PSYC 242 Quiz Practice

Clinical psychologists were primarily engaged in what clinical activity in the early 20th century? A. intellectual assessment B. psychodynamic therapy C. behavioral therapy D. objective personality assessment

A

EST studies make the assumption that a syndrome is discrete and can be treated via one modality. What is problematic with this assumption? A. Most disorders co-occur/interact with symptoms of other disorders. B. Even discrete syndromes need at least three different treatment approaches before successful outcomes occur. C. Despite most people presenting with discrete/single syndromes, EST studies should try to account for the minority of patients who might also have an overlapping disorder. D. All of the above

A

Psychologists tend to make probabilistic statements in their research findings -does this discredit the scientific merit of the research? A. No, probabilistic results are due to context dependent and fluid variables in the field of psychology. B. No, probabilistic results are actually better than deterministic results because they are more common across disciplines, even the hard sciences. C. Yes, probabilistic results make it difficult to draw any meaningful conclusions from the data. D. Yes, probabilistic results are typically due to methodological and statistical error.

A

Westen & Bradley contend that current control conditions in experiments are not sufficient because _____________________. A. they contain "intent-to-fail" interventions or no intervention. B. they contain "gold standard" interventions, which make it difficult to detect significant differences between the control conditions and the experimental conditions. C. they are typically excluded from most experiments. D. they typically contain the participants with the most significant symptoms.

A

What is a microaggression? A. Invalidating or insulting comments that suggest superiority of one group over another B. verbal attacks between ethnic groups C. hostile communication prompts D. Passive aggressive comments that are used to manipulate others into doing what you want them to do

A

What is meant by the phrase "sustained efficacy?" A. The ability of an intervention to successfully ameliorate symptoms over a long period of time. B. The ability of an intervention to successfully ameliorate symptoms in a diverse population. C. The ability of an intervention to successfully ameliorate symptoms from multiple-presenting disorders. D. None of the above.

A

What is the purpose of preregistering one's hypotheses, study methods, and dependent variables? A. By preregistering studies, scientists cannot develop or claim to make "a priori" hypotheses after the results are known (i.e., prevents HARKing) B. Preregistering allows researchers to "stake a claim" in their ideas so others can't steal them C. Preregistering is a way for scientists to request financial funding for their studies. D. Preregistering is the official system that scientists use to get permission from their host institution (e.g., a university, the federal government) to conduct the experiment.

A

What makes a multiple relationship unethical? A. the psychologist is unable to remain objective due to the multiple relationship B. the psychologist offers multiple professional services to an individual C. the psychologist works with a client in a professional setting and a non-professional setting D. all of the above

A

Which of the following best describes the Cardinal Principle of McFall's Manifesto? A. Clinical Psychology is only a legitimate field if it is founded in science. B. Only clinical psychologists who are trained in medical schools should be qualified to practice clinical psychology. C. Clinical Psychology should be divided into 2 subfields - Scientific Clinical Psychology and Applied Clinical Psychology. D. Clinical Psychology needs to more seamlessly integrate Ph.D. programs and Psy.D. programs.

A

Which of the following statements best represents Lilienfeld's argument that eliminative reductionism has undermined the scientific value of the field of psychology as a whole? A. Neuroscience can explain everything related to thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; so, other subfields of psychology are superfluous. B. There is no need for psychology because everything about humans can be explained by common sense. C. Psychologists have been reduced to only studying "soft sciences" so their contributions are irrelevant. D. There is a reduction in the need for psychological services because medical doctors are capable of handling all psychopathology.

A

According to Tackett et al (2017), which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that clinical science studies have not bee included in replication studies? A. Clinical science relies on correlational and descriptive data which focuses more on estimation of effect sizes as opposed to the categorical presence or absence of significant effects. B. Clinical scientists have specific and lengthy training in ethical statistical procedures so they are less likely to fall victim to questionable research practices (QRPs). C. Clinical science frequently deals with "noisy" data due to idiosyncratic sampling procedures (vs. convenience samples), so there is more acceptance of variable findings. D. Clinical science studies rely on (and perhaps demand) large effect sizes to be considered statistically/clinically meaningful, and large effects are more easily replicated.

B

In what common way did William Tuke, Philippe Pinel, and Dorothea Dix all improve treatment for individuals with mental illness? A. They all advocated for individuals to be prescribed medication to alleviate symptoms. B. They all advocated for the humane and benevolent treatment of individuals with mental illness. C. They all advocated for individuals with mental illness to have constant supervision by a clinical psychologist. D. They all advocated for individuals with mental illness to be housed in jails so they would have a shelter and not be homeless.

B

Paprocki refers to a theoretical model that describes how trainees can approach their professional values and personal values. What is meant by an assimilation approach? A. the trainee is able to hold both her personal values and professional values simultaneously and can tolerate discrepancies between the two B. the trainee relies mostly on the values of the profession C. the trainee relies mostly on personal values for making professional decisions D. the trainee rejects the professional values and institutes his or her own professional values

B

Psychotherapy outcome studies that are interested in how well they work in the "real-world" are examining the therapy's ______________. A. efficacy. B. effectiveness. C. internal validity. D. idiography.

B

Westen and Bradley (2005) contend that a pharmaceutical model for psychological treatment is not appropriate because many "treatments" are discovered _______________. A. in the laboratory. B. from clinical practice. C. by non-psychiatrists. D. by clients seeking a certain treatment.

B

What historic event led to a drastic increase in the number of clinical psychologists practicing therapy? A. World War I B. World War II C. The Great Depression D. The Civil Rights Movement

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons proposed by Lilienfeld that laypeople do not consider psychology a "science?" A. Individuals believe that daily life experiences and commonsense are adequate training in psychology. B. Individuals believe that the label "science" should only be reserved for chemistry, biology, and physics. C. The majority of individuals do not agree that psychology uses scientific methods to understand the way people behave. D. Psychology is viewed as having less rigorous scientific standards than other "hard sciences."

B

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of what constitutes a "multiple relationship?" A. a psychologist shares a professional role and another role with an individual B. a psychologist has a professional role with multiple people who work in the same setting (the multiple people work in the same setting, but they are not in the same work setting as the psychologist) C. a psychologist has a relationship (professional or non-professional) with a person closely related to one of the psychologist's clients D. the psychologist is currently in a professional role with someone and plans to enter into another relationship with that individual in the future

B

According to Paprocki, the core ethical issue in the Ward v. Polite case was ___________________. A. the circumstances under which it is acceptable to break confidentiality. B. the circumstances under which it is acceptable to be in multiple relationships with a client. C. the circumstances under which it is appropriate to refer a client to another provider. D. the circumstances under which it is acceptable to disclose a client's criminal history.

C

Across the different large-scale replication studies conducted by the Center for Open Science, approximately what percentage of studies were able to be successfully replicated? A. 5-10% B. 10-30% C. 30-50% D. 50-75%

C

Case studies take which of the following approaches to studying clinical phenomena? A. Analogue B. Cross-sectional C. Idiographic D. Nomothetic

C

Efficacy is to _______________ as effectiveness is to _________________. A. within-groups design; between-groups design B. between-groups design; within-groups design C. internal validity; external validity D. external validity; internal validity

C

In what way did the Department of Veteran's Affairs contribute to the growth of the field of clinical psychology? A. It recruited psychologists from medical schools B. It officially recognized Clinical Psychology as a distinct subfield of Psychology C. It funded clinical psychology graduate programs D. It created the American Psychological Association

C

In which of the following settings are clinical psychologists most likely to work? A. University Psychology Departments (e.g., academia) B. University Counseling Centers C. Private Practice D. Psychiatric Hospitals

C

McFall proposes that untested clinical services should be A. forbidden from use since they are not scientifically valid B. forbidden from use to avoid making a mockery of the field of clinical psychology C. administered to the public only under controlled experimental conditions D. administered only after they have been tested on animals first

C

School psychologists are most likely to engage in which of the following clinical activities:? A. Diagnostic interviews B. Long-term therapy C. Intellectual assessment D. Teacher evaluations

C

Which of the following General Principles inspires psychologists to strive to be honest and accurate in all the work that they do as psychologists? A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence B. Fidelity and Responsibility C. Integrity D. Justice E. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

C

Which of the following accurately describes a primary role of a social worker? A. Conduct psychological assessments B. Conduct empirical studies to examine the effectiveness of different forms of therapy C. Assist clients who have mental health needs by identifying and connecting them with resources in the community (e.g., employment, housing, outpatient treatment providers) D. Prescribe medications for individuals with less severe psychopathology (e.g., mild anxiety, mild depression).

C

Your text discusses acculturation strategies - what does marginalization entail? A. adoption of the new culture and rejection of the original culture B. adoption of the new culture and retention of the original culture C. rejection of the both the new and original cultures D. rejection of the new culture and retention of the original culture

C

A tradeoff of relying so extensively on randomized controlled trials to develop empirically-based treatment is _______________. A. lack of original hypotheses. B. lack of sufficiently trained clinicians. C. limited internal validity. D. limited external validity.

D

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence was an aspirational principle cited frequently as relating to the vignette in the Paprocki article. All of the following ethical considerations were discussed in the article as related to this principle EXCEPT: A. the therapy being invalidating for the client B. inability to develop rapport (a factor for successful therapy) C. ineffective therapy due to rigidity of the therapist D. preventing access to therapy for a client based on a demographic characteristic

D

How does publication bias impact scientific results? A. Researchers have an incentive for "tinkering" with their analyses until they find something positive/significant. B. Journals prefer to publish articles with significant results, so the numerous studies that weren't significant (and perhaps more representative of the data) go unpublished. C. The incentives for publishing positive/significant results can lead to the researchers losing objectivity (e.g., changing hypotheses mid-way through data analysis). D. All of the above

D

Tommy was referred for treatment for ADHD. His psychologist recommended gathering baseline data on his behaviors, providing him with medication and evaluating his behaviors, removing the medication to reevaluate his behavior, and then providing him with medication again and evaluating his behavior. This "outcome study" best reflects which design? A. quasi-experiment B. analogue C. meta-analysis D. ABAB

D

What issues do brief EST studies not take into account? A. The influence of persistent maladaptive personality characteristics B. The likelihood that some disorders have residual symptoms C. Relapse is likely to occur with some disorders D. All of the above

D

Which of the following accurately represents a current meaningful distinction between clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists? A. Counseling psychologists are more likely to have a Master's Degree whereas clinical psychologists are more likely to have a doctoral degree. B. Counseling psychologists are more likely to work in private practice than clinical psychologists. C. Counseling psychologists are more likely to focus on the role that society has played in influencing an individuals behavior, whereas clinical psychologists are more likely to focus on a biopsychosocial approach. D. Clinical psychologists are more likely to treat individuals with severe mental illness, whereas counseling psychologists are more likely to treat less severely disturbed populations.

D

Which of the following did McFall recognize as a potential counterargument to his Cardinal Principle in his Manifesto? A. Not all psychologists are good researchers. B. Clinical psychology was initially founded as an applied field and should not focus only on science. C. The Boulder Model is the most scientifically valid approach to training clinical psychologists, so there is no need to change it. D. Science does not have all the answers so there are times when we need to rely on our clinical experiences or be creative in coming up with new treatments.

D

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental training difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists? A. Psychiatrists go to medical school whereas clinical psychologists go to a doctoral graduate program. B. Psychiatrists typically emphasize the biological etiology (i.e., cause) of mental illness whereas clinical psychologists usually consider multiple etiologies (e.g., biological, social, behavioral). C. Psychiatrists first approach to treatment is typically medication whereas most clinical psychologists do not prescribe medications. D. Psychiatrists are only able to treat mild pscyhopathology whereas clinical psychologists treat severe psychopathology.

D

Which of the following is NOT one of the arguments Paprocki makes in explaining why discomfort is not an ethically justifiable reason to refer a patient to another therapist? A. discomfort is a common part of the experience for therapists B. Most therapists are able to build effective therapeutic relationships with their clients despite the discomfort C. Most therapists in training are able to tolerate and learn from the differences between their own personal beliefs and those of their clients without sacrificing the effectiveness of therapy D. therapists should learn to ignore their discomfort so they can be objective in a therapeutic relationship

D

Which of the following is not typically included in the informed consent process for research? A. Predictable risks of the research B. Incentives for participating in the research C. Purpose of the research D. Relevant and anticipated fees for participating in the research

D

Who is attributed with creating one of the first categorical systems for identifying and describing psychological disorders? A. Lightner Witmer B. Sigmund Freud C. Philippe Pinel D. Emil Kraepelin

D