflicts in the emergence of healthy personality B) the role of sexual urges in the course of early childhood development C) the importance of psychological development in adult life D) the importance of early experience in the development of personality
B and C
TRUE OR FALSE:The information obtained in a life story interview is only of value to personality scientists if it is objectively accurate and factual. A) True B) False
B) false
Freud's structural model of personality development Wk2 Th Reading #2 A) Describes the mind into three regions: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious B) Describes the stages of personality development through which all people progress C) Describes three interacting mental structures: id, ego, and superego D) Describes the core relationship challenges that must be resolved for optimal personality development.
C
Goals that emphasize hopes, accomplishment, and advancement needs are known as ***goals A) mastery B) status C) promotion D) prevention
C
Hennecke et al suggest that a comprehensive model of of personality development needs to take into account the active role of the individual in explaining personality stability and change. That account would need to investigate which processes? A) motivation B) self-regulation C) both of the above D) neither of the above
C
Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. If the people who scored the highest on extraversion during senior year score the highest on extraversion at the 10-year reunion, this finding demonstrates A) validity of the Big 5 test B) absolute stability C) rank-order stability D) the superiority of situations over traits in predicting personality changes
C
In narrative identity research, the degree to which scenes in which a demonstrably "bad" or emotionally negative event or circumstance leads to a demonstrably "good" or emotionally positive outcome is referred to as A) agency B) communion C) redemption D) contamination
C
McAdams sees the prominence of redemptive narrative themes as evidence for a strong influence of culture on A) self as actor B) self as motivated agent C) self as autobiographical author D) self as political animal
C
Middle-aged adults who have a strong commitment to improving society and promoting the well-being of future generations produce life stories that include many instances of A) agency B) communion C) redemption D) contamination
C
Reminiscence bump refers to the fact that in people's life stories, scenes that people discuss are most frequently scenes from A) childhood B) adolescence C) the time between adolescence and young adult years D) middle age
C
Self-control is viewed as a limited resource. A term that is used to describe the experience of exhausting one's cognitive and emotional resources due to chronic resistance to temptation is known as A) cybernetic self-regulation B) goal-directed emotionality C) ego depletion D) ego integrity
C
Suppose that I am conducting a study of trait stability using a cross-sectional design. I enroll a large number of 20-year-olds and a large number of 40-year-olds in the study. Differences between the two groups might be due to A) age differences in the level of the trait B) cohort differences - that is differences due to the fact the the two groups grew up during different periods of time C) Both age and cohort effects are possible explanations D) Neither age nor cohort differences could explain the differences
C
The emerging ability to create causal chains and identify general life themes is a specifically relevant i component of A) self as social actor B) self as motivated agent C) Narrative identity D) all of the above
C
Which two personality traits have a stronger relationship to mortality than BOTH socioeconomic status and intelligence? Wk 14 T lecture #1 A) agreeableness and neuroticism B) neuroticism and introversion C) extraversion and conscientiousness D) agreeableness and openness to experience
C
Which type of stability is most important in understanding how personality changes over time? A) rank order stability B) absolute stability C) Both of these are necessary D) Neither of these contribute to our understanding of personality change
C
Which types of Big 5 traits have the strongest relative stability over time? A). Those that are defined by emotionality B) Those that have a clear biological core C) both of the above D) Neither of the above
C
n the McAdams model of personality development,the manner and which we talk about ourselves and our lives is known as A) objective self B) subjective self C) narrative identity D) motivational structure
C
"Cognitive representations of personally desired (or dreaded) end-states to be approached (or avoided) through action" is a definition of A) conscientiousness B) motives C) values D) goals
D
A term for the systematic generation and refinement of coherent models of a scientific problem is A) speculation B) hypothesis testing C) empiricism D) theory building
D
According to McAdams, a critical step in the full emergence of motivated agency occurs A) as soon as children are able to ascribe intentionality to other people B) at different times in different cultures C) only in response to highly effective parenting D) during the "5-7 shift"in development
D
Adler's 2012 psychotherapy study demonstrated the incremental validity of motivation themes in life stories because A) agency was correlated with hedonic well-being B) changes in agency preceded changes in hedonic well-being C) Neuroticism accounted for all of the changes in measures of well-being D) The agency -well being correlation remained even after statistically controlling for level of neuroticism
D
An internalized and evolving story of the self designed to provide life with some measure of temporal unity and purpose is known as A) motivational identity B) personological meme C) autobiographical reasoning D) narrative identity
D
Goals can be A) Very concrete B) Very abstract C) Somewhere between concrete and abstract D) All of the above
D
Goals related to safety, responsibility and security needs are referred to as *** goals A) descriptive B) proscriptive C) moral D) prevention E) promotion
D
If I compare mean level personality traits in a sample of college-students with mean level personality traits of people in their 40's, I am using a A) prospective design B) retrospective design C) cohort study D) cross-sectional design E) longitudinal design
D
If we compare conscientiousness to other Big 5 traits, who well does it predict work performance A) It is not a good predictor of work performance B) It is not used to predict work performance C) It is a good predictor, but not as good a predictor as extraversion D) Of the Big 5 traits, it is the best predictor of work performance
D
Imagine that everyone in a high school class is participating in a prospective study of Big 5 personality traits. Everyone took a Big 5 test during their senior year. Everyone took the same test again at their 10-year-class reunion. People's scores were significantly different over this period of time and people who were highest on extraversion during senior year are no longer the highest on extraversion. These findings demonstrate A) low relative stability B) low absolute stability C) neither of the above D) both of the above
D
In a study of predictors of maintaining sobriety for participants in Alcoholics Anonymous A) measures of trait affect were the only predictors of sustained sobriety B) a measure of participants' beliefs in the controllability of their drinking was the only predictor of sustained sobriety C) Alcohol is a disease and so narrative psychology variables are irrelevant to the prediction of sobriety D) Redemption sequences predicted sobriety several months later, over and above trait level affect and controllability attributions
D
In narrative identity research, scenes in which a good or positive event turns dramatically bad or negative, such that the negative affect overwhelms, destroys, or erases the effects of the preceding positivity. A) agency B) communion C) redemption D) contamination
D
In narrative identity research, the degree to which protagonists demonstrate or experience interpersonal connection through love, friendship, dialogue, or connection to a broad collective is referred to as A) contamination B) redemption C) meaning making D) communion
D
In order to demonstrate rank-order stability of a trait, which type of research design will I need to use? A) cross-sectional B) genetically sensitive C) retrospective D) longitudinal
D
In relation to narrative identity, which cognitive skill emerges early in adolescence and continues to develop until around age 25? A) Story Grammar B) Theory of mind C) The 14- 16 shift D) Autobiographical reasoning
D
In the five principles for an integrative science of personality culture is seen as exerting its greatest influence at the level of A) Dispositional traits B) characteristics adaptations C) Motives and goals D) Narrative identity (the life story)
D
The applied relevance of personality variables (as opposed to the conceptual relevance) refers to A) whether most lay people would agree with their importance B) whether they can be measured without the influence of social desirability biases C) whether they fit with theories about the causes of behavior D) whether they allow us to predict matters of personal and social significance
D
The maturity principle of adult personality development accounts for A) The way that parent modeling leads to high conscientiousness in children B) The fact that once people reach physical maturity their personalities do not change much. C) Increases in neuroticism over the course of adulthood D) The pattern of positive average changes in personality during early adulthood
D
The network of memories, beliefs, and schemes that are specific to self-knowledge is referred to as A) the nomological network B) the self-system life matrix C) the contextual self D) the autobiographical self
D
What does Professor Hayes say is highly predictive of a wide range of positive outcomes? A) The ability to recall childhood trauma B) The ability to avoid experiencing negative emotions C) The ability to tell the difference between a panic attack and a heart attack D) Psychological flexibility
D
What is it that Moral Foundation Theory tries to explain? A) Why social hierarchies are inherently destructive B) Why shunning is an effective social control strategy C) Why some people are more moral than others D) How humans developed basic moral standards over the course of evolution
D
Which is the most potent contributor to living a long life? A) Intelligence B) Economic success C) Low extraversion D) High conscientiousness
D
Which of the following conclusions is supported by the results presented from the Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project? wk 14 t lecture #3 A) Relatively few of findings of major personality studies have been replicated B) Most of the replication studies show smaller effect sizes than the original studies C) All of the replication studies produced the same results as the original studies D) Most of the replication studies have replicated statistical significance and effect size findings from the original studies
D
Which of the following influences the activation of personal goals A) Trait-related difference in the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) B) Trait-related difference in the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) C) The degree to which the relevant motivations are prevention- vs. promotion- focused D) All of the above
D
Which of the following is NOT a component of the scientific approach to the study of personality A) systematic measurement B) causal explanations and connections C) applied recommendations D) The idea that human behavior cannot be systematically measured
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the stages of change model? wk 15 th lecture 1 A) Precontemplation B) Contemplation C) Maintenance D) Identification
D
Which personality traits are most strongly related to attractiveness as a potential mate A) high conscientiousness and high agreeableness B) low neuroticism and high openness C) low neuroticism and high extraversion D) high agreeableness and high extraversion
D
William James argued that personality was fixed by be early adulthood and unchangeable thereafter. Your textbook author characterizes this statement as A) a well-supported fact in personality science B) true during James's times, but no longer true C) not something personality scientists have investigated D) a myth
D
rikson's name for the personal and societal goal of providing for the next generation is A) wisdom B) ego integrity C) moral compass D) generativity
D
Which famous psychologist argued that the empirical data being collected on how personality predicted behavior did not support the claim of personality psychologists of behavioral consistencies driven by individual differences in stable dispositions. A) Dan McAdams B) Sigmund Freud C) Albert Bandura D) Erik Erikson E) Walter Mischel
E
Which of the following phrases is NOT an element of McAdams's formal definition of personality A) A developing configuration of psychological individuality that expresses a person's recognizable uniqueness, B) wherein life stories are layered over C) salient goals and values, D) which are layered over dispositional traits E) subject to modification by situational characteristics F) These are all elements of McAdams's formal definition of personality
E
In which way (s) is (are) agreeableness related to what happens during situations of marital conflict A) People low on agreeableness are more prone to escalating the intensity of emotional conflicts B) People low on agreeableness are more likely to avoid conversations in which conflict might arise. C) People high on agreeableness never get into conflict situations. D) People high on agreeableness are more likely to effectively self-regulate in conflict situations E) None of the above F) All of the above G) Both A and D are correct
G
