PSYC 140 - Exam #1 Questions
What does it mean that scientific claims can be falsified? Claims are considered false until proven true by research Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue Claims can be reviewed and attacked by opponents Researchers always test two claims against one another so that they can determine which is better
Claims can be demonstrated to be untrue
Which of the following is the best definition of inductive reasoning? Drawing a conclusion from an observation Drawing a conclusion about a specific observation based on general principles Arriving at a conclusion based on the average of many observations Revising a conclusion after receiving several rounds of feedback
Drawing a conclusion from an observation
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (1963, 1965, 1974) and more recent replications have shown that: Under conditions similar to Milgram's, about 90% of people would shock others if ordered to do so by a credible figure from a respected institution. Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies. For the minority who resisted the shocking orders, they were more likely to resist early, and were more likely to be female participants. Participants in the Milgram studies who believed they were shocking victims to the maximum displayed significant distress in later follow up.
Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies.
People who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements? With limited resources we should share economic capital to maintain stability. Inequality is a socially constructed situation that should be changed. Even with strong work ethic some people don't have the opportunity to advance. Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.
Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others.
Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called? Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Implicit Association Test (IAT) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Which researcher produced the famous studies of obedience that involved deceiving participants into believing that they were delivering electric shocks to a helpless victim? Asch Leininger Milgram Hollingsworth
Milgram
Aversive racism is an example of ________ bias. ambiguous automatic ambivalent implicit
ambiguous
The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change. central proximal unilateral distal
central
The need for ________ refers to the desire to come to a decision that will resolve and conclude an issue. equipotentiality closure finality resolution
closure
The area of social psychological that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world is called social __________. affect facilitation cognition influence
cognition
Conformity that results from a concern about what others think of us is called __________ influence. informational normative homeostatic populist
normative
Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept? informational influence normative influence descriptive norms obedience to authority
normative influence
Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another. love persuasion altruism empathy
persuasion
Which of the following emotional prejudices might a person be most likely to experience in response to another person who is high in warmth but low in competence? disgust pride envy pity
pity
A larger group of individuals to whom we would like to generalize our research findings is called a(n) ________. population experimental group control group sample
population
Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car? social proof reactance door-in-the-face reciprocity
reciprocity
Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?" psychological reactance social proof the sunk cost trap reciprocity
reciprocity
According to social psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary, human beings have a fundamental psychological need to ________. excel belong compete achieve
belong
Which of the following is an example of a question that science cannot answer? Does coffee taste good? Do people's judgments of coffee change when it is described as being a "drug"? Is coffee consumption associated with living longer? Does drinking coffee increase alertness?
Does coffee taste good?
Which of the following statements demonstrates the process of downward social comparison? "Hey, let's all go out to the club tonight. I really don't want to go by myself, and they are having drink specials from 8 until 10 pm!" "Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most." "I really want a better job because all of my friends make more money than I do." "I wish that I was more attractive than I am. I really hate my own nose!"
"Yes, I got an 82 on the exam, but the average class score was 71 so I'm doing better than most."
Dr. Waehner is studying the relationship between sensation seeking behaviors and personality traits in college females. He finds that there is a relationship between these two variables, and that the relationship is significant. If he is using a typical cutoff to make that determination, then his study would have a p-value around ________ or less. .05 .10 .15 .08
.05
Bethany conducts research and finds that students who attend class get better grades than those who skip. She develops a theory that says that students who attend benefit from class lectures and discussion and will generally get superior grades. Which of the following elements of scientific theory is represented here? Accuracy: Bethany can accurately predict future performance based on her theory Complexity: because her observations apply to students of many different subjects Bethany's theory is complex Redundancy: Bethany has proven the obvious Consistency: because students consistently attend, they will benefit
Accuracy: Bethany can accurately predict future performance based on her theory
According to Kuhn, there are several features of a good scientific theory. Which of the following is one of these features? Complexity: good theories are complicated because life is complicated Variability: good theories change on an on-going basis Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality Non-controversial: good theories do not offend anyone
Accuracy: good theories rely on actual data and make predictions that correspond to reality
Which of the following is not an important component to keep in mind when conducting a statistical investigation? Drawing conclusions based on the data that have been collected. Adjusting data to confirm the pre-study hypothesis. Examining the data to see what is important and what is revealed. Planning out the study by asking a research question and deciding on how to collect data.
Adjusting data to confirm the pre-study hypothesis.
Which of the following statements is the best description of science? Although scientists try to remain objective, they cannot be perfectly objective. This is one reason it is important to conduct multiple studies with multiple measures Because science is objective it cannot be biased by values and opinions Because scientists cannot remain objective, we cannot truly trust science Although the results of studies are usually incorrect, there are so many of them that—statistically speaking—some results have to be accurate
Although scientists try to remain objective, they cannot be perfectly objective. This is one reason it is important to conduct multiple studies with multiple measures
Tasneem is interested in understanding the physical abilities of older adults. She recruits a sample of 60-80 year olds from a local gym and tests their abilities. Which might be a fair criticism of her scientific reasoning? A single study cannot prove her hypothesis Because Tasneem drew her sample from a gym it is likely that her results will not accurately reflect the larger population of older adults By excluding 90 and 100-year olds Tasneem is not defining "older adults" accurately Her interest in this group means that she is not objective and her study will likely contain bias
Because Tasneem drew her sample from a gym it is likely that her results will not accurately reflect the larger population of older adults
Why might it be most reasonable to state that groups may be the most useful invention of humanity? Because groups provide opportunities to compete and win, and therefore boost self-esteem. Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually. Because groups give us a mirror against which to assess our own status in society. Because groups allow us to create a social hierarchy and establish dominance over others.
Because groups allow us to reach goals that could not be accomplished individually.
The perception of what most people do in a given situation is called a(n) __________ norm. descriptive informational influential confirmational
Descriptive
What is the most fundamental principle of statistics? Data collected in a study will vary. Studies that fail to confirm hypotheses are not valuable. There is no such thing as a true constant. Any research question can be definitively answered.
Data collected in a study will vary.
LeVon convinces his wealthy clients that they can move objects with their minds. He tells them that if they truly believe, the objects will move. If the objects do not move, it is because they do not truly believe. LeVon's argument fails which important criteria of science? Falsifiability Inductive reasoning the null hypothesis test Deductive reasoning
Falsifiability
Which of the following is an example of the planning fallacy? Faith is shopping at a hardware store and asks for help. The sales clerk suggests several tools that, if used correctly, will shorten her project time by two hours. Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated. Herald is graduating next week and believes the happiness he will feel will last for the next year. Herald is surprised when his happiness returns to normal level only a day after graduation. Corrine finished a group project and during peer evaluations stated that she did most of the work and deserves the highest grade. She is surprised when her group members do not agree.
Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated.
Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience? The virtual eradication of Native Americans by the settlers in the United States The Bolshevik revolution in Russia The slave trade from Africa to the United States German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust
German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust
What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups? Evaluative Priming Task Fixed Action Patterns (FAPS) Stereotype Content Model Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of: Deductive reasoning Empirical research Inductive reasoning A scientific theory
Inductive reasoning
__________ influence refers to conformity that results from a desire to act in a manner that is clearly socially approved such as speaking softly in libraries. In-group Culture-based Normative Informational
Informational
Mood-congruent memory is occurring in which of the following scenarios? The sunny day is making Jaden happy, helping him to recall what he ate for breakfast this morning when he was in a hurry. Jasmine is feeling anxious but is having a difficult time recalling how nervous she was to give a public speech. Yesterday Janis was remembering all the hardships she's been through in her life but today she felt happy after getting engaged. John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.
John is currently sad and can more easily recall a time when he got in trouble for a late assignment.
In Asch's classic study of conformity, what were research participants asked to do? Taste cups of coffee and figure out which cups had the same amount of sugar added. Listen to musical notes and indicate which was the loudest. Determine which colors matched and which were different. Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.
Judge the sizes of lines that were on a card held a few feet away from them.
Which social psychologist produced a theory of social comparison, suggesting that in many cases people join with others to evaluate the accuracy of their own beliefs and attitudes? Leon Festinger Merrill Carlsmith Hugo Munsterberg Alfred Adler
Leon Festinger
Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be: Guillermo, a 62-year old Italian man Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman Marie, a 50-year old French woman Sven, a 42-year old Swedish man
Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman
Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol? Anquaan has to indicate his answer by pressing the associated number on a keyboard. Orlando has to give his choice out loud. Marsha has to write down her answer and submit it to the experimenter. Yadier has to tell his selection by holding up one, two, or three fingers.
Orlando has to give his choice out loud.
Which of the following statements is true of Asch's research on conformity in groups? About two-thirds of participants agreed with the group against their beliefs, but did appear distressed. Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials. Participants who resisted appeared distressed, while those who conformed were calm. Participants who conformed appeared distressed, while those who resisted were calm.
Participants conformed with the group norm on about a one-third of the total trials.
People are usually motivated in some way when making social judgments and decisions. What often occurs as a result of having directional goals? People may wait to make a decision on where to eat if they have a need for closure. People may overestimate the intensity of future feelings. People may ignore base-rates when judging representativeness. People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal.
People may be skeptical about evidence that goes against their directional goal.
What is a potential positive outcome of the planning fallacy? People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood. It causes people to finish projects ahead of deadlines, which can make for happy customers and/or allow other projects to be initiated. It can help people to break free of the need to use various heuristics for problem-solving situations. It reduces the need for anticipatory planning and leads to more creative problem-solving approaches.
People might attempt projects that otherwise might have been avoided had the amount of effort or time needed been understood.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about affective forecasting? People tend to be inaccurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings, and will also be inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions. People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings and how long those emotions will last, but inaccurate regarding the strength of these emotions. People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings and how strong those emotions will be, but inaccurate regarding the duration of these emotions. People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.
People tend to be accurate with predicting whether event will result in positive or negative feelings but inaccurate regarding the strength or duration of these emotions.
When Stanley Schachter put people in ambiguous, stressful situations to observe their responses to such circumstances, what did he observe? People prefer to deal with stressful and unclear situations alone. People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations. People often distract themselves from ambiguous situations by engaging in other activities, like reading magazines or playing on cell phones. Unclear and tense situations tend to produce aggressive, even hostile behaviors in most people.
People tend to seek out the company of others in such situations.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases? People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others. Blatant biases tend to be directed toward members of one's ingroup, while implicit biases are usually directed at an outgroup. Though blatant biases are very explicit, they tend to be directed at one singular outgroup. Blatant biases are often maintained by accurate, supporting data.
People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.
__________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors. Persuasion Obedience Conformity Compliance
Persuasion
Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs? Physically attractive people are perceived as less successful. Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character. Physically attractive people are seen as unkind. Physically attractive people are seen as less intelligent.
Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character.
__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership. Stereotype Prejudice Discrimination Attribution
Prejudice
Alice's Hotel has noticed that they spend a lot of money on water and electricity devoted to washing linens (towels, sheets, and pillowcases). In order to reduce this expense, the owner wants to encourage guests to reuse linens for more than one day. What would be the best way to accomplish this task? Offer a 1% reduction in the room cost for reusing linens for more than one day. Put a card in the bathroom asking guests to reuse for the good of the environment. Put a picture of the ocean in the bedroom with a note that says, "Save the Environment. Reuse your linens." Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.
Put a note on the bed indicating that most of their guests reuse linens, and asking this guest to do the same.
Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members? Rafael will exaggerate the similarities between his ingroup and the outgroups. Rafael will want to be friends with the outgroup members. Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members. Rafael will see the groups as equal and want to decrease the social distance that exists.
Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.
________ sampling refers to a method to select a subset of individuals for the sample from the population so that each has an equal chance of being assigned to the various study conditions. Convenience Snowball Stratified Random
Random
Why is it important to use random assignment when determining which research participants will comprise the different treatment groups in the study? Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants. Without random assignment, there is no way to conduct statistical analyses of the data that are collected. Random assignment eliminates variability from research. Because there is no form of research that can be conducted without using random assignment.
Random assignment balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.
What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism? SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts. SDO concentrates on value conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on economic conflicts. SDO concentrates on value while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on culture conflicts. SDO concentrates on culture conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on work ethic.
SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.
After a well-designed research study, a scientist can conclude what about her findings? Nothing; science describes things without actually making any claims. Nothing; it takes a minimum of three studies before a claim can be made. She has proven her hypothesis. She has found support for her hypothesis
She has found support for her hypothesis
Dr. Jiminez conducts tests the hypothesis that people will eat more chips in a room with red walls than in a room with blue walls. Her results support her hypothesis; participants in the red room ate, on average, 1.3 times more chips than those in the blue room. Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding her findings? She has provided some evidence for her hypothesis, but the probability that her evidence is consistent with reality depends on the nature of her sample and method She has proven that red walls increase chip consumption She can say that she has proven her hypothesis, but only if she can prove that her sample was randomly assigned She has proven her hypothesis, but only if she replicates these results in an additional study
She has provided some evidence for her hypothesis, but the probability that her evidence is consistent with reality depends on the nature of her sample and method
Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter? She views the police officer as an authority figure. The stranger who needs help is not around or close to her in proximity. She suspects the police officer is off duty and friends with the stranger. She has seen the police officer ask others who have disobeyed.
She views the police officer as an authority figure.
Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines? Stanley Milgram James Carlsmith Solomon Asch Leon Festinger
Solomon Asch
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination? Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on behavior, and discrimination is based on emotions. Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior. Stereotypes are based on emotions, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on behavior. Stereotypes are based on behavior, prejudice is based on beliefs, and discrimination is based on emotions.
Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.
Ethical concerns have been raised about Stanley Milgram's obedience research. Specifically, some have suggested that the project caused too much distress in the participants, distress that could not be justified. If you were asked your opinion of this issue, which of the following would be a legitimate response? The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved. Milgram's participants were paid for their participation, so there is no legitimacy to the statement that the research was unethical. Milgram's research was certainly unethical, because he conducted it even though he was advised not to do so by his University's Institutional Review Board (IRB). Milgram conducted a follow-up survey of his participants, and most of them indicated that they were very angry at having been deceived. This means that the research was likely unethical.
The majority of participants reported that they were pleased to have participated in the research, so it does not seem to have been damaging to most of those who were involved.
In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place? The participant began to raise his/her voice, indicating true distress or irritation. The participant stood up from his/her seat. The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times. The participant offered to return the check he/she had received for being part of the research
The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.
Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker? The speaker asks for a big request and then asks for the smaller request that was desired all along. The speaker presents his/her message to a new audience he/she has not met before. The speaker gives a gift before requesting a favor. The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.
The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.
Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match? They are quicker at evaluating or categorizing attitude objects. Their direct, self-reports will best predict behavior such as their choice to purchase designer jeans. They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority. They will show resistance when being primed about a topic.
They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority.
Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")? They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction. They are utilizing what is well known in persuasion research as "inoculation". They are hoping one person's cooperation will convince others nearby to follow the lead. They believe that being friendly will influence someone to consider buying their merchandise.
They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.
What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups? Very few of the research participants "fell" for the trick because the correct answer was too obvious. More conformity was found in people who came from an individualistic society than those who were from a collectivist culture. Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time. Men were far more likely than women to conform to a group norm.
Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time.
Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son's baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal? To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player's performance. To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons. To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago. To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.
To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.
Levels of analysis suggests which of the following? Social factors are the most important to understanding human psychology. Biological factors are the most important to understanding human psychology. Understanding the world requires thinking about a phenomenon at different levels (e.g., biological, psychological, cultural). In order to understand the world, we should reduce natural phenomenon to their smallest components (e.g. atoms or neurons).
Understanding the world requires thinking about a phenomenon at different levels (e.g., biological, psychological, cultural).
How is it that schemas help people save time as they have new experiences or encounter new people or objects on a daily basis? Schemas allow us to immediately determine whether a new event is or is not significant in our lives. Schemas are the same as our episodic memories, so they are only useful when we're having a repeated experience. The use of schemas allow us to bypass memory processes as we have new experiences each day. We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.
We compare new experiences to previously stored schemas and this allows us to put forth less effort to assess those new encounters.
Which circumstance provides an example of social facilitation? When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone. When Akira sees a customer yelling at a cashier for crushing her bread while bagging groceries, Akira assumes that the customer must be having a very bad day. When Victor is assigned to work on a group project in his sociology class, he doesn't do very much because he assumes the other group members will do his work for him. When at the library, Gina tends to take many more books than she will actually read because they are free and considered a public resource.
When working out at the gym, Josh runs faster on his treadmill when another customer is running on the treadmill beside him than he does when he's all alone.
Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority? With each increment of shock voltage, a similar proportion of participants obeyed until the highest level (450 volts), where about 35% complied. With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level). Approximately two-thirds of participants refused to continue participation well before the highest level (450 volts). Approximately one-third of participants complied at the highest level of shock (450 volts).
With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level).
Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing? conformity observation a descriptive norm conformational bias informational influence
a descriptive norm
What is a heuristic? a mental error that involves incorrectly attempting to use an ineffective past solution to a present problem an assumption that people make about other's foundational personality traits a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently a step-by-step process of solving a problem that guarantees a solution
a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently
Jason believes that all Asian people are good at math. What is this belief an example of? a stereotype prejudice aversive racism discrimination
a stereotype
A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________. a prejudice. discrimination. a stereotype. an attribution.
a stereotype.
A study was published that suggested a new medication was an effective treatment for a disease. Follow-up research with much larger samples failed to confirm this original result. This follow-up research suggested that the small sample size in the first study may have unfairly biased the results to show an effect of the medication when, in reality, none existed. If this is true, then the results of the first study demonstrate ____________. a type II error the alternative hypothesis the null hypothesis a type I error
a type I error
An temporary committee to address company policy on promotions was formed at the Iwanna Workhere Corporation. The group had five meetings, ironed out new wording for the promotion procedures, and is now deciding that future meetings are no longer necessary. In Tuckman's model of group formation, what stage is this group now in? adjournment storming performing norming
adjournment
The durability bias occurs when a person overestimates how long their feelings might last. This bias is a type of: availability heuristic affective forecasting directional goal schema
affective forecasting
In null hypothesis significance testing, the researcher hopes to find support for the __________. null hypothesis scientific theory alternative hypothesis. correlation
alternative hypothesis
Hamet's parents divorced when he was twelve. Since that time, his father has been re-married and appears happy but his mother is still single and is unhappy. Based on this, Hamet suspects that divorce leads to unhappiness, unless a person gets re-married. Hamet is using ___________ to arrive at this conlusion. null hypothesis significance testing anecdotal evidence representativeness sampling
anecdotal evidence
Researchers have studied whether being left out of a group can cause the same neural responses as physical pain. Through fMRI studies, they found that two areas of the brain - the dorsal anterior cingulate and the ________ showed heightened activity when a person experienced social ostracism. This suggests that social pain can be as problematic as physical pain! anterior insula suprachiasmatic nucleus substantia nigra posterior putamen
anterior insula
A(n) __________ is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a target with a degree of favor or disfavor. assessment attitude attribution opinion
attitude
What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message? likability, expertise, familiarity authority, attractiveness, familiarity honesty, similarity, expertise authority, honest, likability
authority, honest, likability
The ________ heuristic is one in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily examples come to mind. availability representativeness means-end mental set
availability
Which heuristic would you likely use if you were asked, "are there more words in the English language that start with the letter "k" or that have "k" as the third letter in the word?" availability heuristic representativeness heuristic fluency heuristic systematic heuristic
availability heuristic
Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following? right-wing authoritarianism aversive racism implicit stereotyping social dominance orientation
aversive racism
While walking out of a convenience store, Nicholas openly mocks the clerk's accent to his friend. "EVERY convenience store I go into is owned by an Indian," he says. "Can't they do anything else?" Nicholas's open expression of his opinion and his lack of embarrassment suggests that this is a(n) ________ bias. discriminatory implicit prejudicial blatant
blatant
Having conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of hostility toward outgroup members that you are perfectly willing to admit reflects what type of bias? ambivalent bias ambiguous bias blatant bias subtle bias
blatant bias
Jedediah reads that every astronaut who has ever stepped foot on the moon has been a vegetarian. He looks at his wife and says, "I wonder why being a vegetarian increases one's likelihood of going to the moon!" Jedediah has arrived at an (incorrect) __________ conclusion. statistically significant inferential efficacy-based cause-and-effect
cause-and-effect
Whenever he travels to Denver for business meetings, Calvin notices that he gets bad headaches that don't go away until he returns home to Toronto. He assumes that it is just the travel that causes his migraines, but he does not consider that the elevation change and atmospheric pressure might be at fault. Calvin is making incorrect ________ conclusions about his headaches. practical experimental cause-and-effect statistical
cause-and-effect
While reading a magazine Juan notices an advertisement for tennis shoes. Juan is very interested in reading about the materials the shoes are made out of and logically concludes the tennis shoes would be a good purchase. Juan was likely in which persuasion route? peripheral central trigger heuristic
central
When being considered for a job opening, people being interviewed often mirror the interviewer's behavior. This can be explained by what concept? planning fallacy emotional nervousness need for closure chameleon effect
chameleon effect
Which of the following is the best definition of conformity? agreeing to a direct request to engage in a particular behavior changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm performing a specific behavior at the direct request of an authority figure communicating a direct desire to have another person alter a previously held attitude
changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm
The Baltimore Bashers, a semi-professional football team, has been very successful this season. When interviewed, the head coach says that their success comes from having a tight-knit team of players who like and support each other and who believe that they can only be successful together. The coach is referring to group ________. facilitation identification cohesion socialization
cohesion
After her high school football team loses a game, Maricella reminds herself that they are still at the top of their division, and are likely to make it to the championship at the end of the season. By taking pride in the team's superiority, Maricella is bolstering her feelings through _________. social facilitation. collective self-esteem. the fundamental attribution bias. upward social comparison
collective self-esteem.
The idea that feelings of self-worth are based on our evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups is called _________. assignment of shared value. social facilitation. aggregate self-concept. collective self-esteem
collective self-esteem.
The tendency of a group to spend more time discussing information that several (two or more) group members know than information that is known by fewer members is called the ________ effect. groupthink ad populum social facilitation common knowledge
common knowledge
After William went to college, he decided to join the Young Republicans club. He went to make sure that his political beliefs where shared and supported by others, and that he could feel confident that his positions were legitimate. According to Leon Festinger, William's decision to join this group was driven by the process of social ________. bias validation loafing. comparison
comparison
Dr. Sipps administers an intelligence test for his client, Mr. Robey, and determines that his IQ is 105. On the report of the test, he writes, "The client's intelligence quotient was found with 95% certainty to fall between 102 and 108." This range that allows for a variation within a statistic is called a _______. distribution confidence interval margin of error p-value
confidence interval
Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________. groupthink conformity compliance obedience
conformity
According to the stereotype content model, what would be a person's most likely response to a person who is perceived as being low in warmth and low in competence? paternalism admiration contempt envy
contempt
"I need the group to work quickly and come up with an answer. We don't have time to spare, so make a decision as soon as possible!" If this instruction as given to a group who was charged with making an important decision, groupthink would be more likely to occur as a result of: group cohesiveness. biased leadership. decisional stress. isolation.
decisional stress
Good scientific theories __________. are fairly limited are unbiased explanations of the natural world describe, explain, and predict the world in empirically-testable ways tend to mimic common sense understandings of the world
describe, explain, and predict the world in empirically-testable ways
Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________. discrimination. the self-serving bias. a heuristic. a stereotype.
discrimination.
The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice? pride envy disgust pity
disgust
Dr. Parikh has conducted a study that involves gathering data about her students' performance on an exam. She observes that some students did very poorly, while other students made no errors at all. This pattern of variation within her data set is referred to as the ________. distribution measure of central tendency covariance arithmetic mean
distribution
What is the correct term for a pattern of variation that is noted in a given data set? histogram correlation distribution standard deviation
distribution
Which of the following is the correct method for calculating a margin of error in research? divide 1 by the square root of the sample size add all of the scores together and divide by the sample size determine the score that appeared with the greatest frequency in the data set determine each data point's distance from the arithmetic mean ,and take the average of those scores.
divide 1 by the square root of the sample size
Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can at least go to the movies by himself. Oscar's strategy in asking to go to the movies is an example of what persuasion trick? reactance foot-in-the-door door-in-the-face sunk costs
door in the face
"Oh I know that I'll just be sad forever," Monique cries, after her first boyfriend broke up with her. "I'm never going to love again. My life is RUINED!" Given that she is unlikely to be sad forever, Monique is demonstrating the __________ bias. halo durability affective forecasting impact
durability
Which of the following is an implicit attitude task: the task presents images of faces of men and women and then measures the time it takes the research participant to label the photo as good or bad? evaluative priming task mood-congruent memory task chameleon effect task automaticity attitude task
evaluative priming task
Which of the following is not a part of the proposed "triad of trustworthiness?" honesty authority expertise likability
expertise
Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sends out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their _________ attitudes on the topic. automatic implicit explicit ambiguous
explicit
What evidence supports the idea that social pain might be as devastating to a human being as physical pain? Sleep studies find that brain activity during sleep changes if one experiences social ostracism within 2 or 3 hours of going to sleep. fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences. Body temperature studies find that the human body reduces temperature in response to social pain, such as ostracism. Analyses of blood chemistry find that social pain can decrease the levels of stress hormones in one's blood.
fMRI imaging studies find similar brain areas activated by both experiences.
According to Karl Popper, the ________ of claims is an important difference between science and pseudoscience. simplicity interpretation scope falsifiability
falsifiability
A statement that can be shown to be untrue is considered to be ____________. a null hypothesis deductive. falsifiable consistent
falsifiable
The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called? inoculation fixed action patterns (FAPs) social proof reciprocity
fixed action patterns (FAPs)
Randy has joined a new social club on campus. Is it likely that Randy will: not form impressions of these club members on physical characteristics form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting form the most positive impressions of those with whom he interacted least carefully form the impressions he makes of these club members only after repeated meetings
form the impressions he makes of these club members after only one meeting
The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________. internal validity the outgroup homogeneity bias generalizability interpersonal variation
generalizability
Amanda and Toni work for a polling institute. They spend hours polling citizens about their positions on various political topics and then the results are compiled. The polling institute then assumes that the trends they see in several hundred respondents apply to the larger population as a whole. This conclusion suggests that the findings are _________. valid reliability generalizable bimodal
generalizable
Anushka is generally in favor of a new candidate for Prime Minister of England, but knows that the candidate is controversial and extreme. She discusses her concerns with other people who support the candidate, and at the end of the talk they are all much more in favor of their candidate. This demonstrates the process of ________. social diffusion the bystander effect observational bias group polarization
group polarization
People naturally use mental "shortcuts" to simplify their social world. These shortcuts are known as: heuristics priming impact bias attitudes
heuristics
Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual? low in competence and low in sociability high in competence and high in sociability high in competence but low in sociability low in competence but high in sociability
high in competence but low in sociability
Sasha is taking her family to Disney World. She predicts that she will feel immense happiness seeing her young daughter, Emerald, meet all the princesses at the theme park. However, when her daughter Emerald meets the first princess, Sasha does not feel as happy as she thought she would. Sasha's experience is an example of what concept? durability bias impact bias availability heuristic representativeness heuristic
impact bias
The Implicit Association Task (IAT) used in research, which records participants' reaction times to categorizing objects, is measuring what type of attitude? ambiguous attitude implicit attitude controlled attitude explicit attitude
implicit attitude
Drawing general conclusions from specific observations is __________. falsifiability deductive reasoning pseudoscience inductive reasoning
inductive reasoning
Research results do not prove hypotheses because __________. inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof theories prove hypotheses anecdotal evidence proves hypotheses hypotheses are unable to be falsified
inductive reasoning is based on probabilities, not proof
Facts focus on _________. information about the world beliefs about the world hypotheses proof
information about the world
Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions? informational influence fixed action patterns obedience normative influence
informational influence
Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called? stinging door-in-the-face reactance inoculation
inoculation
Null-hypothesis significance testing is a way to determine the probability that the pattern of results in the data would have been found if there was really no relationship between the variables is a way to verify that the pattern of results in the data accurately reflect the relationship of these variables in reality is a way to apply deductive reasoning to data is the scientific test used to prove a researcher's hypotheses
is a way to determine the probability that the pattern of results in the data would have been found if there was really no relationship between the variables
That the same questions can be answered differently, by appealing to biological, cognitive, behavioral, or cultural mechanisms, is the essence of the idea of ___________. science hypotheses empirical testing levels of analysis
levels of analysis
Dr. Smeet is a cognitive psychologist. When she teaches students about memory, she highlights the neurological, cognitive, and social components of memory, indicating that in order to understand "memory" we must consider multiple __________. facts hypotheses levels of analysis causality
levels of. analysis
When surveyed, over 87% of Americans reported that they preferred to spend significant periods of time without other people around. were married or wanted to be married. had a social media account. lived with other people.
lived with other people.
Kym has collected data from a large group of research participants and he is pleased that the statistical analysis seems to be confirming his original hypothesis. To be sure that his conclusions are accurate, he must calculate a ________. This is done by dividing 1 by the square root of his sample size. confidence interval standard deviation margin of error measure of central tendency
margin of error
Kari visited the doctor recently who told her she needed to start eating better or she is at risk for a heart attack within the next few years. Kari is very motivated to view herself in a positive light and doesn't like the news the doctor gave her. She wonders if the doctor's tests could have been inaccurate. Kari's uncertainty over her health results from the doctor is an example of what? motivated skepticism affective forecasting mood-congruent memory planning fallacy
motivated skepticism
Clara is extremely hungry after having a 3 hour meeting. She wants food as quickly as possible but is unsure of where to eat. Because of her motivation to eat, she makes a quick decision to eat at the coffee shop a few buildings away. Her motivation to make a quick decision is an example of what concept? motivated skepticism impact bias planning fallacy need for closure
need for closure
Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________. a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being physical exercise leads to subjective well-being
no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being
Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior? normative influence informational influence obedience fixed action patterns
normative influence
Persuasion is most effective when individuals are: not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened given strong messages to conform not given the freedom to make a choice intensely emotionally aroused
not feeling that their freedom to make a choice is threatened
In null hypothesis significance testing, the __________ is a statement that two variables are not related. distribution alternative hypothesis correlation null hypothesis
null hypothesis
Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group? a very large group size, which decreases pressure on individuals being observed by other members, which increases individual accuracy being from a collectivist society with the desire to prove one's competence observing just one person disagreeing with the majority
observing just one person disagreeing with the majority
Harmony runs an analysis on her research data. She discovers that there is a 5% probability that her findings would have resulted purely by chance. This is known as the ____________. p-value the Kuhn-Popper rule Null hypothesis significance test correlation
p-value
Paulette recently irritated some of the girls in a sorority at her college, so they have decided to exclude her from their group. The group of girls ignores Paulette-- shuns her-- and communicates that she is not welcome at their events. The group of sorority sisters is using ________ to communicate their displeasure with Paulette. ostracism reactance affiliation social facilitation
ostracism
The practices of excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contract with that person, often by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them, is called ________. marginalizing prejudice ostracism peripheralization
ostracism
The likelihood that a research finding was due to random chance rather than being due to an actual observed change is called the __-value. p t s r
p
_______ are the threshold for the probability of making a type I/type II error. Null hypothesis significance tests Falsifiable claimsTitle : P-value (applied) Distributions P-values
p-values
During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ________ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes. peripheral preconscious central direct
peripheral
The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying. peripheral convergent proximal central
peripheral
Dr. Ramsey conducts research and draws a conclusion about the college athletes who participated in his study. He will now generalize from these research participants to the larger ________ of college athletes outside of his study. population control sample confound
population
Using some probability based method of dividing a sample of research participants into different treatment groups is called ________. random sampling in-group stratification out-group stratification random assignment
random assignment
Which of the following procedures in research is the most important in allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn? random sampling regression to the mean random assignment analysis of variance
random assignment
Javari is teaching a psychology class and tells his students, "Kenna is 31, single, outspoken, and bright. She majored in philosophy in college. As a student, Kenna was deeply concerned with discrimination and other social issues." When Javari asked his class if it was more likely that Kenna was A) a bank teller or B) a bank teller AND a feminist, most people in his class chose option B. Javari explained that their answer was incorrect because their _____________ heuristic led them astray. availability representativeness fluency shortcut
representativeness
The ________ heuristic is one in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental conceptualization of the category. representativeness availability similarity compare and contrast
representativeness
Dr. Stuart wants to study whether there is a relationship between the number of hours a high school senior spends on social networking sites and their grade point average. He obviously cannot study every12th grader, so instead he will select a smaller ________ of seniors to study. cross-section confounding group population sample
sample
Researchers want to know the average weight of people living in Toronto. To accomplish this, they weigh 500 people of all ages who show up to a public park on Saturday. This is an example of a _______. hypothesis sample population value
sample
16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory. automatic bias subtle prejudice benevolent schemata self-categorization
self-categorization
It is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups? stereotype content bias self-categorization theory spontaneous group bias ingroup bias
self-categorization theory
In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected. longest oldest simplest most complex
simplest
Mordechai lives in a neighborhood where nearly every home is owned by other orthodox Jewish families. He is very upset when he finds out that a house on his block has been purchased by a family who is Catholic. He feels that Jewish families are better than others, and does not want this family to live on his block. Mordechai is demonstrating a ________ orientation. social dominance subtle bias implicit bias right-wing authoritarianism
social dominance
During his early work, social psychologist Normal Triplett noted that cyclists were faster in races against other riders than they were when they were racing alone against a clock. This lead to his concept of __________. actor-observer biases dominance hierarchy social loafing social facilitation
social facilitation
Aaruna believes that all fans of the Toronto Maple Leafs are strong, tough people who are loyal in any circumstance. Since he has become a fan of that sports team, he starts to think of himself in exactly these ways, and describes himself as tough, strong, and loyal. Aaruna's adjusted self-concept reflects the basic concepts of ________ theory. attributional social identity social comparison downward drift
social identity
According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group. blatant bias implicit personality schematic stratification social identity
social identity
The idea that one's self-concept and self-esteem is affected by the way in which an individual categorizes him- or herself as a group member is called ________ theory. realistic identification out-group homogeneity social identity in-group comparison
social identity
Ingrid goes to a community build of a new playground where dozens have people have shown up to lend a hand. Ingrid doesn't really want to help, so she makes sure to take the easiest tasks possible, and puts very little effort into them. She does not think her lack of effort will matter or will be noticed. Ingrid is demonstrating ________. collective reduction deconstructed effort social facilitation social loafing
social loafing
Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week. social proof scarcity foot-in-the-door reciprocity
social proof
The idea that self-esteem functions to mentally monitor one's degree of inclusion or exclusion in social groups is called the ________ model. sociometer social identity affiliative joining social comparison
sociometer
The numerical result computed from a sample (for example, a mean or a proportion) is called a(n) ________. confidence interval validity rating inference. statistic
statistic
When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called __________. cause-and-effect practical significance covariance statistical significance
statistical significance
When Ashley conducts research and determines that the results are highly unlikely to have been due to random chance, she can state that her findings are ___________. practically significant. statistically significant. efficacious. high in external validity.
statistically significant.
The________ content model suggests that we judge social groups based on their perceived warmth and competence. stereotype subjective external assessment dispositional
stereotype
Researchers pointed out to participants how gullible they were in being influenced by advertisements. As a result the participants were less affected by ads. What is technique effect called? defending door-in-the-face stinging blocking
stinging
Charlotte is forming a new medieval singing group on her college campus. There are 12 singers involved, and they are trying to determine how the group will exist. Right now there is a lot of disagreement and conflict among the singers, and they are trying to determine a solution that will make everyone happy. According to Tuckman's model, the group is in the ________ stage. storming norming forming adjourning
storming
Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert? reciprocity social proof reactance sunk costs
sunk costs
Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity? the size of the group the collectivist culture of the group the unanimity of the group the age of the group
the age of the group
What is indicated by the p-value in a research study? the likelihood that the independent and dependent variables in an experiment have been confounded the frequency with which two variables in a given study will co-occur the probability of observing a particularly outcome in the study the likelihood that participants in a research study were randomly assigned to the various conditions of that study
the probability of observing a particularly outcome in the study
Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features. peripheral trigger persuasion central
trigger
In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority. three-quarters two-thirds one-third one-half
two-thirds
When a researcher concludes, based on data, that there is a relationship between two variables, but this is not really the case, the researcher has made a/an _________. egregious error pseudoscientific claim type II error type I error
type I error
When a researcher does not find a relationship between two variables in their data but there is actually a relationship between these variables, the researcher has made a/an _________. type I error egregious error type II error pseudoscientific claim
type II error
Uncritical trust in authority can lead to significant problems for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them? Mindless respect for an authority can cause one to confuse specific expertise with general expertise. The authority figure may not be legitimate. Even well-intentioned authorities may not be correct about a given situation. Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against.
v
The belief that psychological research should be used to improve people's lives (for example, in making people happier, healthier, and more interpersonally successful) is an example of _______ in science. generalizability facts objectivity values
values
The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features? warmth and competence competence and attractiveness attractiveness and values competence and values
warmth and competence
Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry? social proof authority compliance maven endorsements word of mouth
word of mouth