PSYC 255 exam 2 chapter 4
Which of the following statements are true in regard to Harlow's conclusions based on the study of infant monkeys?
Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process. Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
Children who can distract themselves from a stressful encounter show a lower level of negative affect in the context and less anxiety over time. This an example of the influence of which of the following on emotion?
cognitive processes
Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely
coincidental rather than cooperative.
In infancy, emotions play important roles in which of the following?
communication with others behavioral organization
the following are biological influences relating to emotion
development of the brain stem maturation of the cerebral cortex development of the hippocampus
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?
difficult slow-to-warm-up easy
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _________ _______ child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
difficult child
The social system of the family has ______ and ______ effects on the members.
direct; indirect
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) _______ is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy child
A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an
emotion
Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through
emotions
Which of the following is LEAST likely to influence an individual's emotions
environmental quality
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term
goodness of fit.
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following?
higher levels of parental responsiveness higher parental involvement higher levels of parental sensitivity
Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.
imitative and reciprocal
Kagan is responsible for a broad temperament category referred to as ______ the unfamiliar.
inhibition to
_____ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
insecure disorganized
______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
insecure resistant
Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?
low activity level somewhat negative affect low intensity of mood
A positive family climate for children and adolescents involves which two of the following?
marital satisfaction between parents effective parenting
Anger, guilt, and sadness are classified as ______ emotions.
negative
The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as
personality
Feelings such as joy, enthusiasm, and love are classified as
positive emotions
Variations in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions is referred to as
reactivity
A __________ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a ________ smile does.
reflexive; social
involves variations in the extent or effectiveness of an individual's ability to control his or her emotions.
self-regulation
The term _________ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.
separation protest
Behavioral inhibition is characterized by
shyness with strangers
Which of the following is Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?
slow-to-warm-up
"Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
social referencing
One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a cue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of
social referencing
the following is essential for the development of a variety of emotions and emotional experiences
social relationships
An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order - Ainsworth
strange situation
An infant's fear and wariness of strangers that typically appears in the second half of the first year of life.
stranger anxiety
the family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.
subsystems
Which of the following are cognitive strategies that children might use to control their emotions?
suppression disengagement
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their
temperament
the three recognized types of infant cries
the anger cry the pain cry the basic cry
Stranger anxiety in infants tends to be influenced by which of the following?
the social context the characteristic of the stranger
The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow
up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.
A securely attached baby
uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.
At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?
between 18 and 24 months
emotions are influenced by both
biological foundations and by an individual's experiences
The maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex allows infants to
begin to regulate their emotions.
In 1992, the European Union mandated a
14-week paid maternity leave.
In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______ months.
15
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth
Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up
Chess and Thomas
Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?
Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
He is an insecure avoidant baby.
Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?
He is an insecure resistant baby.
______ babies engage in little interaction with the caregiver.
Insecure avoidant
A 2006 study of 1- and 2-year-olds that involved a cooperative task yielded which of the following results?
The actions of the 2-year-olds suggested cooperation, but the actions of the 1-year-olds suggested coincidence.
Which theorist(s) developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?
Kagan
involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.
Scaffolding
refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
Temperament
The close emotional bond between caregivers and infants is known as
attachment
A(n) ______ cry is a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.
basic cry
