PSYC 104 exam 2
what is the device that is attached to the outside of people's skulls to measure electrical activity
EEG
Your best friend believes that intelligence can be fully explained by genes. How would you respond to your friend considering what you have learned in your psychology class?
Our genes have some impact on our intelligence level, however, intelligence is also impacted by the environment we grow up in (e.g., if our parents read to us interactively).
potential inside neuron
Positively charged potassium ions (K+) larger, negatively charged protein ions (A-)
saltatory conduction
Rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another, skipping the myelin-sheathed regions of membrane.
Sam has a higher IQ than Jaxon, but Jaxon's genetics allow for a higher IQ than Sam. How is this possible?
Sam grew up in a family that had access to good schools and other types of learning opportunities, but Jaxon didn't. Sam's family had a higher socio economic status than Jaxon's. During his early development (childhood) Sam had a more nutritious diet than Jaxon.
resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane -70 millivolts -inside is negatively charged -special channels for K+ and Na- are closed
forebrain
The largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. -controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions.
Your friend says that they took an intelligence test and that based on their scores, they are a genius. You are suspicious of their conclusion and you ask to see their scores. You notice that they scored extremely high in Verbal Word Fluency, Verbal Comprehension, and Associative Memory, but that they had average scores in other areas, such as Numeric Ability. Which statement below would best match Thurstone's conclusion(s) of how these results could be interpreted?
Your friend scored well in several primary mental abilities Your friend would likely do very well in specific tasks like defining words or remembering pairs of unrelated words, but comparatively not as well on a math test
basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
mirror neurons
active when an animal performs a behavior, such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behavior
myelin sheath 2
along axon allows the action potential to travel reliably, like rubber on cord
Hindbrain
an area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord
action potential
an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neurons axon to a synapse. -all or none -occur when there is a change in the state of the axons membrane channels
nervous system
an interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body
subcortical structures
areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the very center of the brain -thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia
Diane watches a lot of news. Within the past several weeks, she has seen numerous reports of shark attacks happening all around the world. She concludes that shark attacks must be increasing in frequency and that they are more common than more mundane life-threatening events like car accidents or common diseases. Diane's thought process is an example of:
availability bias
conceptcs
basic building blocks of thinking
axon
carries info to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
motor neurons
carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement. -long axons
demyelinating diseases
cause the myelin sheath to deteriorate, slowing the transmission of information from one neuron to another. -leads to loss of feeling in limbs, partial blindness, difficulties in coordinated movement and cognition -multiple sclerosis
three part of a neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon
Neurons
cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks
endorphins
chemicals that act within the pain pathwats and emotion centers of the brain. help dull the experience of pain and elevate moods. -runners high
Neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron's dendrites -inside vesicles or bags
association areas
composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
central nervous system
composed of the brain and spinal cord -receives sensory information from the external world, processes and coordinates this information, and sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems for action
Consider this decision: Which of the following events is most likely to occur or are they equally likely? 1. Vice President Mike Pence will become the next President. 2. President Donald Trump will be impeached and Vice President Mike Pence will become the next President. When given this sort of decision, people will oftentimes (incorrectly) pick #2 as being most likely. Why do people reach this incorrect decision when reasoning through these sorts of problems?
conjunction fallacy
interneurons
connect sensory neurons, motor neurons or other interneurons -most of nervous system composed of this
corpus callosum
connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres
peripheral nervous system
connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles
_____ refers to the fact that each hemisphere in the brain controls the functions of the opposite side of the body
contralateral control
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. interprets auditory code as language
hippocampus
critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be stored indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex
You are taking a test in your geography class and are asked "What is the capitol of Belgium?" This factual knowledge represents a form of:
crystallized intelligence
_____ refers to the meaning of a sentence; ______ refers to how a sentence is worded
deep structure; surface structure
Antagonists
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
agonists
drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
Morton becomes sick with a mysterious illness. He visits his doctor and describes the odd symptoms of his illness. The doctor recognizes Morton's symptoms as similar to those of Pete, another recent patient. The doctor suspects that Morton is suffering from the same illness as Pete. The doctor's inference about Morton's illness is best explained by:
exemplar theory
____ says that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with memories of other instance of the category
exemplar theory
medulla
extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation, respiration
people want to buy ground beef that is 90% lean more than ground beef that is 10% fat. This illustrates
framing
When individuals with diabetes are told a new drug option to treat their disease has an effectiveness rate of 40%, most patients agree to try it. However, when individuals with diabetes are told a new drug option to treat their disease has a failure rate of 60%, most patients do not agree to try the drug. People agreeing to try the drug when it is described in the context of effectiveness rates, but not agreeing to try the drug when it is described in the context of failure rates is an example of:
framing effect
Phineas Gage helped us to understand the role that the ____ play in controlling one's emotions and decisions
frontal lobe
boracs area
generates speech code and sends those signals to the motor cortex, which moves the muscles of the mouth
Phineas Gage
had the rail road spank through frontal lobe his emotions changed became more impulsive
parasympatheic nervous system
helps the body return to a normal resting state
Maya wants to study genetic differences in intelligence. Her research would likely benefit the most from a participant sample of:
identical twins, reared apart
midbrain
important for orientation and movement.
norepinephrine and seratonin
influence mood and arousal norepinephrine - involved in states of vigilance, or a heightened awareness of dangers in the environment serotonin - regulation of sleep and wakefullness, eating, and aggressive behavior.
conduction
information travels inside the neuron, via an electrical signal that travels from the dendrites to the cell body to the axon
myelin sheath
insulating layer of fatty material composed of glial cells
tegmentum
involved in movement and arousal
fast mapping
kids hear a word and are able to match it to an underlying concept
terminal buttons
knoblike structures that branch out from an axon -filled with vesicles or bags
cerebellum
large structure of the hindbrain that controls fone motor skills
cell body
largest part of neuron coordinates the information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive -protein synthesis, energy production, metabolism
amygdala
located at tip of each horn of hippocampus, plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories
thyroid
main gland of endocrine -regulates bodily functions such as body temp and heart rate
glutamate
major excitatiry neurotransmitter in brain, enhances the transmission of info between neurons
people who have higher IQ scores are more likely to
make higher salaries
diseases such as multiple sclerosis usually involve a deterioration of what part of a neuron?
myelin sheath
endocrine system
network of glands that produce and secrete into the bloodstream chemical messages known as hormones, which influence a wide variety of basic functions, including metabolism, growth, and sexual development.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter involved in voluntary motor control, founf in neurons of the brain and in the synapses where axons connect to muscles and body organs -regu;ation of attention, learning, sleeping, dreaming and memory
GABA
primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in bran, tends to stop the firing of neurons -too much or little can cause seizures
partial lobe
process info about touch
sensory neurons
receive info from the external world and convey this info to the brain via spinal cord
dendrites
receive information from other neurons and relay it to the cell body
hypothalamus
regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
Dopamine
regulates motor behavior, motivation, pleasure, and emotional arousal. -seeking pleasure, associating actions with rewards -plays role in drug addiction high levels- schizophrenia low levels- parkinsons
reticular formation
regulates sleep, wakefullness, and arousal
thalamus
relays and filters info from the senses and transmits info to the cerebral cortex
pons
relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
framing
same fact just framed in different ways
when Lo's hand is near a fire, her ___ help her feel the heat, and her ___ help her move her hand away from the fire
sensory neurons; motor neurons
sympathetic nervous system
set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
alzheimers
severe memory impairments, associated with the deterioration of ACh-producing neurons
transmission
signal has to pass from one neuron to another over the synapse
spinal reflexes
simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
ions
small electrically charged molecules that flow in and out of the cell via pores in the neuron cell membrane -flow of ions across membrane creates the conduction of an electric signal within neuron
synapse
small gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another across which info is transmitted
telegraphic speech
still obeying tactical rules
glial cells
support cells in nervous system
the occipital lob is to ____ as the partial lobe is to ____
vision; touch
occipital lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
potential outside neuron
positively charged sodium ions (Na+) negatively charged chloride ions (Cl-)
temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
representative heuristic
trapeze example have a prototype and ignore base rate info
tectum
orients into the environment
cerebral cortex
outermost layer of the brain -complex aspects of perception, emotion, movement and thought.
receptors
parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitter and initiate or prevent a new electric signal
Children's _____ of language develops faster than their _____ of language.
passive mastery; active mastery
a child saying "more milk" is an example of _____ because the sentence contains no function morphology or content words.
telegraphic speech
pituitary gland
the "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body
deep structure
the baby fed the cat the cat was fed by the baby
somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that conveys info between voluntary muscles and the central nervous sytem
autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands. - 2 subdivisions sympathetic and parasympathetic
A scientist studying heuristics asks participants to read the following description of an individual: shy, withdrawn, helpful, but not necessarily concerned with the world of reality. The researcher then asks participants to make a judgment about which profession this individual likely holds: farmer, salesman, airline pilot, librarian, or physician. People tend to select librarian because they feel like the description fits a librarian, and they don't consider base rate information about how likely something occurs in the world. This is an example of using _____ to make judgements.
the representativeness heuristic
refractory period
time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated
angular gyrus
transforms visual representations into an auditory code uses output from visual cortex to produce auditory code that Wernickes area can understand.
