PSYC 101 Exam 6, Social Psychology

What is considered the future of health psychology?

Developing interventions to reduce the prevalence of preventable illness

What part do negative feelings play in subjective well-being?

Negative feelings are functional and should be experienced as appropriate but only some of the time

When people are worried about what other think of them and decide to go along with the crowd is known as what?

Normative influence

peripheral route to persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness, emotional music or images.

Which processing route relies on heuristics?

Peripheral

What is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors?

Persuasion

Which technique of persuasion uses a satisfied customer expressing how a particular product "changed their life!"?

Testimonials

_____ relies on psychological techniques; whereas, _____ emphasizes communicating objective information.

The peripheral route processing; the central route processing

Complementary views for assessing and understanding a phenomenon in psychology are referred to as levels of _____, and they range from the most general to the most specific.

analysis

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Jacinta believes that people who are military veterans are all brave, honorable,and respectable. These beliefs represent an ______ that she has for veterans.

attitude

________ are opinions, feelings, and beliefs that a person holds about another person, a concept, or a group.

attitudes

The study of ______, which is a major topic of focus for social psychologists, examines the psychological process involved in having a sexual interest in another person.

attraction

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

central route to persuasion

occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling.

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

implicit bias

unconscious, automatic biases measured by IAT; impacts decision-making and impressions (e.g., of other racial groups) without the person's conscious awareness

discrimination

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

altruism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessness

Which of the following is NOT part of the proposed Triad of Trustworthiness?

Attractiveness

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

The tendency to act like those around us and be influenced by what they do is called?

Conformity

Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?

Descriptive norm

What do we rely on in situations in which there are no clear societal norms?

Descriptive norms

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect, social loafing, and related phenomena

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

What is the area of social psychology that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world?

social cognition

actor-observer effect

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

other race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

ethnocentrism

the tendency to view one's own cultural group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition; studied by Fritz Heider

Much of what we do, as individuals in society, is a reflection of:

those we encounter

ingroup

"us"—people with whom one shares a common identity.

In Asch's line study roughly _______ of participants gave at least one wrong answer.

76%

What is the best definition of self-efficacy?

A belief that one can perform adequately in a given situation

instrumental aggression

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

hostile aggression

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

What is it when behaviors provide an advantage or disadvantage to people based on group membership?

Discrimination

Sandra has relatively high subjective well-being. As such, we can predict she is most likely to do which of the following?

Donate her time and money to help others in her community or around the world to try and make a difference.

__________-focused coping is when one regulates their emotional reaction to stress, and _____________-focused coping is addressing the stressful event.

Emotion; problem

What is the definition of stressors?

Events or experiences that induce psychological and/or physiological stress

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies which was approximately 65% of participants

What is compared to a "recording" that always happens in the same way every time?

Fixed action patterns

Milgram's obedience study demonstrated what factor in participants willing to shock others to an extreme level?

Following orders from an authority figure

What is NOT one of the five factors often studied in regard to resilience?

Genetic influences

GRIT

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction; strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Having sufficient social resources helps support individuals' subjective well-being. Which of the following is the best example of this resource?

Having a friend you can turn to in times of need

The line study conducted by Asch is a prime example of what process?

Influential change

Lulu has never been to the United States and is unsure what behavior is socially appropriate in certain situations. As a result, she conforms by going along with the crowd in order to understand the norm. Which of the following terms BEST describes this example?

Informational influence

What are some factors that increase social integration?

Large support network and many social roles in a community

less stressed and more positive at the beginning of the study

Researchers have found that when participants are exposed to a cold virus the participants with a lower risk of developing a cold were _________

Which factor decreased the rates of obedience in studies conducted by Milgram?

Seeing other participants refusing to press the shock levers When the instructions to continue came from another participant When the person being shocked was in the same room as the participant

______ describes the tendency to favor one's own in-group over another's outgroup

Social identity theory

Dr. Chui is trying to make recommendations to her client, Gary, to increase his subjective well-being. In this scenario, Dr. Chui is likely to do which of the following?

Tailor specific feedback for Gary since no one single recommendation is appropriate for everyone

cognitive dissonance

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes, often in a self-justifying way.

Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer? (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")

They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.

What is the most accurate statement about stress and health?

Those highly stressed are more likely to get sick

What is the most effective way to protect from being persuaded?

To accept just how vulnerable we are

Which behavior type is considered at a higher risk for heart disease?

Type A Behavior

What factors increase your susceptibility to social proof?

Uncertainty and similarity

What standards do researchers measure life satisfaction by?

Whatever standards the individual participant thinks are most important for a good life

According to research what is one of the most stressful events in a person's life?

When they experience a loss of a relationship

Listening to your friend's advice for the best place to get ice cream over an ad that states the same place as the best ice cream shop in town is based on what technique?

Word of mouth

A health condition that persists over time is typically known as:

a chronic disease

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

attitude

a relatively enduring evaluation of a person or thing; doesn't always match one's behavior

______ best describes when people feel like they have the power to change their environment or behavior if they need or want to?

a sense of control

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation (about another person) that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation (of the other person) come true.

social responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them (especially those who cannot help themselves)

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

prejudice

an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members

Shortly after she gets to her new college, 2500 miles away from home Tomasa goes to the school's activity fair to find some groups to join. She immediately signs up to audition for two different musical clubs, which are her interest. Her desire to join these groups may help to satisfy her need to _____.

belong

Prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination:

can occur independently but are related

obedience

changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure

Kathy is looking at a stack of books at a local bookstore, when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Kathy. "Wow, she is very rude," Kathy thinks. This is an example of social _____, when occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person

cognition

Solomon Asch

conducted an experiment where participants' estimates of line length were influenced by the presence of others giving incorrect answers

Stanley Milgram

conducted experiments where "teachers" were made to shock "learners" under direction from an authority figure

Philip Zimbardo

conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment; illustrated the powerful impact of role-playing

approach-avoidance conflict

conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

social scripts

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

What is the highest level of analysis in psychology?

culture and the environment

Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?

emotion-focused coping

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

fixed action patterns

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called?

fixed action patterns (FAPs)

outgroup

generally, any group that one does not belong to

What is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?

have the speaker present his/her message as educational or objective information

social facilitation

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

An example outcome of high subjective well-being includes:

increased adaptability

Conformity and obedience are two widely researched forms of social ____ that have received attention in the field of social psychology

influence

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Why do scientists sometimes avoid using the word happiness when referring to subjective well-being?

it is a popular word that can refer to different things such as feeling good or being satisfied

mirror image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Which research method is used in social psychology to avoid the problem of having participants change their thoughts or behaviors as a result of being watched?

naturalistic observation

Persuasion is most effective when individuals are:

not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened

If a researcher is studying how people react to a command of an authority figure, then he/she are most likely studying what?

obedience

When a bartender offers you a free taste, you feel obligated to purchase the drink. This is an example of:

reciprocity

In order to study fear, a neuroscientist connects Natalie to an electroenceopalograph (EEG) and then shows her a brief video of scary animals. These include wasps, snakes, and alligators. He then observes at Natalie shows activation in her amygdala. At which level of analysis has this scientist made his observations?

physiology

Albert has a large project due to his boss by the end of the week. Although it's stressful, Albert makes a step-by-step to-do list to ensure he can accomplish the project on time. Albert is displaying what type of coping?

problem-focused coping

Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?

reciprocity

Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week.

social proof

Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry?

social proof

The fact that none of us are alone in the world - that we are all affected by others and, in turn, affect others - is the emphasis of the study of _____

social psychology

Examples of external or bottom-up causes of subjective well-being include:

sufficient material resources, sufficient social resources, and living in a desirable society

Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert?

sunk costs

The reason that a "foot-in-the-door" sales pitch technique works is that it

takes advantage of your need to be consistent

Subjective well-being is influenced by which of the following factors?

temperament

door-in-the-face phenomenon

tendency for people who won't agree to a large task, but then agree when a smaller request is made

social psychology

the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

just-world phenomenon

the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

self-serving bias

the tendency to assign oneself credit for successes but to blame failures on external forces

blaming the victim

the tendency to blame an innocent victim of the misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor one's own group