Psyc 100 - Chapter 13

How do introverts differ from extraverts? distracted by noisy environments chronically underaroused more sensitive to stimuli including sourness and pain perform better in noisy settings typically above optimal level of arousal impulsively seek out new emotional experiences

distracted by noisy environments more sensitive to stimuli including sourness and pain typically above optimal level of arousal

What are the basic temperamental styles identified by Buss and Plomin? emotionality sociability openness to experience coscientiousness activity level

emotionality activity level sociability

How does the behavioral approach explain personality?

history or reinforcement

How does the trait approach explain personality?

how people differ in disposition

What defense mechanism is this an example of? Dana used her credit card to buy clothes even though her account was overdrawn and she had no money.

denial

Jeffrey Gray proposed that personality is a result of the motivational systems in our brains that cause us to seek reward and avoid punishment. Distinguish between the behavioral approach system and the behavioral inhibition system. linked to anxiety seeking pleasure and rewards linked to neuroticism linked to extraversion avoiding to danger or pain experiencing positive emotions experiencing negative emotions

BAS seeking pleasure and rewards linked to extraversion experiencing positive emotions BIS linked to anxiety linked to neuroticism avoiding to danger or pain experiencing negative emotions

To what extent do early childhood temperaments predict adult personality? Inhibited babies are very likely to stop being shy later in childhood. Childhood temperaments persist into adulthood. Socially inhibited children are more likely to become anxious and depressed, have less social support, and be unemployed as adults. It is possible to predict whether a 6-week-old baby will be shy as a teenager based on the baby's reactions to new situations.

Childhood temperaments persist into adulthood. Socially inhibited children are more likely to become anxious and depressed, have less social support, and be unemployed as adults. It is possible to predict whether a 6-week-old baby will be shy as a teenager based on the baby's reactions to new situations.

superego

morality

Which of the following are results from twin and adoption personality studies? Identical twins raised apart have similar personality traits. There appears to be little parental influence on adopted children's personalities. Biological children's personalities are significantly similar to those of their birth parents. Adopted children's personalities are not similar to those of the parents who adopt and raise them. There is a strong correlation between the personality traits of siblings, similar to those of identical twins. The correlations of personality traits between identical twins are higher than the correlations for fraternal twins.

Identical twins raised apart have similar personality traits. There appears to be little parental influence on adopted children's personalities. Adopted children's personalities are not similar to those of the parents who adopt and raise them. The correlations of personality traits between identical twins are higher than the correlations for fraternal twins.

According to cognitive-social theories of personality, how might someone's interpretations of social situations shape her behavior and personality? One's ability to set and follow goals—like striving for intimacy—is an essential aspect of personality. Observing another person being praised for wearing nice clothes can cause one to have expectations about consequences of looking nice. People's personalities will determine their behavior across many different social circumstances. Someone's behavior upon arriving at a party is determined by her perception of the situation, her emotional response, her skills, and her expectation of the outcome.

One's ability to set and follow goals—like striving for intimacy—is an essential aspect of personality. Observing another person being praised for wearing nice clothes can cause one to have expectations about consequences of looking nice. Someone's behavior upon arriving at a party is determined by her perception of the situation, her emotional response, her skills, and her expectation of the outcome.

How do our genetics have an effect on our personalities? One's tendency to watch a lot of TV or like jazz has a genetic basis. Multiple genes interact with our environment to produce our dispositions. All of the genes that we have been given by our parents are expressed in our personalities. Specific genes can influence how much TV we watch or how much we like jazz.

One's tendency to watch a lot of TV or like jazz has a genetic basis. Multiple genes interact with our environment to produce our dispositions.

How has evolution played a role in the development of personality traits? Personality traits provide information regarding mate selection. Groups whose members possess diverse skills have a selective advantage. Humans' personality traits have evolved to the point where they no longer need to be shaped by evolution. It has been evolutionarily adaptive for nonhuman animals to have distinct personality traits.

Personality traits provide information regarding mate selection. Groups whose members possess diverse skills have a selective advantage. It has been evolutionarily adaptive for nonhuman animals to have distinct personality traits.

What do research findings reveal about animal personality traits compared to human personality traits? The trait of control is only found in chimpanzees and in humans. The trait of carefulness is only found in chimpanzees and in humans. The trait of emotionality is found in nonhuman and human species. The trait of extraversion is found in nonhuman and human species. Only humans demonstrate personality traits. Only chimpanzees and humans display personality traits.

The trait of control is only found in chimpanzees and in humans. The trait of carefulness is only found in chimpanzees and in humans. The trait of emotionality is found in nonhuman and human species. The trait of extraversion is found in nonhuman and human species.

According to Carl Rogers's person-centered approach, which of the following would cause someone to have healthy self-esteem? a supportive and accepting therapeutic environment parents who offer unconditional positive regard high expectations set and enforced by parents being raised with conditions of worth no discrepancy between her sense of self and how she believes others perceive her

a supportive and accepting therapeutic environment parents who offer unconditional positive regard no discrepancy between her sense of self and how she believes others perceive her

How can parents have a positive impact on their children's personalities? choosing a good environment to raise the child in using good parenting styles providing adequate parenting for the child to become socialized encouraging the child to pursue activities he enjoys

choosing a good environment to raise the child in providing adequate parenting for the child to become socialized encouraging the child to pursue activities he enjoys

How does the humanistic approach explain personality?

personal growth and self-understanding

According to cognitive psychologists, what sorts of cognitions would lead to someone having a studious personality? placing a high value on academic success an internal locus of control being high in introversion and emotional stability a tendency to be conscientious a personal construct that the more one studies, the better one does in school the expectancy that studying will lead to good grades

placing a high value on academic success an internal locus of control a personal construct that the more one studies, the better one does in school the expectancy that studying will lead to good grades

id

pleasure principle

What defense mechanism is this an example of? Billy accused his friend of being an alcoholic, when in reality, Billy drank every night.

projection

What defense mechanism is this an example of? Jill explained that she broke her dormitory's "no pets" rule because it was too cold for the cat to stay outside.

rationalization

What defense mechanism is this an example of? Janet picked fights with Tom and told others he was a terrible person, but in reality, she was attracted to Tom.

reaction formation

ego

reality principle

What defense mechanism is this an example of? Dorothy had no memory of her mother's death which occurred when Dorothy was seven years old.

repression

Which of the following describe temperament as opposed to personality traits? stable from the time we are babies general tendencies to feel or act in a certain way represents the innate biological structure of personality may be altered by life experiences

stable from the time we are babies general tendencies to feel or act in a certain way represents the innate biological structure of personality

How does the cognitive aproach explain personality?

thought processes

How does the psychodynamic approach explain personality?

unconscious forces