PSY3041 Exam
What did Meehl's extension of the MMPI mean? What was updated in the restandardisation?
- New criterion groups -Criterion group strategy versus contrasted group strategy -Suggested changing the names of certain scales and adding numbers to them - people became identified by a numerical MMPI code rather than names on scales Updated: - 2 new validity scales: Back F (FB) - identify infrequent on back scales too - True response inconsistency scale - assess acquiescence -Increased to 567 items -Clinical evaluation standard dropped from 70 to 65 -Contains 15 content scales
What was found in the seattle longitudinal study?
-Cross sectional studies over estimate declines in intellectual ability prior to 60 years old -Substantial cohort/generational differences: -Later cohorts improved inductive reasoning, verbal meaning, spatial orientation -Earlier cohorts better at number and word fluency Individual differences in successful ageing: absence of cardiovascular disease, favourable environment/high SES, intellectually stimulating environment, flexible personality, high cognitive status of spouse, maintenance of high processing speeds -Cognitive training in 2/3 of people improved intellectual ability -Similarities exist between parent and child IQ
What are 5 important differences between child and adult neuropsychological practice?
-Maturation is a paramount force of child neuropsychology -Adult brain-behaviour relationship rules do not apply to children -A model of normal development provides critical clinical content -Child neuropsychological methods are distinctive -Genetic, socio-environmental and family factors important for evaluation
What is the sweet spot for internal consistency? What is the attenuation paradox?
.5 to .8 depending on breadth of scale There is a limit to the degree of internal consistency that is wanted
What are the acceptable levels of reliability for research & clinical?
.70 to .80 is acceptable in basic research, over 90 may indicate redundancy. High reliability is important in clinical settings
What are the 7 Steps for ethical decision making
1. Identify the ethical standard involved 2. Determine the ethical trap possibilities 3. Frame a preliminary response 4. Consider the consequences 5. Prepare an ethical resolution 6. Get feedback 7. Take action
What are the 5 response levels in a clinical interview?
1. Irrelevant - changing subject or giving advice 2. Inappropriate/inaccurate - superficial awareness 3. Accurate reflection 4. Add noticeably - identify implicit feelings 5. Add significantly
What are the 3 response to intervention tiers?
1. supplemental instructions with usual classroom routine 2. targeted more engaging interventions in small groups 3. intensive one-on-one interventions
How many core subtests and supplemental tests does the WAIS-IV have?
10 core, 5 supplemental
What does the center for epidemiological studies depression scale measure? on how many items?
10 items, depressive symptoms. RELIABLE AND VALID SCREENING TOOL
What changed between the 1905 and 1908 versions of the Binet Simon scale?
1905 - moron idiot imbecile, 1908 introduced mental age
What age group is the SB-5 for?
2-85
Approximately how long does it take to administer the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery?
24 hours
The Kaufman Assessment Battery for children (KABC) is for what ages?
3-18
The Bayley III assesses development across how many domains?
5
What is the general ability index in the WAIS-IV?
6 subtests, comprise verbal comprehension index & perceptual reasoning index
What are the 3 general ethical principles?
A. Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples B. Propriety C. Integrity
What is the difference between ability, aptitude and achievement testing?
Ability - cognitive and motor skills acquired over long period of time Achievement - what a person has learned as a result of a defined learning experience Aptitude - future performance
What does the Kuhlman anderson test assess? For what age groups?
Ability, primarily nonverbal, 50-75 minutes, 8 levels 3-19, excellent psychometric properties, NORMATIVE DATA CONTINUALLY IMPROVING
What are 5 elements to testing Executive functions
Abstraction (similarities, proverbs, 10 questions) Working memory (letter number sequencing) Planning (tower of london) Response Inhibition (stroop, hayling) Shifting (wisconsin card sorting test, trail making test)
What does the state-trait anxiety inventory measure?
Adult anviety, used in clinical settings to distinguish from depressive syndromes. 20 items to assess trait anxiety 20 items to assess state anxiety 4 point scale rating, good psychometric properties
What does the acronym ADRESSING stand for in terms of individual differences?
Age, disability, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, social status, indigenous heritage, national origin, gender
State anxiety is
An emotional reaction that varies from one situation to another
What are the 8 elements of a mental status examination?
Appearance, behaviour, orientation, memory, psychomotor activity, state of consciousness, affect, mood
What are the 3 subtests in the working memory index on the WAIS-IV?
Arithmetic, digit span, letter-number sequencing
What does the flynn effect mean for people with intellectual disability?
As IQ norms age, people receiving educational assistance decrease. When newly normed IQ tests are used, numbers receiving educational assistance increase
What are culture fair tests?
Assess FLUID INTELLIGENCE -series -classification -matrices -conditions
What are 4 elements to testing attention and speed?
Attentional span (digit) Sustained attention (cancellation tests) Divided attention (TMT B) Speed (coding, TMT A)
What is dynamic assessment? What is it based on?
Based on Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, dynamic assessors do everything they can to help the child understand/master
What age group is the DSMIV/5 clinical interview not suitable for?
Below 8th grade education, severe cognitive impairments, psychotic symptoms
How does Binet define intelligence?
Capacity to find and maintain direction or purpose, make necessary adjustment along the course to achieve the purpose, and be willing to engage in self criticism/reflection to allow for adaptation General mental ability - abilities can't be separated. Intelligence increases with age
Myers-briggs is based on who's theories?
Carl Jung
When do you use chronbach's alpha, and when do you use kuder-richardson-20
Chronbach's alpha when scoring systems that are graded for each item (e.g. agree to disagree), KR-20 when scores are dichotomous
What are 3 neuropsychological constructs?
Cognitive, emotional and behavioural
What are adaptive behaviour skills?
Collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that people need to function
What are the 4 ethical traps
Common sense, objectivity - commonsense solutions are easy to come by, psychologists are ethical Values trap - psychologists personal values conflict with requirements specified by professional code The circumstantiality trap - ethical behaviour depends on the circumstances who will benefit trap - resolution of a dilemma = taking sides among 2 or more conflicting interests, trap results from confusion
What is the difference between content, criterion-related and construct validity?
Content validity is whether the test measures the universe of behaviour it is designed to measure Criterion validity is whether the test is related to an outcome e.g. rating performance on the test with a well-defined criteria (do marks at year 12 predict university marks) Construct validity is how well a test measures a psychological construct
Within construct validity there is convergent and discriminant/divergent validity - what are they?
Convergent validity is the degree that two constructs that should be related are related Discriminant evidence/divergent evidence: demonstrates that the test is unique
What are the 7 first level ethical principles?
D - dignity E - equitability P - prudence H - honesty O - openness G - goodwill S - suffering prevention
What is the breakdown of the strategies for structured personality test construction?
Deductive = -Logical content - content, intuitive, rational approach -Theoretical Empirical = Criterion group - contrasted group method, external strategy, empirical strategy, criterion-keying method Factor analysis
What are common disorders evaluated by neuropsychological testing?
Developmental: speech and language impairment, ADHD and LD, intellectual disability, ASD Acquired neuropsychological disorders: acquired traumatic brain injuries, neurological conditions, cerebrovascular disease, hyproxic-ischaemic injuries, psychiatric disorders
What changed about IQ in the 1960 SB test?
Deviation IQ was introduced. Mean is 100, SD is 15 (previously 16). The IQ is determined by evaluating the standard deviation of mental age for a representative sample at each age level.
What is the wide range achievement test (WRAT-4) good for?
Diagnosing LD & determining instructional needs. assesses reading, spelling, math and sentence comprehension. 2 hours (shorter for younger). 3-94
What are the 2 subtests in the processing speed index on the WAIS-IV?
Digit-symbol coding & symbol search
What is the purpose of the MMPI?
Distinguish between normal and non-normal groups
What are 4 common ethical violations?
Dual relationships, breach of confidentiality, provision of services outside of competence, failure to take appropriate steps to prevent suicide attempts
What are 3 elements to testing memory?
Episodic memory Verbal learning and memory: word lists, logical memory Visual memory: rey complex
What is the difference between an ethical and mixed dilemma?
Ethical dilemma: conflict between two values Mixed dilemma: clash of ethical principle and a nonethical consideration
How does Raymond Cattell define intelligence?
FLUID & CRYSTALLISED Minor general factors: Gkn domain specific knowledge, Ga auditory procesing, Gv visual abilities, Gr memory retrieval, Gs speed performance Gt decision/reaction time speed
What does the WISC generate in terms of general score and index scores?
Full scale IQ and 5 index scores: verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, processing speed
What measure do the McCarthy scales for children's abilities?
General cognitive index
How does thurstone define intelligence?
General factor, adaptational process
What is the model of intelligence that the SB 5 is structured on?
General intelligence --> Fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual/spatial reasoning & working memory Each have a verbal and nonverbal component
How does spearman define intelligence:
General mental ability underlying all behaviour - mechanical, numerical & vocabulary
How does David Wechsler define intelligence?
Global capacity, role of non intellective factors. can be measured by quantifying several aspects of differential abilities
What age group is the bayley scale of infant and toddler development for? What does it assess?
Infants between 1-3.5yrs old, assesses cognitive, language, motor, socio-emotional and adaptive domains
What is a standard error of measurement?
It allows estimation of the precision of a specific test score, the larger the SEM, the less certain we are that test score represents true score
How is a full-scale IQ (FSIQ) calculated?
It is based on the summed scores of the four indexes: an index is created where two or more subtests are related to a basic underlying skill
What are 4 sources of error in tests?
Item selection, test administration, test scoring, systematic measurement error
What are the 3 validity scales of the ORIGINAL MMPI?
Lie scale - naive attempt to view in favourable light K scale: identify attempts to deny problems, show self in favourable light F - infrequency scale: detect deviant response patterns
What is the theoretical base of the Kaufman Assessment battery for children?
Luria's model of brain functioning
Along with the Halstead-Reitan Battery, patients often receive the
MMPI
What are the gender differences in IQ?
Males outnumber females among high scorers Women show advantages in memory skills, reading comprehension, verbal fluency and outnumber men in university Tasks loaded in 'g' found men exceed women However - flynn found no difference in overall IQ using raven's progressive matrices Women decline earlier on active abilities, men decline earlier on passive abilities
How does IQ differentiate levels of intellectual disability?
Mild 55-70 Moderate 40-55 Severe 25-40 Profound <25
What is Lovinger's 3 component model of construct validity?
Need ways to ensure that the proposed scale conforms to your conceptualisation - Substantiative (before the test is designed) Structural (how it's put together) External (how the test performs)
How does the importance of genes and upbringing change over time with regards to intelligence?
Over time upbringing becomes less relevant and genes increase. Heritability of intelligence increases from 20% in intelligence to 80% in later adulthood.
What are 7 elements to language testing
Perception (sound, phonemic) Comprehension (rule following tests) Production (free speech analysis) Repetition Reading/writing Semantics Naming
What are the 3 subtests in the perceptual organisation index on the WAIS-IV?
Picture completion, block design, matrix reasoning
Within criterion related validity there is predictive and concurrent evidence - what are they?
Predictive: how much do test scores predict the outcome they are supposed to predict? Concurrent: assessments of the simultaneous relationship between the test and the criterion—e.g. a learning disability test and school performance
What are the 4 P's of case formulation?
Predisposing factors (make vulnerable) Precipitating factors (Immediate factors/events causing client to present) Perpetuating factors (factors contributing to continuation or worsening Protective factors (client's strengths or supports)
How does classical test theory conceptualise reliability?
Ratio of true score variance to total variance of obtained scores
What is a validity coefficient?
Relationship between a test and a criterion, expressed as a correlation. .3-.4 is adequate, and means it explains 16% of variance.
The ecological approach contains 4 tests, what are they?
Rivermead behavioural memory test Test of everyday attention Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive system Multitasking
What does a scree plot tell you? What is orthagonal and oblique rotation?
Scree plot tells you how many factors there are, Orthagonal rotations produce factors that are uncorrelated Oblique produces factors that are correlated
When doing a split-half method, to correct for scores based on halves, you should use what formula to test validity?
Spearman Brown
Differentiate between spearman, thurstone, wechsler and sternberg's understandings of IQ
Spearman: general ability to infer relations and correlates Thurstone: capacity to inhibit instinctive actions, think flexibly and creatively and translate modified adjustments into overt behaviour Wechsler: aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with the environment Sternberg: mental activities involved in purposive adaptation to, shaping of, and selection of real-world environments relevant to one's life
What is reliability?
Stability over time + internal consistency
Wernicke's aphasia involves damage to the?
Superior temporal gyrus
What is the order of test creation?
Test conceptualisation, test construction, test tryout, item analysis, test revision
What is internal consistency?
The extent to which a test is homogenous or heterogeneous
What specific information should be gathered in an interview?
Thought form, thought content, perception, insight and judgement
How does Robert Sternberg define intelligence?
Triarchic theory: successful people can identify and capitalise on strengths, identify weaknesses and compensate, adapt to shape and select environments CREATIVE + ANALYTICAL + PRACTICAL
How does Jean Piaget define intelligence?
Universal interaction between biological and environmental variables -Sensorimotor -Preoperational -Concrete operational -Formal operational ASSIMILATION (fit new experiences into pre existing schema) & ACCOMODATION (develop new schema as a result of new experiences)
What is item response theory?
Using IRT, the computer is used to focus on the range of item difficulty that helps assess an individual's ability level. For example, if the person gets several easy items correct, the computer might quickly move to more difficult items. If the person gets several difficult items wrong, the computer moves back to the area of item difficulty where the person gets some items right and some wrong. Then, this level of ability is intensely sampled. The overall result is that a more reliable estimate of ability is obtained using a shorter test with fewer items.
What are the 4 index scores on the WAIS-IV?
Verbal comprehension, Perceptual organisation, working memory, processing speed
What are 6 elements of perceptual/motor assessment? What tasks measure them?
Visual perception (visual discrimination test, judgment of line orientation test) Visual integration (hooper visual organisation test) Visual construction (ray complex figure-copy) Clock drawing Motor speed (finger tapping) Motor dexterity (grooved pegboard)
What are the 3 subtests in the verbal comprehension index on the WAIS-IV?
Vocabulary, similarities, information
Decision theory approaches to quality of life measurement have the advantage of providing
a basis to compare patients with very different conditions
What is the woodcock-Johnson
age 2-90+, combination of achievement and cognitive abilities
Which WAIS-IV subtest provides an excellent measure of nonverbal concept formation or abstract reasoning?
block design (in perceptual organisation)
What does the WPPSI Scale produce in terms of general score and index scores?
full scale IQ 3 indices for children 2-3.11 -verbal comprehension, visual spatial, working memory 5 indices for children 4-7.7 -verbal comprehension, visual spatial, working memory, fluid reasoning & processing speed
Almost all TAT methods take into account which 3 things?
hero, needs, press, themes, outcomes
What does the beck depression inventory measure? on how many items?
hopelessness, irritability, guilt, feelings of being punished, fatigue, weight loss. 21 items
When was the concept of IQ first used?
in the Stanford-Binet 1916 intelligence test. MA/CA x100
Among projective tests that over interpret data without sufficient empirical foundation, the worst offenders are
projective drawing tests
The psychometric approach to quality of life measurement
provides separate measures for each of the dimensions of quality of life
Classical test theory is
test scores = true score + error
The MMPI & MMPI-2 are what kind of tests? (e.g. multi choice, t/f, definition)
true/false
What is validity shrinkage?
validity is often lower the second time around
What are the 4 indexes in the WAIS-IV?
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory & perceptual speed.
