PSYC 410 - Final Exam
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence of their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work? a. The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced. b. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. c. The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. d. The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived.
The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.
Imagery neurons respond to
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for the ____ of a list.
both the first and last words
The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.
permission schema
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
________ transforms new memories from a fragile state in which they can be disrupted to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? Baseball Freedom America Apple Pie
Freedom
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.
deductive
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80%. of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______, but later research showed it was actually due to ___________. a. decay; interference b. priming; interference c. decay; lack of rehearsal d. interference; decay
decay; interference
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
source monitoring
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.
spatial
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
syntactic priming.
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
the falsification principle.
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our _________.
future
Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of ___, she will use a ___.
gains; risk-aversion
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
increased firing in the neurons
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory buy defective episodic memory
In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that
it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in long term memory.
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police allow witnesses to talk with minimum interruption from the officer.
According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of a. elapsed time b. word familiarity c. sensory modality d. reaction time
a. elapsed time
What property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? - It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols - Communication - Governed by rules - Hierarchial structure
Communcation
Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
"Because he always jogs a mile"
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
24 hours.
Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify
50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.
In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon?
Backfire effect
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation.
You completed a CogLab experiment for lexical decision-making in which you were asked to distinguish between words and nonwords. What does the demonstration predict?
Participants will be faster to identify words when they are preceded by a semantically related word when it is preceded by an unrelated word.
In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? - ROACH - SPY - ANT - SKY
SKY
Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? - The conclusion is true. - The conclusion is valid. - Both premises are valid. - The conclusion is not valid.
The conclusion is valid.
Your birthday is coming up and your parents ask you to give them some gift ideas. You could use a pair of tennis shoes, a new computer monitor, a toaster, or a calculator, but what you really want is a winter jacket. In what order should you tell them the items that you want to maximize their chances of remembering the winter jacket when it comes time to pick out your gift?
Toaster, computer monitor, tennis shoes, calculator, and then winter jacket
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
If it takes you one second to mentally rotate an object thirty degrees how long will it take you to mentally rotate the object sixty degrees?
Two seconds
When does bottom-up processing start? a. When motor neurons at the extremities are activated b. When an electrical signal is passed to the brain c. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors d. When the brain encodes information received by the receptors
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside
a bumblebee
Mental-scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. All of these are correct. b. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. c. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. d. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
a. All of these are correct.
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his a. Broca's area b. Extrastriate body area (EBA) c. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) d. Wernicke's area
a. Broca's area
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory. b. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory. c. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory. d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer.
a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory.
In a typical attentional blink experiment, the separation between the targets has no effect on a participant's ability to identify the first target. What does this tell us about the relationship between the two targets? a. The second target does not interfere with the identification of the first target. b. a. The second target interferes with the identification of the second target. c. a. The first target does not interfere with the identification of the second target. d. a. The first target interferes with the identification of the second target.
a. The second target does not interfere with the identification of the first target.
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to remember a map of the area b. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen
a. Trying to remember a map of the area
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a a. cognitive map b. mental model c. memory consolidation d. artificial intelligence
a. cognitive map
Illusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene c. features that are consistent across different stimuli d. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli
a. combinations of features from different stimuli
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on one message and ignore the other at the same time. b. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. c. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. d. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.
a. could focus on one message and ignore the other at the same time.
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. delay b. stimulus presentation c. encoding d. response
a. delay
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas. a. high-saliency b. low-load c. high-load d. low-saliency
a. high-saliency
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds. b. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. c. short-term memory has a limited capacity. d. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory.
a. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. once processing became automatic. b. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. c. when processing was done verbally. d. when processing was more controlled.
a. once processing became automatic.
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. prosopagnosia b. Wernicke's aphasia c. Broca's aphasia d. Alzheimer's disease
a. prosopagnosia
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of a. scene schema b. mirror neurons c. pragnanz d. natural selection
a. scene schema
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. short-term memory to long-term memory. b. sensory memory to long-term memory. c. long-term memory to sensory memory d. sensory memory to short-term memory.
a. short-term memory to long-term memory.
Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs deriving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. c. driving performance was impaired only with handheld cell phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
a. talking on either kind of phone impairs deriving performance significantly and to the same extent.
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. the visuospatial sketch pad b. the phonological loop c. the STM recency effect d. delayed response coding
a. the visuospatial sketch pad
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. working memory is engaged in processing information. b. short-term memory has a central executive function. c. working memory has unlimited capacity. d. short-term memory consists of a number of components.
a. working memory is engaged in processing information.
Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of
an illusory correlation
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.
anaphoric
Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)
availability heuristic
In an experiment like the one in the partial report demonstration, from which matrix row should participants be able to recall the most letters from? a. The second row b. All of the rows should be recalled equally well c. The last row d. The first row
b. All of the rows should be recalled equally well
__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a. Assimilation b. Binding c. Integration d. Equillibration
b. Binding
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a. Change blindness b. Inattentional blindness c. Binding d. Illusory conjunctions
b. Inattentional blindness
What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated. b. One sends information and other receives information. c. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. d. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form.
b. One sends information and other receives information.
In the Muller-Lyer Illusion demonstration, what is the point of subjective equality? a. The point where the difference between the two stimuli is first noticed b. The point where the two stimuli are perceived as the same c. The point where all participants agree on the percept d. The point where the two stimuli are psychically the same
b. The point where the two stimuli are perceived as the same
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects. can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. b. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity c. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments. d. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born.
b. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. cultural influences b. an inborn biological program c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning
b. an inborn biological program
Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as a. behavioral analysis b. analytic introspection c. functional analysis d. information processing
b. analytic introspection
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. b. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. c. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. d. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
b. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of the features are processed a. in one localized area of the brain b. in different parts of the brain c. through fMRI potentials d. by a specific object neuron
b. in different parts of the brain
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be a. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response b. inferred from the participant's behavior c. measured directly d. measured by comparing responses among different participants
b. inferred from the participant's behavior
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. all signals cause activation b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation c. no signals cause activation d. weak signals can cause activation
b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as a. choice reaction time b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. the method of savings
b. operant conditioning
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of a. pragnanz b. similarity c. simplicity d. familiarity
b. similarity
The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________. a. population coding b. specificity coding c. hierarchical coding d. sparse coding
b. specificity coding
When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English. a. the likelihood principle b. speech segmentation c. algorithms d. bottom-up processing
b. speech segmentation
The cocktail party effect is a. the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli b. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd d. the equal division of attention between competing stimuli
b. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
When a choice involves losses, people tend to...
be risk-seeking
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
boat ___ - car ___
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested.
Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection? a. It requires no training. b. It infers mental processes based on objective data. c. It produces variable results from person to person. d. It produces results that are too easy to verify.
c. It produces variable results from person to person.
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. b. Short-term memory provides meaning to information. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information.
c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. b. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene c. are determined primarily by the task d. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second
c. are determined primarily by the task
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. an overload of sensory memory. b. rehearsal interference. c. articulatory suppression. d. an LTM recency effect.
c. articulatory suppression.
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? a. operant conditioning b. reaction time c. classical conditioning d. unconscious interference
c. classical conditioning
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as a. localization of function b. modularity c. distributed representation d. aphasia
c. distributed representation
Scene schema is a. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. b. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. c. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene. d. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene.
c. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a. high-load b. attenuated c. low-load d. filtered
c. low-load
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. direction b. language c. meaning d. physical characteristics
c. meaning
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal
c. parietal
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. echoic memory b. a visual delay effect c. persistence of vision d. top-down processing
c. persistence of vision
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. chain link fence b. brick wall c. picket fence d. solid wall
c. picket fence
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. focused attention b. letter analysis c. preattentive d. feature analysis
c. preattentive
Information remains in sensory memory for a. one to three minutes b. as long as it is rehearsed c. seconds or a fraction of a second d. 15-30 seconds
c. seconds or a fraction of a second
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal
c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
One function of ________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. the phonological loop b. articulatory suppression c. the central executive d. sensory memory
c. the central executive
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and the name matched. b. the shape and name differed. c. the color and the name differed d. the shape and the name matched
c. the color and the name differed
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second then transfers all of it to filter b. the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory c. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information d. the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it.
c. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that a. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure b. the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure d. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure
c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure
Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. principle of similarity b. bottom-up processing c. viewpoint invariance d. semantic regularity
c. viewpoint invariance
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue, but none for the opposing side.
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...
creations from interferences based on baseball knowledge.
What is the process of unconscious inference? a. When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive form our retinas b. When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience c. When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions d. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
d. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road? a. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage b. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic. c. When the person has to drive to work early in the morning. d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
A person with strong _______ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence. a. eyesight b. principles c. sensation d. beliefs
d. beliefs
What is a scene schema? a. knowledge of why a scene should be visualized b. knowledge of events leading to a scene c. knowledge of the meaning of scene d. knowledge of what a scene typically contains
d. knowledge of what a scene typically contains
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to a. process the stimulus b.. perceive the stimulus c. attend to the stimulus d. make a decision about the stimulus
d. make a decision about the stimulus
Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon? a. receptors b. dendrites c. axon d. neurotransmitters
d. neurotransmitters
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. control b. visuospatial c. suppressive d. phonological
d. phonological
The "filter model" proposed that the filter identifies the attended message based on a. higher order characteristics b. modality c. meaning d. physical characteristics
d. physical characteristics
The partial report demonstration predicts that participants will correctly remember more letters when the delay from the offset of the letter matrix until the onset of the tone is ________. a. The delay should not affect the number of letters correctly remembered b. intermediate c. long d. short
d. short
The brain asymmetry demonstration predicts that right handed participants will have a higher hit rate for words shown in the right visual field a. than false alarm rates b. than left handed participants c. almost never d. than in the left visual field
d. than in the left visual field
A synapse is: a. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. d. the gap that separates two different neurons.
d. the gap that separates two different neurons.
Suppose on a trial of a simple detection experiment, a subject has a reaction time of 100 ms. What would you conclude? a. the subject has a direct connection between the eye and finger b. the brain of the subject is much faster than normal c. the subject has very fast reflexes d. the subject started to respond before the stimulus was detected
d. the subject started to respond before the stimulus was detected
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. a. serial b. sequential c. bottom-up d. top-down
d. top-down
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. a. distance; size b. where; what c. size; distance d. what; where
d. what; where
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal.
According to the encoding specificity principle, recall is based upon an interaction between
encoding and the level of processing
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...
encoding specificty
Tanehaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with difference pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ___ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
environmental context
_________ memories are to experiences as ________ memories are to facts.
episodic; semantic
According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors?
more often than the normal distractors
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with a unilateral neglect. This patient was asked how to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.
organizational context
According to the situation model of text processing,
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that
people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were not present.
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children
produce sentences they have never heard.
believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ______ effect
propaganda
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.
the method of loci
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
the person took himself or herself.
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
The conjunction rule states that
the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
the representativeness heuristic
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to reach each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ___ because of the ___ effect.
trial 1; word frequency
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
The likelihood principle states that a. we perceive size to remain the same size even when the objects move to different distances b. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object c. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received d. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.