PSYC Chapter 8
puberty
(blank) is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
conception
(blank) occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.
development
(blank) refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment.
A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process?
resilience
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.
Trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met. Trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good.
According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? (Select all that apply.)
Sensorimotor
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage?
Accommodation
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?
schema
According to Piaget, a ( Blank ) is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
assimilation
According to Piaget, a (Blank) is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?
2-7 years
According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?
sensory; physical
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.
formal operational
According to Piaget, the (blank) (blank) level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
intuitive thought
Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as _____.
trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and guilt initative vs guilt industry vs inferiority
Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order.
throughout life
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.
using the preferential looking technique
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as _____.
preferential looking
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the _____ technique.
Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric.
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)
Operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages?
Cross-sectional
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following?
Through the principle of reversibility
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory?
adolescent
Jake is 14 years old and feels very uncomfortable being seen with his parents in public. He is certain that everyone is looking at him. Jake is showing (blank) egocentrism
Formal operational
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?
Formal operational
Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stages of development?
Grasped the idea of object permanence
Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?
Egocentrism
One aspect of adolescent cognition is (blank)a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.
Egocentrism
Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, Mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts?
Physical skills begin to decline, Strength trends downward. Hearing loss is very common with age,
The physical changes that occur during early adulthood include which of the following?. (Select all that apply.)
assimilation
Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knows, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of _____.
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
What are the three domains of development?
Culture
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?
Cognitive development
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
Autonomy versus shame and guilt
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves asserting independence for the first time?
Trust versus mistrust
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver?
Concrete operational
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?
Sensorimotor
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?
Imagining a future occupation Solving problems Being able to speak and understand words
Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)
A framework used for organizing information A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind
Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.)
The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture. Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. It emphasizes collaborative learning.
Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)
Hormonal changes Rapid skeletal growth Changes in the brain
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.)
Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.
Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?
Eye color Family history of hair loss
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)
A young boy calls all liquids "milk," but over time, he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.
Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? (Select all that apply.)
One major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective. Thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic.
Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.)
A study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research?
Biological inheritance
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?
It involves logical reasoning. Abstract thinking is not yet developed.
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)
It is an interactive role. It is an active role.
Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.)
A schema assists us in making sense of experience. A schema organizes information. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills.
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.)
Fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed.
Which of the following statements describes conception?
Most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s.
Which statement about physical changes in adulthood is accurate?
object permanence
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of _____.
