psyc achieve exam 3

Only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum can be detected by the human visual system. Visible light wavelengths range from approximately _____ to _____ nanometers.

350; 750

Taylor is playing Trivial Pursuit with his friends one night and picks up the card asking, "How many neurons are in the human brain?" Given how hard Taylor has been studying for his upcoming psychology exam, he is quickly able to state the correct answer as:

90 billion

Some friends get a new video game in which they have to remember the locations of many hidden enemies and weapons. They each spend about three hours playing the game. Which statement is true?

All of them will have at least tiny structural changes in their brains.

As a result of a stroke, 75-year-old Eun-Kyung suffered brain damage. While she is no longer able to speak, she can understand what is being said to her. Eun-Kyung suffers from:

Broca's aphasia.

The idea that specific mental and psychological functions are located in specific brain areas is called:

Cortical Localization

Bailey's doctor has scheduled her for a scan to look only at her brain structure (soft tissue). In meeting with her the morning of the scan, her doctor explains to her that this will be a noninvasive procedure, during which Bailey will lie inside a magnetic tube and receive powerful but harmless magnetic fields to her brain. Bailey is scheduled to receive a(n):

MRI

Emil has played the piano for many years. What is MOST likely true about Emil's brain?

The brain area responsible for sensation and motor control of his hands is larger than normal.

Neville is color-blind and cannot see red or green, yet he can see blue. Which theory of color vision can MOST easily explain this?

The trichromatic theory

The term "plasticity" refers to the:

ability of the cortex to adapt to change.

The _____ stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, allowing neurons to communicate with each other

action potential

Carrying too many things in a grocery store leads to a jar of pickles being dropped on the floor. As the glass breaks, the fear response is activated, the _____ gland has pumped epinephrine through the bloodstream.

adrenal

The _____ is the part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons.

axon

Why do humans have a blind spot?

because there are no photoreceptors in the optic disk

Xami is looking at a picture of the retina. She sees that the rods and cones are close to _____, which is also a specialized type of neuron located approximately in the middle of the retina.

bipolar cells

Neurotransmitter is to synaptic gap as hormone is to:

bloodstream

Running up and down the spine and branching throughout the body are neurons that provide connections between the:

brain and body

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her:

cerebellum

Denton can pitch a baseball in what looks like one effortless and smooth movement. What part of the hindbrain is MOST associated with this highly coordinated motion?

cerebellum

Carla has been given an antidepressant medication known as Prozac. A medication such as Prozac is effective because it _____ of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

cerebrospinal fluid

The _____ processes and coordinates sensory input from the body in order to send signals from the brain and spinal cord back to the muscles and bones in the body.

cns

Which statement does NOT describe a means by which drugs affect the nervous system?

damage and degrade neurotransmitters

Last night, Quinn was studying for his psychology final. He was drawing pictures on some scratch paper to help him remember the parts of a neuron. His roommate came into the kitchen and asked him what the tiny branch-like fibers were that extended from the cell body. Quinn told him they were:

dendrites

In response to an exam question, Leilani carefully draws a picture of a neuron and then indicates the sequence of events that are typically involved when a neuron communicates. She is likely to note that information is carried from the:

dendrites to the cell body and then along the axon to the axon terminals and the synapse

Davis has an appointment to see Dr. Myers, who is a specialist at using brain imaging. Davis's non-invasive brain scan will involve lying in a scanner while electromagnetic signals track changes in his brain's blood flow and metabolic activity. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Davis will undergo a(n):

fMRI

Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. She wants to use the least invasive method of brain imaging that will show activity in the brain. Which brain imaging technique should she employ in order to detect which brain areas are active when the participants are lying?

fMRI

Each of the receiving neurons in the visual cortex responds to a particular type of visual stimulation, such as angles, edges, lines, and other forms. These neurons are known as _____.

feature detectors

Henry has been involved in a motor vehicle accident. There has been significant damage to his hindbrain. It is likely that Henry is:

fighting for his life

Measured in hertz, _____ refers to the rate of vibration, or number of sound waves per second.

frequency

Through the case study of Phineas Gage, researchers found that the:

frontal lobe is involved in planning, decision making, and emotion regulation.

Which neuroimaging technique reveals brain structure as well as blood flow that indicates brain functioning?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Powell is learning a great deal about the brain's ability to heal, grow new connections, and reorganize in order to adapt to the environment. As Powell learns about and memorizes this information, it is likely that _____ is occurring in his brain.

functional plasticity

According to the _____ theory, the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

gate-control

The pons and medulla are positioned in the _____, just as the substantia nigra is positioned in the _____.

hindbrain; midbrain

The endocrine system is a communication system that uses glands to convey messages by releasing _____ into the bloodstream.

hormones

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a neurotransmitter involved in:

inhibiting neurons from firing

The largest number of neurons within the brain and spinal cord are responsible for the central nervous system's complex internal communications and intervene between inputs and outputs. These are the:

interneurons

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

iris

If an axon is wrapped in a myelin sheath, a signal would:

jump between breaks of the myelin sheath.

The _____ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.

medulla

Presynaptic neuron is to postsynaptic neuron as:

message-sending neuron is to message-receiving neuron

Vijay has problems orienting to sounds. For example, he cannot tell whether music is coming from the television on one side of the room or from the stereo on the other side of the room. What area of Vijay's central nervous system is likely malfunctioning?

midbrain

Wesley is studying for his final exam in psychology. The chapter on biology and behavior has a lot of terms to remember. He thinks he can remember the nodes of Ranvier because he has a clear mental image of the gaps between the segments of the _____ on axons.

myelin sheath

Victor is very cognitively inclined and loves to challenge his mind with new tasks. The components of his brain that process information in these tasks are his:

neurons

_____ are the billions of cells in your brain that process information, resulting in cognitive processes and behaviors.

neurons

Dr. Reynolds is studying how memories are stored in the brain. Dr. Reynolds is MOST likely a:

neuroscientist

Natalie gets nervous when she is home alone and always feels as though she is hearing things in the apartment. Natalie's increased awareness of her immediate environment is likely caused by the neurotransmitter:

norepinephrine

Memories triggered by smell are often filled with emotion because:

olfactory information is communicated directly to the limbic system.

After a police car with flashing lights and a blaring siren passes him and pulls over another driver for speeding, Jerry's heartbeat soon slows down, his blood pressure decreases, and he stops sweating so much. These calming physical reactions are MOST directly regulated by his:

parasympathetic nervous system

The amygdala is a structure in the brain that is involved in:

perceiving and experiencing emotions and forming emotional memories.

A female animal releases a chemical that signals that she is ready to mate. This chemical is known as a _____.

pheromone

After Eduardo's serious skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Eduardo is MOST likely to have trouble:

playing tennis, typing, and walking with a smooth gait.

If a neuron was compared with a prison, the sodium ions could be compared with the _____ when the neuron is at the resting potential.

prisoners

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in:

producing muscle contractions, learning, and memory

_____ are located on dendrites of a receiving neuron and allow the binding of neurotransmitters, which initiate or prevent a new signal.

receptors

In split-brain experiments, information presented to the left visual field is processed in the:

right hemisphere

Multiple _____ send combined messages to a bipolar cell, whereas a single _____ may link directly to a single bipolar cell.

rods; cones

Meghan is taking an introductory psychology class. Today, her instructor was discussing how a myelin sheath covers many axons. Meghan also found out that _____ are a type of glial cell that produce the myelin that envelops axons in the body

schwann cells

The role of the endocrine system can best be summarized as the:

secretion of hormones into the bloodstream.

Experiencing sudden pain is to _____ as recognizing that one is suffering a heart attack is to _____.

sensation; perception

Perception is the process by which:

sensory input is selected, organized, and interpreted

The case of Phineas Gage revealed the role of the frontal lobe in:

social and emotional behavior as well as the ability to plan and decide.

Picking up a cup of coffee from a table is possible because of the:

somatic nervous system

Dr. Hoffmann studies the central nervous system. His work focuses on the brain and the other component of the central nervous system, which is the:

spinal cord

Five-year-old Theresa is Christmas shopping with her mother and siblings. She looks around and realizes her mother is nowhere to be found. Theresa's _____ nervous system activates the fight-or-flight response. Theresa's mother finally comes around the corner, and Theresa is filled with relief, the result of the activation of the _____ part of her nervous system.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Devan is studying for his midterm and is quizzing himself on the topic of neurons. He is trying to figure out the name for that "tiny space" where neurons connect, which is the:

synaptic gap

Libby is reading about language comprehension and the processing of auditory stimuli. She learns how studies of primate vocalizations support the notion that the ability to recognize language has evolved over time and is processed within the:

temporal lobe

The _____ relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

thalamus

In an experimental situation, Malgorzata is able to detect a very small change in the loudness of two tones. It is MOST likely that the researchers are investigating:

the difference threshold.

A child touches his index finger to a hot pan. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why is his screaming delayed in comparison to pulling away his finger?

the hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, but takes time for the info about pain to reach the brain and produce an emotional response

The results of research on the benefits of mentally stimulating, intellectually challenging environments indicate that:

there is an association with enhanced cognitive funct ioning.

Janie opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they convert into neural messages. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

transduction

The importance of cones to _____ is analogous to the importance of rods to _____.

visual acuity; night vision

The optic nerves meet at the optic chiasm, split apart, and carry information along either side of the brain. Some pass through the midbrain, but most go directly to the thalamus and then on to the:

visual cortex

Where are feature detectors located?

visual cortex