PSYC
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology.
positive correlation
A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
limbic system
A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.
myelin sheath
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Introspection
A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
longitudinal research
A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
Midbrain
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.
psychoanalytic theory
A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
endocrine glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
psyche
Greek word for soul
Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?
He had severe seizures.
Norepinephrine
Heart, intestines, alertness Increased arousal, suppressed appetite
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
Humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth
The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.
IACUC
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.
IACUC
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.
Institutional Review Board
Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?
It is not possible to determine the twins' behaviors based on having this single gene.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
synaptic vesicles
Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept.
Glutamate
Memory, learning Increased learning, enhanced memory
terminal buttons
Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters
ventral tegmental area
a group of dopamine-containing neurons located in the midbrain whose axons project to the forebrain, especially the nucleus accumbens and cortex
cohorts
a group or company
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
Beta-endorphin
a natural, painkilling brain chemical similar to morphine
Neurons
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
reticular formation
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Dopamine
a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.
Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.
Humanism
a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
experimenter bias
a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained
Feminist Psychology
a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
cross-sectional research
a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
operational definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________.
a strong correlation
Skinner box (operant chamber)
a structure that is big enough to fit a rodent or bird and that contains a bar or key that the organism can press or peck to release food or water
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
falsifiable
able to be disproven by experimental results
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
action potential
During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
adrenal
The ________ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.
amygdala
Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?
amygdala
Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
an imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood's oxygen levels
case study
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
androgens
Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.
archival research; surveys
Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.
are possible to test with animal studies
somatosensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
sport and exercise psychology
area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities
peer-reviewed journal articles
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
negative correlation
as one variable increases, the other decreases
range of reaction
asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Agonists
chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell
Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
chromosomes; DNA
The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.
circular
A(n) ________ case study is conducted by gathering detailed information about participants who are psychological patients.
clinical
Tolman
cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
Lateralization
cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
Ulric Neisser
cognitive revolution; private mental processing can be studied scientifically published "Cognitive Psychology"
Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?
collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release
Reliability
consistency of measurement
The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.
control
autonomic nervous system
controls our internal organs and glands
Functionalism
focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Functionalism has a second, more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism.
Gyri and sulci are the ________ and ________, respectively, which characterize the surface of the human brain.
folds; grooves
psychotropic medications
drugs that affect mental processes
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
electroencephalography (EEG)
Which of the following is a scientific way of determining facts?
empirical studies
Diabetes is a(n) ________ disorder because insulin is a ________.
endocrine; hormone
personality traits
enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior
4th level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
esteem
Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.
evolutionary psychologists
The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.
experiment
Placebo Effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
placebo effect
experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.
Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?
explaining the hypothesis to the participants
The "motor cortex" receives input from different parts of the body. TF
false
The "resting potential" of a neuron is +40 mv. TF
false (-70 mv)
Broca's area is critical for comprehending human speech. TF
false (Wernickes)
Different forms of a gene are known as "moles." TF
false (alleles)
The "spinal cord" is part of the "peripheral nervous system." TF
false (central)
The cerebellum is a bridge for the brain to the spinal cord. TF
false (pons)
The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.
fast; long lasting
Forensic Psychology
field that blends psychology, law, and criminal justice
Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
frontal
A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.
is large and randomly selected
terminal buttons
knoblike structures that branch out from an axon
Noam Chomsky
language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language
________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.
lateralization
The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
midbrain
deception
misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ________.
more than one gene
Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?
motor skill deficits in the left side of her body
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
neurotransmitter
Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?
no sensation in his legs and feet
Stanley Milgram
obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
naturalistic observation
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.
only the right visual field
Big Five
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
parasympathetic
________ are subjects of psychological research.
participants
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was ethically problematic because ________.
participants were not allowed to seek available treatment
statistical analysis
performs such functions as information correlations, distributions, calculations, and variance analysis
1st level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
physiological
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
pituitary
The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.
pons
Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?
pons
Which of the following is not a part of the fight or flight response?
running away
A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.
scatterplot
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
threshold of excitation
the value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential
________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.
the ventral tegmental area
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.
there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Polygenic
trait controlled by two or more genes
"Electroencephalography" measures brain activity using electrodes. TF
true
"Genetic makeup" refers to our DNA. TF
true
"fMRI" is used to measure actual brain activity. TF
true
A "depolarization" is a voltage spike. TF
true
A chromosome is a long thread of DNA. TF
true
A synapse is a "gap." TF
true
An "action potential" is the electric signal that moves along an axon. TF
true
Chromosomes are found in every cell of our body. TF
true
Genes are segments of the DNA double-helix. TF
true
Nerve cells are called "neurons." TF
true
Positron Emission Tomography measures changes in blood flow to active areas of the brain. TF
true
The "auditory cortex" is located in the temporal lobes. TF
true
The "axon" is a long projection extending from one side of the cell body. TF
true
The "corpus callosum" connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. TF
true
The "forebrain" is the largest part of the human brain. TF
true
The amygdala is important for emotion and memory. TF
true
The brain is part of the nervous system. TF
true
The cerebellum is responsible for our body movement. TF
true
The evolution of the size and shape of skulls provides a way to know how the size and shape of the brain has changed. TF
true
The frontal lobe is important for higher mental processes. TF
true
The hippocampus is important for memory. TF
true
The human nervous system has 2 main parts: central and peripheral. TF
true
There is a "thalamus" in the left hemisphere of the brain and the right hemisphere, as well. TF
true
When a neuron is at "resting potential," there is no action potential. TF
true
identical twins
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
fraternal twins
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment.
A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).
two
Amygdala
two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.
PsyD
(doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context
Buss (1989)
*Obtained questionnaire responses from 37 samples, representing over 10,000 individuals, from 33 countries located on 6 continents and 5 islands. He found: 1) 37/37 samples-males valued physical attractiveness and relative youth in potential mates more than did females. 2) 23/37 samples Males value chastity in potential mates more than women 3) 36/37 samples Females value the financial capacity of potential mates more than did males. 4) 29/37 samples Females valued the characteristics of ambition and industriousness in a potential mate to a greater extent than males
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
- Gestalt Psychologist - Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures - Gestalt psychology tried to examine a person's total experience because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences - Gestalt theorists demonstrated that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts of the experience
Naomi Weisstein
1968 declared psychology did not say anything about reality of women, psychology doesn't know about women
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
A British naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection. The Descent of Man (1871) and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
all or none law
the rule that neurons are either on or off
Cognitive Psychology
the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Contemporary Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning?
An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.
double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?
Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Behaviorist. Pioneer in Operant Conditioning. Behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history. 'Skinner Box'. Also, worked with pigeons.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Brain function, sleep Decreased anxiety, decreased tension
Dendrites
Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.
Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?
Broca's area
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.
Confounding Variable
Genes
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
Allele
Different forms of a gene
Generalizing
Draw or state a general conclusion from a number or items or instances, making a statement about what several people or things have in common, finding and extending patterns.
Cecil Sumner
First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology
Pavlov's Dogs
First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning
Serotonin
Mood, sleep Modulated mood, suppressed appetite
Dopamine
Mood, sleep, learning Increased pleasure, suppressed appetite
Acetylcholine
Muscle action, memory Increased arousal, enhanced cognition
A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.
Operational Definition
Beta-endorphin
Pain, pleasure Decreased anxiety, decreased tension
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Performed pioneering conditioning experiments on dogs. These experiments led to the development of the classical conditioning model of learning.
Simply expecting something to happen can make it happen. This describes ________.
Placebo Effect
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?
The cell membrane is semi-permeable.
resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Association for Psychological Science (APS)
The professional psychological organization formed in 1988 when an academic-scientific contingent broke off from the APA. Goals of the APS include advancing the discipline of psychology, preserving its scientific base, and promoting public understanding of the field and its applications.
Cognitive Revolution
The shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950s, characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental processes.
Biopsychology
The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes.
American researchers studying the effects of physical attractiveness on compliance wish to expand the cross-cultural generalizability of their findings to a Lebanese population. They travel to Lebanon and recruit local residents, whom the American researchers rate as attractive or unattractive, to act as experimental confederates. However, they are unable to replicate their research findings. What is a potential problem with this research?
The study may not be valid due to differences in standards of attractiveness between cultures.
membrane potential
The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane.
Gestalt
The word Gestalt roughly translates to "whole;" a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception
Which of the following is not a potential problem associated with relying on college students as participants in psychological research?
They have higher attrition rates than other populations.
Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?
They have not defined happiness or how it will be measured
A ________ is least likely to be involved in the IRB decision regarding whether a study will be permitted.
Veterinarian
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
Wernicke's area
American Psychological Association (APA)
World's largest association of psychologists with around 152,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
confounding variable
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
clinical study
a form of case study in which the therapist investigates the problems associated with a client
dissertation
a formal and long paper, written for a degree at a university or college
________ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation.
beta-endorphin
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
billions
Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ________ that contributes to certain behaviors.
biology
Antagonist
blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?
breathing
Soma
cell body
glia
cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
cerebellum
Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.
confirmation bias
________ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.
confirmation bias
The ________ variable measures effects of the independent variable.
dependent
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
depression
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.
designing, conducting, and reviewing
Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)
documented details of the "aha experience" by observing a group of chimpanzees as they generated original solutions to retrieve bananas that were out of reach
________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.
dopamine
Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
dopamine; norepinephrine
Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
empirical method
gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
genetics
The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ________.
glial cell
Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
groan and move her eyes
Peer reviewers ________.
help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings
An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity.
high; low
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
homeostasis
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
hormones
Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?
how to play the piano
Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.
human; obtaining informed consent
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
hypothalamus
Principles of Physiological Psychology
in this book, Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology
conditioned reflex
in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
limbic system; emotional
The ________ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.
longitudinal fissure
Androgens
male sex hormones
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.
membrane potential
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.
quasi-experimental
________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.
range of reaction
deductive reasoning
reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
Agonists bind to ________ and antagonists bind to ________.
receptors; receptors
attrition rates
reduction in the number of research participants due to dropouts
________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.
reliability
correlational research
research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
The ________ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
reticular formation
Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.
retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author
Biological Perspective
the psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
2nd level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
security
5th level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs
self-actualization
Gonads
sex glands
Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?
smell
3rd level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
social
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.
somatic
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
spinal cord
theory of evolution by natural selection
states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments
________ can be used to assess ________.
statistical analyses; reliability
auditory cortex
strip of cortex in the temporal lobe that is responsible for processing auditory information
single-blind study
study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group
Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.
substantia nigra; dopamine
What is one task that a peer reviewer is not likely to participate in?
suggesting magazines that may be interested in publishing the research
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
sympathetic
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
synapse
The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________.
temperature, touch, and pain
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
temporal
observer bias
tendency of observers to see what they expect to see
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
industrial-organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
multicultural psychology
the field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior
Synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Illusory Correlations
the perception of a relationship where none exists
debriefing
the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.
type of play; no play
________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.
validity
genetic environmental correlation
view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.
William James (1842-1910)
was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate
