Psyc Chapter 9

Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called

Assimilation

According to Baumrind, _________ parenting is a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent both exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and places firm limits on the child.

Authoritarian

Marissa is a college freshman who is involved in career exploration. According to Erikson's socioemotional theory, she is in the stage of identity vs. identity ______

Confusion

Kohlberg's levels of moral development include which three levels?

Conventional Preconventional Postconventional

In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as

Cross-sectional

Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development emphasized the role of ______.

Culture

Adolescent ________ is a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.

Egocentrism

Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies Piaget's concept of _____.

Egocentrism

Which of the following describes a child who demonstrates secure attachment in the strange situation test? -Elnora who uses her mother as a secure base to explore the environment. -Dawn who rages at her mother when she returns. -Jose who does not even notice that his mother has gone. -Shawnee who responds with great distress when his mother has left.

Elnora who uses her mother as a secure base to explore the environment.

According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in the ______ stage.

Sensorimotor

The ______ stage lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.

Sensorimotor

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

Sensorimotor

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating ______ experiences with ______ actions.

Sensory; physical

Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. According to Ainsworth, this means that

Shanelle is securely attached.

Object permanence is when a child

Understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen.

The importance of culture is emphasized in ______ view of cognitive development.

Vygotsky's

What best describes an insecurely attached child?

It avoids the mother.

A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times is defined as

Resilience

According to Piaget, a(n) _________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.

Schema

What did Harry Harlow's study on infant monkeys demonstrate?

The importance of a mother providing warmth

Harry Harlow's classic study with baby monkeys demonstrated:

the importance of contact comfort a preference for warmth and nestling

According to Piaget, conservation is

the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes. Part of the concrete operational stage

According to Carol Gilligan, what are some fundamental differences in the way men and women view morality?

-Compassion is more salient for women than for men. -Justice is more salient for men than for women.

Which of these are criticisms that have been raised about Kohlberg's theory? -His viewpoint assumes that individual rights are more important than group bonds. -He studied whether people behave morally, but now how people think about morality -He underestimated the role of emotion in moral decision-making. -He placed too much emphasis on the role of culture.

-His viewpoint assumes that individual rights are more important than group bonds. -He underestimated the role of emotion in moral decision-making.

Cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples?

A study where elementary students in grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 are surveyed all at one time

According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ______ to the environment.

Accommodate

According to Piaget's schema theory, a toddler might learn to call all four-legged animals "dogs." As time went on, however, he would realize that a cat is not the same as a dog and so would develop a new cat schema. This process is

Accommodation

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?

Accommodation

Mary, a one-and-a-half-year-old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has developed the capacity for abstract thought. moved into the concrete operational stage. grasped the concept of conservation. accomplished object permanence.

Accomplished object permanence

What is the main emphasis of Kohlberg's theory of development?

Advances in moral reasoning skills, which stem from advances in cognitive skills

According to Piaget's theory, what occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge.

Assimilation

An infant enjoys sucking on his pacifier. When he comes across a stuffed toy, he puts it in his mouth and starts sucking on it. This is an example of__________. After months of experience, the infant learns that the purpose of the stuffed toy is to play with it, not put it in his mouth. This illustrates ________.

Assimilation; Accommodation

John Bowlby theorized that am important foundation for a child's later development is

Attachment

Kirsten and her newborn have a close emotional bond. Kirsten believes this is important because it "sets the stage" for relationships later in life. This bond, according to Bowlby, is ______

Attachment

Maria's parents make it clear to her that their rules must be followed with absolutely no exceptions. They are ______ parents.

Authoritarian

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence? Schooling Family dynamics Biological inheritance Neighborhood quality

Biological inheritance

What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive

According to researcher Carol Gilligan, ______ is more salient for women than for men, and _______ is more salient for men than for women.

Compassion; Justice

At around 11 to 15 years of age individuals enter Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development.

Formal operational

Which of the following are examples of cognitive development? Imagining a future occupation Hormonal changes during puberty Being able to speak and understand words Problem solving

Imagining a future occupation Being able to speak and understand words Problem solving

Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's research? He overemphasized the role of culture role in children's cognitive development. Infants as young as 3 months of age know that objects continue to exist even when hidden. Many adolescents and even adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed. Piaget thought children develop object permanence much earlier than they actually do.

Infants as young as 3 months of age know that objects continue to exist even when hidden. Many adolescents and even adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed.

The ______ theory of cognitive development focuses on how people take in, manipulate, and use information.

Information processing

Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? Eye color Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood Family history of hair loss

Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood

Frank and Wilma still consider themselves "hippies." They raised their children to be what Wilma calls "creative" and Frank refers to as "free to make their own decisions." Most likely Frank and Wilma subscribe to ______ parenting.

Permissive

Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as

an insecurely attached infant.

Which of the following are attachment styles as defined by Ainsworth?

anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment Secure attachment avoidant insecure attachment

Ali's parents were disappointed when his teacher told them he had been skipping class. They told Ali that he should know better than that and discussed with him why he wasn't going to class all the time. His parents are showing a(n) ______ parenting style.

authoritative

Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.) a. A schema means that we are unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective. b. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. c. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. d. A schema organizes information.

b. A schema assists us in making sense of experience. c. Schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills. d. A schema organizes information.

Which of the following statements are true regarding "resilience"? a. It is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. b. Resilience involves making the most out of life. c. This term is used to describe someone who can recover from or adapt to difficult circumstances. d. A person who is resilient never experiences anxiety or distress under difficult circumstances.

b. Resilience involves making the most out of life. c. This term is used to describe someone who can recover from or adapt to difficult circumstances.

In Piaget's theory, what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? a. Assimilation occurs primarily in infancy, while accommodation occurs primarily in early childhood and beyond. b. Accommodation occurs primarily in infancy, while assimilation occurs primarily in early childhood and beyond. c. Assimilation does not involve changing schemas while accommodation does. d. Accommodation involves changing schemas, while assimilation does not.

c. Assimilation does not involve changing schemas while accommodation does.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic thought of the formal operational stage of cognitive development? -classifying things into subsets and considering their interrelations -thinking about things that are not concrete -using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future -making predictions

classifying things into subsets and considering their interrelations

Which of the following is the definition of development? a. Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs during childhood. b. Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs only through growth. c. Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs genetically. d. Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life.

d. Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life.

Authoritarian parents are

rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience.

During what period is the Operational Stage

12 years through adulthood

During what period is the Preoperational stage

2 to 7 years

During what period is the Concrete Operational Stage

7-12 years Understands world through logical thinking and categories

Which of the following are elements of Bowlby's view on attachment? Attachment involves infants discovering that they have a will of their own. Attachment to a caregiver is especially important during the first year of life. Attachment is instinctive. Attachment is important for later development.

Attachment to a caregiver is especially important during the first year of life. Attachment is instinctive. Attachment is important for later development.

What parenting style is exemplified by verbal give-and-take and warm and comforting behavior towards the child?

Authoritative

Which type of parenting involves encouraging the child to be independent but placing limits and controls on behavior?

Authoritative

During what period is the sensorimotor stage predominant?

Birth to 2 years

According to most developmental psychologists, which is more important in understanding development: nature or nurture? Neither is important. Nature Nurture Both are important.

Both are important

Being able to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations is a skill that appears during the ______ stage.

Concrete operational

Piaget's ______ stage lasts from about 7 to 11 years of age, during which time the individual replaces intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in certain situations.

Concrete operational

Which of these is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory?

Moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior.

According to Baumrind, ___________ the style refers to parents who are uninvolved in their children's lives.

Neglectful

Fay's mother spends a lot of time out of the house visiting friends. Fay's father is at the office most of the time. Neither parent knows where Fay is or what she is doing. Which parenting style best describes Fay's parents?

Neglectful

Trevor's parents are unaware of what he is doing much of the time. According to Baumrind, which of the following parenting styles best describes these parents' interactions with their child?

Neglectful

According to Diana Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as

Neglectful parents

In developmental psychology, the term __________ refers to an organism's environmental experiences.

Nurture

Ellen has clearly developed ______ _______ because when her sister hides her pacifier under a towel, Ellen moves the towel to find it.

Object permanence

When Piaget referred to________ , he meant mental representations that are reversible.

Operational

Carrie's parents are involved with her, but have the belief that if they place few limits on her, she will develop into a creative and free-spirited child. According to Baumrind, which of the following parenting styles best describes Carrie's parents?

Permissive

Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation where parents let their children do pretty much what they want?

Permissive

Children have a difficult time understanding that reversing an action may restore the original conditions from which the action began during the ______ stage.

Preoperational

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 2 to 7 and is characterized by the development of language?

Preoperational

Information-processing theory of child development emphasizes ______.

Specific processes for encoding and using information

Mary Ainsworth devised the ______ to measure children's attachment.

Strange situation test

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of temperament in children? The easy child The difficult child The friendly child The slow-to-warm-up child

The friendly child

Mary Ainsworth developed a procedure called the "strange situation" which she used to study types of attachment. Ainsworth found which of the following?

The securely attached infant moves freely away from the mother but also keeps tabs on her. An insecurely attached infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent towards her.

What are the basic types, or clusters, of temperament?

The slow-to-warm-up child: cautious in the face of new experiences The difficult child: slow to accept new experiences The easy child: adapts easily to new experiences

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.) a. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. b. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations. c. In this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences. d. An important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets.

a. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. b. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.

According to Piaget, which of the following are examples of assimilation? a. A first-semester college student uses the same study strategies that worked for her in the past b. An infant sucks on each new object he encounters c. An adolescent who has always gone along with the crowd refuses to yield to peer pressure d. After meeting a new set of friends, a man changes his assumptions about what a healthy relationship looks like

a. A first-semester college student uses the same study strategies that worked for her in the past b. An infant sucks on each new object he encounters

Authoritarian parenting is a

strict punitive style of parenting.

Frank and Eileen are, according to Baumrind's theory of parenting style, "permissive parents." This means

they believe their parenting style will result in creative and confident children they are involved with their children

Which of the following terms refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life?

Development

Other developmental psychologists have posed which of the following criticisms of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Development does not occur in discrete stages. It is more continuous. Infants are more sophisticated in their cognitive ability than as outlined by Piaget.

Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? (Select all that apply.) Controls with little verbal exchange Encourages independence Does not get involved in children's lives and choices Places limits

Encourages independence Places limits

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.) Eye color Family history of hair loss Nutrition in early childhood Peer pressure

Eye color Family history of hair loss

Which of the following examples best describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage? Three-year-old John gives personal opinions and guesses, and does not rely on logical reasoning when asked a question. Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother, who is across the room, can see the pictures. Three-year-old Hank believes his father knows what he (Hank) is thinking. A toddler who is described as a "slow-to-warm-up" child has a low activity level and is not very adaptive.

Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother, who is across the room, can see the pictures. Three-year-old Hank believes his father knows what he (Hank) is thinking.

Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by "operations"? Physical procedures that are not reversible Physical procedures that are reversible Mental representations that are not reversible Mental representations that are reversible

Mental representations that are reversible

______ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do.

Moral

_________ development involves changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do.

Moral

Attachment is

The close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver

True or false: Genes and environment interact; neither of these operates alone.

True

Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? a. A young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns to differentiate schemas for "daddy" and "other men." b. A young boy calls all liquids "milk," but over time he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. c. A very young infant knows that when a ball is placed under a blanket it still exists.

a. A young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns to differentiate schemas for "daddy" and "other men." b. A young boy calls all liquids "milk," but over time he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.

Dr. Abrams is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abrams is most likely using the ______ technique. a. preferential looking b. object permanence c. attachment d. longitudinal

a. Preferential looking

Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?

Formal operational

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from about age 11 through adulthood and is characterized by abstract and idealistic thinking?

Formal operational

A child who has not even noticed that her mother has gone away from her for a short period of time would be described as having _______ attachment in Ainsworth's strange situation task.

Insecure

A person's temperament is their

behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.