PSYC 005 - Final

What is an operational definition?

a definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured

a psychological study finds the following correlational effect: the more students feel under pressure to complete their homework successfully and on time, the more they procrastinate. This is a...

a positive relationship

what is participant observation?

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

an example of pseudoscience is...

astrology

the different levels of the independent variable in an experiment are called

conditions

which of these concepts describes a tendency to focus on the evidence that seems to prove our already held beliefs while discounting evidence that would disprove our own beliefs?

confirmation bias

failure of the experimenter to control some extraneous variable may result in a

confound

which of these is NOT a type of probability sampling? a. simple random sampling b. convenience sampling c. cluster sampling d. stratified random sampling

convenience sampling

testing participants in different orders is referred to as... and a presents a solution to....effects

counterbalancing/carryover

what are two of the main reasons that "correlation does not imply causation"

directionality problem and third-variable problem

participants are asked questions to determine their attitude towards gun control. The experimenter strongly supports gun control which might lead to a variation in results. this is called the...

experimenter expectancy effect

election polls that accurately predict from a small sample how the population voted have a lot of...

external validity

which of the following is a categorical variable?

eye color

cluster sampling is especially useful for surveys that involve...

face-to-face interviewing

when researchers obtain statistically significant results, they tend to submit them for publication, and journal editors and reviewers tend to accept them. but when researchers obtain nonsignificant results, they tend not to submit them for publication, or if they do submit them, journal editors and reviewers tend not to accept them. this problem is called the...

file drawer problem

an example of a physiological measure

heart rate

in a pretest-posttest design, if the average posttest score is better than the average pretest score, then it makes sense to conclude that the treatment might be responsible for the improvement. however, there are common alternative explanations for this. what are they?

history, maturation, regression to the mean, and spontaneous remission

in the tuskegee syphilis study, there were issues with...

informed consent, the right to autonomy, and research ethics

empiricism means

learning based on observation

in what primary way do researchers respect participant's right to privacy?

maintaining confidentiality

which of the following is NOT a type of central tendancy

mode

consider the following psychological experiment: participants are put into either a happy or a sad mood by having them look at short videos of either an uplifting or depressing nature. They are then asked to rate pictures of people on their attractiveness. In the experiment above, what is the independent variable?

mood

quasi-experimental research is considered to be a type of...

nonexperimental research

a definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured is referred to as a

operational definition

stanley milgram's famous obedience study used deception in what way?

participants were told that someone in the adjoining room was receiving electrical shocks though actually there were no shocks

a confederate is someone who...

pretends to be a participant of an experiment but is really working for the researcher

in a study of happiness, people rate their level of happiness on a 1-10 scale. what kind of variable is this?

quantitative

Participant's weight is measured in kilograms. This is an example of which level of measurement

ratio level

the three phases of a particular experiment can be described as ABA. This experiment uses a...

reversal design

a result is said to be statistically significant if...

the alternative hypothesis is rejected

reliability refers to...

the consistency of a measure

in survey research, it is common practice to pre-notify respondents, send them reminders and offer incentives for participation. why?

to reduce non-response bias

which term describes the extent to which the scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to?

validity