PSYC 307 - exam 2- quiz chp 4
1. Which statement BEST characterizes Piaget's view of children's learning? a. Children are intrinsically motivated to learn. b. Children learn because their parents teach them to value school. c. Children learn to compete with their siblings for attention from their mother. d. Children learn because natural selection has programmed them to do so.
a
10. Which example illustrates guided participation? a. a parent teaching a child to draw by having the child draw each of the individual lines needed b. a parent encouraging a child to participate in extracurricular activities c. a teacher assigning group work by having children count off by fives d. a teacher showing Sesame Street to her class to help them learn their letters
a
11. Which idea is NOT one proposed by sociocultural theorists about how change occurs through social interaction? a. selective attention b. guided participation c. intersubjectivity d. social scaffolding
a
15. Which types of theories have been MOST recently developed? a. dynamic-systems theories b. information processing theories c. Piagetian theories d. sociocultural theories
a
2. When children are in the sensorimotor stage, they are: a. between birth and 2 years old and know the world through their senses and actions. b. between 2 and 7 years old and acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. c. between 7 and 12 years old and become able to think logically. d. at least 12 years old, can think systematically, and are able to reason.
a
7. The assumption that children have some innate, or inborn, knowledge in areas that are evolutionarily important to survival is central to _____ theories of cognitive development. a. core-knowledge b. information systems c. Piagetian d. sociocultural
a
According to information-processing theorists, cognitive development does NOT arise from: a. sudden and distinct transitions from one strategy to another. b. acquisition of new strategies and knowledge. c. expansion of the amount of information children can process at one time. d. increases in the speed with which children execute thought processes.
a
Core-knowledge theories depict children as _____ learners. a. active b. passive c. scaffolded d. delayed
a
Dynamic-systems theories propose that development involves: a. changes that occur over time in complex biological and physical systems. b. predictable stages with brief transitions. c. long periods of stability. d. brief periods of dramatic change.
a
Joint attention develops around: a. 1 year of age. b the same time as theory of mind. c. 6 months of age. d. 2 years of age.
a
Vygotsky believed that development in thinking was: a. discrete and qualitative. b. immeasurable by traditional means. c. discontinuous but easily measurable. d. continuous and gradual.
a
What do dynamic-systems researchers believe to be TRUE of seemingly simple developmental actions? a. They are more complex and interesting than previously realized. b. They go through long qualitative stages. c. They are completely separate from the development of thinking. d. They are important to parents but not researchers.
a
Which board game has been used by information-processing theorists to help improve the numerical knowledge of children? a. Chutes and Ladders b. Clue c. Monopoly d. Parcheesi
a
Which example is NOT a cultural tool? a. medications b artifacts c skills d. values
a
Which perspective on development focuses on how basic actions, such as crawling, walking, reaching, and grasping, can yield insights? a. dynamic-systems theories b. core-knowledge theories c. Piagetian theory d. information-processing theories
a
Which statement BEST illustrates the difference between sociocultural theories of development and Piagetian and information-processing theories? a. Sociocultural theories emphasize interactions, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize the child's own efforts. b. Sociocultural theories emphasize teachers, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize peers. c. Sociocultural theories emphasize the child's own efforts, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize parents. d. Sociocultural theories emphasize peers, whereas Piagetian and information-processing theories emphasize parents and teachers.
a
Which statement does NOT describe a benefit of Ann Brown's community-of-learners program? a. Children learn to be confident and rely on their solution above that of others. b. Children become adept at constructing high-quality solutions to problems. c. Children learn to identify questions that are key to solving a problem. d. Children learn to compare alternative solutions to a problem.
a
14. The word dynamic in dynamic-systems depicts that: a. different systems have different driving forces. b. development is a process with continuous change. c. physical systems are always in motion. d. physical systems drive mental ones.
b
5. Which statement is NOT a proposal of the overlapping-waves model? a. Children use multiple strategies at any one age. b. Children develop only through discovering new strategies. c. With age and experience children rely on increasingly more advanced strategies. d. Development involves changes in the use of strategies
b
Assimilation is the process by which individuals: a. adapt current knowledge in response to new experiences. b fit incoming information into concepts they already understand. c. demonstrate broad applicability. d. understand sources of discontinuity.
b
Bob believes that thought is internalized speech. His view is MOST similar to: a. neither Piaget's nor Vygotsky's. b. Vygotsky's. c. Piaget's. d. both Piaget's and Vygotsky's.
b
Constructivism does NOT combine concepts from: a. information-processing theory. b dynamic-systems theory. c. nativism. d. Piagetian theory.
b
Dynamic-systems researchers have shown that the onset of crawling is important because: a. infants' parents become less concerned about their development. b. it changes infants' relationships with family members. c. infants become more likely to fall. d. infants can attain food and toys on their own.
b
In Vygotsky's theory, children are depicted as: a. computational systems. b. social beings. c. well-equipped products of evolution. d. little scientists.
b
In dynamic-systems theory, children's selection among alternative approaches reflects the influence of: a. the recognition that there is only one correct path to a given solution. b. the efficiency with which they can execute the approach. c. their ability to utilize selective attention d. their working memory skills.
b
There are only two cookies left in the cookie jar. One of the cookies is broken into two pieces. Janet, age 4, begins to cry when her brother Justin gets the broken cookie and she gets the whole one. According to Piagetian theory, what is the MOST likely cause of Janet's distress? a. Janet cannot assimilate. b. Janet has not mastered the concept of conservation. c. Janet is demonstrating egocentrism. d. Janet does not have object permanence.
b
What is the process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create a stable understanding of their world? a. qualitative change b. equilibration c. organization d. broad applicability
b
Which theorist is often credited with founding the sociocultural approach to child development? a. Jean Piaget b. Lev Vygotsky c. Lawrence Kohlberg d. Erik Erikson
b
Xavier, a core-knowledge theorist, believes that children enter the world with specialized learning mechanisms, or _____, that allow them to quickly and effortlessly acquire information of evolutionary importance. a. equilibrated concepts b. mental structures c. scaffolds d. encodings
b
3. Which statement does NOT describe a frequent criticism of Piaget's theory? a. Piaget understates the contribution of the social world to cognitive development. b. Infants and young children are less cognitively competent than Piaget recognized. c. Piaget is vague about the mechanisms that give rise to children's thinking and that produce cognitive change. d. Piaget's stage model depicts children's thinking as being more consistent than it is.
b. more cognitively
12. A playgroup made up of 4-year-olds is unable to agree on the rules of a game. A playgroup made up of 6-year-olds successfully agrees on the rules of their game. What aspect of sociocultural theories is being demonstrated? a. cultural tools b. autobiographical memory c. intersubjectivity d. social scaffolding
c
6. In information-processing theories, encoding refers to the: a. actions of the cortex and the cerebellum in processing memory. b. recall of specific facts and figures. c. representation in memory of specific features of objects and events. d. increased general connectivity among brain region
c
Jaime just heard a story about sharks. From the story, she learned that sharks live in the ocean and are good swimmers. When asked if sharks can live on land, she uses her new information combined with her prior knowledge about other fish—that they have gills and extract oxygen from the water—to answer the question. Her existing knowledge was drawn from _____ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. long-term d. working
c
Janet has driven down the street she lives on many times, but when asked to draw a picture of the third house on the left, she struggles to do so. This is MOST likely because she: a. has the information in working memory but doesn't have the executive function to hold it there and draw at the same time. b. has stored the information in long-term memory but cannot retrieve it. c. never encoded the memory because she didn't see the details as relevant. d. encoded the memory to long-term memory but has forgotten it.
c
Long-term memory is limited in: a. duration. b. capacity. c. nothing; there are no known limits. d. capacity and duration.
c
Parker, who suffers from autism spectrum disorder, has a fundamental flow in his ability to learn distinctions between his own mind and the minds of others. From a core-knowledge perspective, Parker's challenge is in the area of: a. executive functioning. b. metacognition. c. theory of mind. d. nativistic conceptualization.
c
Piaget believed that children: a. require social encounters with other babies to truly develop during infancy. b. are physically and mentally active starting at about 3 months of age. c. contribute to their own development. d. are unable to learn through observation
c
Piaget believed that, during infancy and toddlerhood, children: a. are fixated on toilet training. b. lack motivation to explore the world and mostly depend on their mother. c. thinking grows especially rapidly. d. can consider multiple dimensions of problems.
c
Self-organization in dynamic-systems theories does NOT involve: a. attention. b. actions. c. other people. d. memory.
c
The theory that infants have substantial inborn knowledge of important evolutionary domains is called: a. nativism. b. constructivism. c. domain specificity. d. empiricism.
c
Which brain area takes a particularly long time to mature? a. the temporal lobe b. the parietal lobe c. the prefrontal cortex d. the cerebellum
c
Which theory(ies) emphasize(s) that children's development is a product of their surrounding culture and interactions with other people? a. core-knowledge theories b. Piagetian theory c. sociocultural theories d. information-processing theories
c
A "developmental" approach to education is consistent with Piaget's theories because: a. each child learns at his or her own pace. b. educational content builds gradually as children steadily develop. c. particular concepts are taught at specific ages, based on differences in cognitive level. d. families, teachers, and community members all work together to focus on the child.
c.
13. In which way are dynamic-systems theories similar to Piagetian theory? a. an emphasis on early emerging competencies b. an emphasis on precise analyses of problem-solving activity c. an emphasis on the formative influence of other people d. an emphasis on children being strongly motivated to learn about the world around them
d
4. _____ is NOT a basic process. a. Recalling b. Associating c. Generalizing d. Rehearsing
d
9. Core-knowledge theorists suggest that children develop naïve theories of domains like physics, psychology, and biology, and that these theories bear resemblance to more advanced, formal theories in those areas. Which statement does NOT describe one of those similarities? a. They explain events in terms of unobservable causes. b. They explain many phenomena in terms of a few fundamental principles. c. They identify fundamental units for dividing relevant objects and events into a few basic categories. d. They sequence events in terms of the most salient, physical alterations that can be observed.
d
Both Steven, age 5, and his sister Susan, age 9, have been presented with a task in which they are shown pictures of both plants and animals. They are asked to remember which pictures are of plants. Steven is unable to distinguish the pictures, while Susan does so successfully. Which strategy has Susan used? a. encoding b. speed of processing c. rehearsal d. selective attention
d
Brent heard a radio ad for a toy that he really wanted to buy. Last year when he heard the ad, he couldn't ask his mother to buy the toy because he didn't have any strategies to help him remember the web address for the product. This year, Brent has acquired a strategy to do so: He repeated the address to himself until he got home. Brent is MOST likely _____ years old. a. 12 b. 4 c. 10 d. 7
d
In the context of dynamic-systems theory, "selection" as a mechanism for developmental change refers to: a. selectively attending to the most meaningful things in the environment. b. selecting the strategies that need practice. c. selecting the most important social partners for supportive input. d. increasingly choosing more effective behaviors for reaching goals.
d
In the context of dynamic-systems theory, variation as a mechanism for developmental change refers to the: a. steady progression through various actions (e.g., crawling, walking, running). b. combination of various inputs for learning. c. combination of various systems to achieve a goal. d. use of various behaviors to pursue the same goal.
d
Johnny pretends that his hat is a space helmet, he thinks the world revolves around him, and he engages in one-sided conversations in which he does not listen to what the other person is saying. Johnny is in what Piagetian stage? a. formal operational b. sensorimotor c. concrete operational d. preoperational
d
Research that involves _____ is crucial to clarifying two of the main conceptual features of core-knowledge theories. a. adults b. experimentation c. placebo groups d. deception
d
The first sign that infants are gaining the ability to form enduring mental representations is referred to in Piagetian theory as: a. object permanence. b. symbolic representation. c. the A-not-B error. d. deferred imitation.
d
The inclination to teach others and the inclination to attend to and learn from others are: a. seen at the formal operational stage of cognitive development. b. crucial to creating groups. c. a core idea of Vygotsky's. d. uniquely human.
d
Vanessa has trouble remembering numbers even when she rehearses them. However, she continues to try the strategy because it is relatively novel for her. This practice is adaptive because: a. it is not adaptive; her working memory is too poor. b. it is already the most efficient choice. c. she knows conceptually that it should be successful. d. with practice, the strategy will become more efficient
d
8. Which theorist proposed the MOST prominent nativist theory, labeling it "Core-Knowledge Theory"? a. Jean Piaget b. Esther Thelen c. Lev Vygotsky d. Elizabeth Spelke
d.
