Psyc 405: Cognitive: Amit Almor- Exam 2

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. 15-20 seconds or less. b. just under a fraction of a second. c. 1-3 minutes or more. d. indefinite.

15-20 seconds or less.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. verbatim recall. b. constructive memory processes. c. cryptomnesia d. the effect of scripts.

constructive memory processes.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. increases both the primacy and the recency effects. b. has no effect on the curve. c. increases the primacy effect. d. decreases the recency effect.

decreases the recency effect.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. retrieved. c. consolidated. d. stored.

encoded.

Information remains in sensory memory for a. 1-3 minutes. b. seconds or a fraction of a second. c. 15-30 seconds. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

seconds or a fraction of a second.

The word-length effect reveals that a. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. b. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. c. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity. d. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information.

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information. b. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. c. working memory has unlimited capacity. d. short-term memory consists of a number of components.

working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. adolescence and young adulthood. b. childhood and adolescence. c. young adulthood and middle age. d. childhood and middle age.

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. before the event. b. during the event. c. after the event. d. all of the above

after the event.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. the visuospatial sketch pad. b. echoic memory. c. articulatory suppression. d. the central executive.

articulatory suppression.

Participants saw a film in which a hammer was shown. Later, they heard a description of the film that substituted a screwdriver for the hammer. Participants were tested later by being asked whether they saw a hammer or a wrench in the original film. The result of this experiment a. ​demonstrated the role of implicit memory in determining behavior. b. ar​gued against the hypothesis that original memories are lost as they are replaced by later false information. c. ​ supported the hypothesis that original memories are lost as they are replaced by later false information. d. ​supported the encoding specificity hypothesis.

ar​gued against the hypothesis that original memories are lost as they are replaced by later false information.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. autobiographical hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. self-image hypothesis.

cognitive hypothesis.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. constructive nature of memory. b. familiarity effect. c. reminiscence bump. d. misinformation effect.

constructive nature of memory.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____. a. decay; interference b. interference; decay c. priming; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal

decay; interference

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) a. 80% : 40% : 30% correct b. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct c. 70% : 40% : 60% correct d. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct

80% : 40% : 30% correct

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. b. It is vivid memory for emotional events. c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. d. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Repeating the words over and over in your mind c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Deciding how many vowels each word has

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. Procedural memory b. Classical conditioning c. Semantic memory d. Repetition priming

Semantic memory

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to remember a map of the area b. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. b. STM has a limited capacity. c. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. d. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. report less confidence about their recollections. b. make more errors in their recollections. c. report less vivid recollections of the event. d. remember more details about the event.

make more errors in their recollections.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a. manipulated. b. forgotten. c. permanently stored. d. perceived.

manipulated.

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) a. words. b. sentences. c. meaningful units. d. letters.

meaningful units.

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called a. chunking. b. episodic buffering. c. proactive interference. d. anterograde amnesia.

proactive interference.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. b. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. c. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM. d. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. b. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. c. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal. d. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe.

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the physiological approach to coding. d. the persistence of vision.

short-term memory.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. elaborative rehearsal. b. episodic-based processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. personal semantic memory.

transfer-appropriate processing.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. we are not conscious we are using it. b. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. c. it always leads to episodic memory for events. d. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect

we are not conscious we are using it.

Cohen and Squire ran a study in which they showed that amnesiac patients could improve their speed of reading mirror-reversed words with practice, even though the same patients could not remember any word they had just read. This supports a distinction between: a. ​semantic and episodic memory. b. ​the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketch pad. c. ​implicit and explicit memory. d. ​short term memory and working memory.

​implicit and explicit memory.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. A build-up and release of proactive interference b. A partial-report procedure c. The cocktail party phenomenon d. The phonological similarity effect

A build-up and release of proactive interference

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect b. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. c. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect d. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. b. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues.

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

​You've learned about the serial position curve. Much of the relevant research we discussed describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results? a. ​a diminished recency effect, relative to free recall b. ​diminished primacy and recency effects, relative to free recall c. ​the same serial position curve observed with free recall d. ​a diminished primacy effect, relative to free recall

​a diminished recency effect, relative to free recall

When Keppel and Underwood tested Peterson and Peterson's claim that forgetting in short term memory is only due to decay they looked at the data from only 3 trials and discovered that the longer they waited to ask the subject to recall the information a. ​the better the subject performed thus showing a strong rehearsal effect. b. ​the worse the subject performed but only on the second and third trials, thus showing an interference effect. c. ​the worse the subject performed thus showing a strong decay effect. d. ​the better the subject performed but only on the second and third trials thus showing a strong learning effect.

​the worse the subject performed but only on the second and third trials, thus showing an interference effect.