PSYC 1113 Ch 6 & Ch 9 Quizzes

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

A. avoidant

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

A. classical

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. CS + UCS; continuous B. CS + UCS; intermittent C. UCS alone; continuous D. UCS alone; intermittent

A. CS + UCS; continuous

Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage? A. Children begin to use language. B. Children employ memory strategies. C. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. D. Children think logically about real events.

A. Children begin to use language.

Early maturing girls are ________. A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders B. less likely to drop out of high school C. more confident D. more likely to go to college

A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. initiative vs. guilt D. trust vs. mistrust

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

B. Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is INCORRECT? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years. A. The phrase "Socioemotional discrimination theory" should be changed to the phrase "Theory-of-mind." B. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity." C. The word "suggests" should be changed to the word "proves." D. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."

B. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. A. accommodation B. acquisition C. assimilation D. attainment

C. assimilation

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? A. confirming one's sexual orientation B. controlling the id C. developing a positive sense of self D. developing a secure attachment to a caregiver

C. developing a positive sense of self

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. A. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt B. hidden objects are still there C. others have false beliefs D. what goes up must come down

C. others have false beliefs

Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true? A. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. B. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. C. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response B. neutral response and a conditioned response C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

A. negative reinforcement

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

B. Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. A. continuous B. discontinuous C. progressive D. regressive

B. discontinuous

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

B. disorganized

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

D. spontaneous recovery

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. biology B. environment and culture C. genetics D. sexual preference

B. environment and culture

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

B. formal operational

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

B. latent

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

C. unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C. variable interval

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D. stimulus generalization

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage? A. egocentrism B. fine motor skills development C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

D. stranger anxiety

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. A. experiments B. FASD C. schemata D. teratogens

D. teratogens

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. A. culturally specific B. dramatic C. related to language acquisition D. universal

D. universal

During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________. A. childhood wordlist B. lexicon race C. thesaurus acquisition D. vocabulary spurt

D. vocabulary spurt

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. integrity vs. despair C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

A. generativity vs. stagnation

In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. postformal D. sensorimotor

C. postformal

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. classical B. operant C. primary D. secondary

C. primary

Which of the following illustrates conservation? A. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. B. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. C. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification