PSYC 107 - Chapter 6
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule
CS + UCS; continuous
The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.
False (means something is added to the environment)
An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.
False (only caused by an unconditioned stimulus)
Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.
False (physiologist)
Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.
False (short-term to long-term memory)
Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets
According to Albert Bandura, ________
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.
The name "B. F. Skinner should be changed to "Albert Bandura"
"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds
True
"Positive punishment" means i have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.
True
A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response
True
A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need
True
A response is a behavior
True
A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.
True
A stimulus is a thing or event
True
Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event
True
Classical conditioning is a type of learning.
True
Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.
True
Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.
True
Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior
True
Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
True
Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.
True
The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."
True
To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus
True
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
acquisition
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________
conditioned response
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement
continuous
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion can be a conditioned response
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
emotions can be a conditioned response
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
Which of the following is true about John B. Watson?
he is considered the founder of behaviorism
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus
higher order
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________
increases
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________
instincts
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
instincts
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________
learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed
partial
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
partial
_______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities
primary
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________
reflexes
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________
spontaneous recovery
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _______
stimulus discrimination
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4 pm
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill
taste aversion
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
the word "acquisition should be changed to the word "recovery"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
the word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together
the word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus)
unconditioned response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
