Psyc 385 Midterm 1
J- What is the principle of opposites? Principle of entropy? Principle of equivalence?
*energies are opposed to each other, they can conflict, psych operates in the principle of opposites *energy is distributed to achieve equilibrium or balance *when energy is expended in one part of the psych, it will be compensated for by an equal amount of energy in the same or different form from another part of the psych
How do people defend themselves against them?
- blind spots → painful experiences are blotted out or ignored - compartmentalization → tensions are alleviated by separating beliefs and actions within themselves - rationalization → ward off anxiety by offering plausible, but inaccurate, excuses for their conduct - excessive self-control → exercises will power, consciously or unconsciously, to keep emotional impulses under control - arbitrary rightness → convinced they are invariably correct in all their judgments - elusiveness → refuses to take a position on anything so that he or she can never be proven wrong and criticized or ridiculed by others - cynicism → claims to believe in nothing so that he or she cannot be hurt or disappointed by others
What methods did Adler use?
- early recollections → earliest memories provide insight into unique styles of life; give glimpses into their striving of superiority - dream analysis → dreams are determined by his or her goals of superiority ; dreams reflect the unconscious attempts to achieve personal goals in accordance with style of life - birth order analysis → correct analysis of the effects of birth positions on their subsequent behavior would help win their confidence
What personality types are associated with the different neurotic needs?
-Compliant types are associated with neurotic need ■ for affection and approval ■ for a partner who will take over one's life ■ for personal admiration ■ for social recognition and prestige. -Aggressive types are associated with the neurotic need ■ to exploit others ■ for power ■ for personal achievement ■ for perfection and unassailability -Detached types are associated with the neurotic need ■ To restrict one's life within narrow borders ■ For self-sufficiency and independence
What is considered healthy or neurotic?
-healthy people are in harmony using the trend that best serves the circumstance, while neurotic people are in constant conflict with one trend dominant at all times (NOTE: trend= moving towards, against, or away from people) - towards → compliant types : Neurotic individuals who cope with feelings of basic anxiety by indiscriminately seeking the approval and affection of others through excessive conformity - against → aggressive types : neurotic individuals who protect themselves against feelings of insecurity by exploiting others in order to feel superior - away → detached types : neurotic individuals who protest themselves by continual avoidance of others
What is striving for superiority?
-the urge toward perfection or completion that motivates each of us, manifested by individual and society
What are the different types of style of life?
4 types: -the ruling type→ an unhealthy person who strives for personal superiority by striving to exploit & control others lack social interest and courage, exclude stronger people -the getting type → an unhealthy person who attains personal goals by relying indiscriminately on others for help rely on others no confidence use charm -the avoiding type → an unhealthy person who lacks the confidence to confront problems and avoids or ignores them self absorbed -the socially useful type → a healthy person who actively and courageously confronts and solves his or her own problems in accordance with social interest
F- What is the conscious?
A state of mind characterized by awareness of one's experiences
What is the preconscious?
A state of mind in which the person is currently aware of some idea, memory, or event, which can, however, be made conscious with some effort
H- What are basic anxieties?
Basic Anxieties is a pervasive feelings of loneliness and helplessness
When do conflicts in personality occur?
Conflicts in personality occur when there is a basic incompatibility of the neurotic trends
What are some characteristics of these types?
ET - organization of facts and theories, selfish and exploitative EF - acceptance, change in emotions constantly ES - appreciation for arts, pleasure seeking Ei - quick grasp on things, impatient and flightiness IT - imagination and boldness, social ineptness IF - intense sympathy, shyness and inaccessibility IS - Intensive sensation, oversensitive and obtuse Ii - envision for future, lack of communication skills
What are Freud's methods?
Free association - speak of whatever you are thinking without holding back , kind of like daydreaming out loud Parapraxis slip of the tongue or malfunction in language dream analysis - probe into unconscious through interpretation of dream,
What are Horney's views on penis envy and womb envy?
Horney did not entirely agree with Freud's penis envy theory. She believed woman may envy men for having it "easier" due to our anatomy. They do not have to go through menstruation, they can urinate anywhere, etc. Horney actually came up with her own theory of womb envy, which is the envy men feel towards women due to their ability to grow a baby in their womb.
When do inferiority feelings develop?
Inferiority feelings developed during infancy. According to Adler's, infants understand that parents are superior and they are dependent of their parents. (pg 111-113)
How did she agree with Freud?
Karen Horny agreed with Freud on the fact that anatomy or gender defined personality, not in the way that they were born with inherent differences, but in the way that women were seen as inferior to men. She believed men and women were equal, but because of a societal norm, women were considered inferior
How did she disagree with Freud?
Karen believed that instead of women having penis envy, men have what she called womb envy, because men were envious of women's ability to carry children. She would argue that men would be attempting to compensate by trying to be successful in other areas. So instead of women being envious of men, it was opposite.
F- What are the life and death instincts?
Life instinct (Eros) which is the urges that help us preserve life, ensure that death is delayed as long as possible like hunger and sexual needs. Death Instinct (thanatos) is the goal of life is death, there is no energy source related to death only.
Which test uses Jung's personality types?
MBTI-Myers-briggs Type Indicator
What are the characteristics of each of the birth positions?
NOTE: spacing of ages and sex of child matters - oldest child→ if not prepared for dethronement, may feel resentment and hostility ; usually politically conservative and conforming, supporting the status quo usually center of attention, forced to share attention. may adopt a supportive and protective view. - second child → older sibling is the competitor; may set unrealistically high goals - youngest child → dependent on others and wants to excel in everything, due to pampering early ; last born shows higher potential for alcoholism - only child → center of attention but may have interpersonal difficulty if he or she is not universally liked and admired This is only if the child was wanted. Otherwise it would not be center of attention
H- What are neurotic needs?
Neurotic Needs are ten irrational defenses against anxiety that becomes a permanent part of personality and affects behavior
Freud What is Freud's view of personality? What is the primary cause of all neurotic behavior?
Psychoanalysis and that early sexual traumas
F- What is libido?
The basic energy that propels behavior
What is the unconscious?
The depository of hidden wishes, needs, and conflicts of which the person is unaware
How do they manifest in people?
They manifest in people when the four self-protective mechanisms become a permanent part of someone's personality and determine their behavior
J- What is the psyche?
Total personality, non physical space that has its own reality, energy flows through it from consciousness to unconsciousness and back. in different directions. it is interchangeable with libido
What is style of life?
a unique character structure of pattern of personal behaviors and characteristics by which each of us strives for perfection. shaped by the end of early childhood. They are difficult to modify once they are established
What is the ego?
agency to help the individual satisfy basic urges in ways deemed appropriate by society
What is over permissiveness?
allowing children to behave as they please with no consideration for the effects of their behavior on other people, leading to a disregard of social rules and the rights of others
What is a complex?
an aspect of the psych (not synonymous with ego) this is a collection of thoughts united by a common feeling.
What is the tyranny of the shoulds?
an attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying the true self and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing
What is hyper-competitiveness?
an indiscriminate need to win at all costs
What are some criticisms of her theory?
denial in biological instincts, reduced emphasis on sexuality and unconscious, theory was not consistent or completely developed, observations and interpretations were heavily influenced by middle-class American culture
What is cathexis?
driving forces that attach themselves to an idea or behavior
How did Jung view the id, ego, and superego?
ego is in balance with other aspects of the psyche. it is a complex representation responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. ego is at the center of consciousness. contains conscious thoughts as well as memories of experiences.
What are Adler's views on birth order?
every child is treated uniquely by parents; birth other provides direction of child's development due to their unique set of experiences within the family (however not the only variable) it wasn't the birth order itself that caused characteristics, it was how the family interacted with the children
What is over domination?
exclusive parent decision making, leading to a child's lack of self-confidence and a tendency to become dependent on others in adulthood
What are the personality types associated with these?
extroversion and introversion (each have some of the four functions) extraversion - outgoing and relatively confident approach to life introversion - retiring and reflective approach to life extraverted thinking, extraverted feeling, extraverted sensing, extraverted intuitive introverted thinking, introverted feeling, introverted sensing, introverted intuitive
H- What is the idealized self-image?
for normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one's abilities. for neurotics, the self-image is based on inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal
J- What is Jung's view of personality? How did he differ from Freud?
he believed in analytical psychology. sexual usage was only one aspect of libido
What are Jung's views on introversion and extraversion?
he believed that we have both extraversion and introversion types within us but one is dominant. dominant side compensated for the inferior side and vice versa. they both have good and bad sides
What are Jung's views on personality changes in the lifespan?
he believed that we readjust our personality during middle life after we have completed our education and work goals, we change gear towards fulfilling our self improvement goals. He believed that we strive for self-realization. behavior is determined by past events and future goals. It is not an easy task, it's painful and difficult at times
What were Jung's methods?
he used dream analysis but did not believe they were what Freud said. he believed this was a form of resolving current problems and conflict, and also compensatory in nature he used method of amplification - use a symbol and reassess and reinterpret this to broaden their understanding word association tests but it was different than Freud, they were given words and asked to respond to them and measured the time delay in responding painting therapy - had patients paint to bring out symbols from collective unconscious. it would help patients actively cope with their problems case studies
What is libido according to Jung?
interchangeable with the psyche, he believed it to be an energy in the psyche, not only about sex like freud believed. it fuels the work of the personality
What is the superiority complex?
is a condition that develops when a person overcompensates for normal inferiority feelings
What are some criticisms of his theory?
it is too global, not well defined, vague and imprecise
J- What is the personal unconscious?
it's located next to the ego, has all forgotten experiences that have lost their intensity. blocked from awareness.
What are Adler's views on inferiority?
movement towards perfection is driven by the feeling of inferiority Organ inferiority - when we are lacking in some sort of biological way, we have feelings of inadequacy. Women strive to improve due to their feeling of inferiority we must acknowledge when we feel inferior and ask for help, if we deceive ourselves, we are not able to acknowledge
What were some criticisms of his theory?
not very detailed, vague and inconsistent, ambiguous, too much things going on at once, hard to test,
What are Horney's methods?
once illusions of themselves and illusionary goals are let go, Horney uses free association, dream analysis, and self-analysis to help find their true selves
What is overindulgence?
persistent parental gratification of a child's needs and desires, leading to feelings of entitlement as well as tyrannical and manipulative behavior
What is the ego-ideal?
positive aspect of the superego, comprising the standards of perfection taught to the child by the parents
Which are rational/non-rational?
rational functions are the thinking and feeling aspects thinking - helps us understand events though reason and logic feeling - evaluations of events by judgement irrational functions are the sensing and intuiting sensing - initial concrete experiencing of phenomena without the use of reason or evaluation intuiting - hunches that we have to deal with strange situations where we have no established facts
What is the superego?
represents the individual's incorporation of the moral standards of society and the ways in which these internalized standards control his or her behavior via reward and punishment •Conscience -punitive aspect of the superego. Once the person has incorporated societal values by forming a conscience, violation of that conscience makes the person feel guilty or shamed
What is the id?
reservoir of unconscious forces or urges that blindly seek gratification •Pleasure principle -the rule by which the id operates; the id seeks to achieve pleasure and avoid pain
F- What are instincts? Why are they important?
rooted in our unconscience, these are what drives our bodies, these are bodily needs that make us seek gratification in order ti be in homeostasis. There are four basic characteristics: a source in some bodily deficit, An aim that focuses on gratification of the need, an impetus that propels the person to act, and the object through which the instinct achieves its aim.
What are the four self-protective mechanisms?
securing affection and love, being submissive, attaining power, withdrawing
What are the four functions of the psyche?
sensing, intuiting, thinking, feeling
What is the collective unconscious?
storehouse of human/prehuman ancestors. instincts that we inherit that affect our future.
Adler What is Adler's view of personality?
superiority and inferiority, style of life and birth order He believed in individual psychology which is a science to understand each person as an organized entity. All actions are guided by their fundamental attitudes. Theological position that goals determine behavior. People have a purpose to obtain perfection and are motivated to obtain that ideal
What is fictional finalism?
the idea that there is an imagined or potential goal that guides our behavior
What are the archetypes?
the persona - roles we put on, like masks to interact with the people around us. hide our real self behind this persona the shadow - the inferior, evil, and repulsive side of human nature. the dark and sinister side of us anima - feminine archetype in men animus- masculine archetype in women the self - leads people to search for ways to maximize our potential like our final goal, movement to self realization is never really obtained. The ego and the self are different, self consist of conscious and unconscious whereas the ego is part of the psyche
How does Freud view anxiety?
this is the feelings when is a threat to the ego, he believed it to be objectless fear. 3 types of anxiety: Reality anxiety: tangible dangers Neurotic anxiety: conflict between the id and ego Moral anxiety: conflict between the id and superego.
What is an archetype?
thought forms or ideas that give rise to visions projected on to current experiences
What are some criticisms for his theory?
unconscious cannot be tested, too focused on sex and aggression, very pessimistic, vague and built on metaphors. no prediction of anything, only observed after the fact. psychoanalysis is not effective in treatment too time consuming and expensive. little support on development stages.
How to children protect against them?
using the four self-protective mechanisms
What is organic inferiority?
when we are lacking some sort of biological way, we have feelings of inferiority and therefore strive for superiority
What are Freud's stages of development?
•Oral stage -first stage in which primary gratifications center around the mouth •Pleasure is obtained through food and milk •Parents who overindulge or underindulgemay lead the infant to difficulties later in life •Anal stage -Second stage in which primary gratification centers around the anal cavity •Child asserts independence, requests by parents responded to with "no" •Children resists the demands of toilet training by continuing to wet or soil their pants •Phallic stage -Third stage in which primary gratification is derived from manipulation of the genitals •Oedipal complex -the process during the phallic stage in which the male child desires sexual contact with the mother, feels threatened by the father, and eventually resolves the conflict by identifying with the father •Electra complex -the female child has penis envy and resents the mother but loves the father because he has the desired object. She then begins to identify with her mother as a means of vicariously obtaining the desired object •Latency stage •Psychosexual period during which libidinal energy lies dormant and the primary focus is on the development of interests and skills through contact with childhood peers and teachers •Genital stage •Final stage of psychosexual development, in which an attempt is made to conduct a mature love relationship with a member of the opposite sex •Normal person makes the necessary adjustments in love and work
Horney What is Horney's view of personality?
●Our personality is made up of three different aspects; Neurosis (disturbances brought by fear and is controlled by emotions), Psychoanalysis (self-analysis and realization), and Inner Conflicts (ability to change and become a decent person).