PSYC Exam 3 Part 1
What is responsible for our daily rhythms of wakefulness and sleepiness?
a brain area that generates these rhythms
What controls the biological rhythms of wakefulness and sleepiness?
an area in the brain
What criticism do psychologists today make regarding Freud's theory of dreams?
it makes no testable predictions
Which of the following characterizes someone in a coma?
low brain activity with no response to any stimulation
Sleepwalking occurs mostly in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. Why would it be unlikely in REM?
major muscles are paralyzed during REM
A worker at International Amalgamated, Inc. is currently working from 8 am to 4 pm. The company wants to shift her to a different work time. For the sake of her physical and mental health, which change would be the best?
mover her to the 4 pm to midnight shift, then to the midnight to 8 am shift
What disorder, if anything, is related to talking in your sleep?
nothing
Ordinarily, people do not walk or otherwise act out their dreams during REM sleep because REM sleep is associated with
relaxation of the major muscles
According to Sigmund Freud, what do dreams reveal about a person?
unconscious thoughts and motivations
During an ordinary night's sleep, the usual sequence of sleep is
1-2-3-4-3-2-REM...
In 1965, a high school student, Randy Gardner, stayed awake 11 days for a science fair project. What effect did this experience have on him?
Gardner suffered no serous psychological consequences
During which stage of sleep is the brain most active?
REM
Nightmares occur mostly during ___ sleep; night terrors occur during ___ sleep
REM non-REM
What happens to body temperature and logical reasoning over the course of an experiment in which volunteers go without sleep for 3 days?
They become lower over days, but they improve a bit each morning compared to the previous night
You are monitoring the sleep of a healthy young woman, you note that a high percentage of her sleep has been occupied by REM for the last hour. Which of the following is most likely?
You are recording her during the first hour or two of the night
On average, how do the circadian rhythms of younger and older adults compare?
older adults are more likely to have their most alert time early in the day
REM sleep is synonymous with
paradoxical sleep
Do any blind people have visual dreams?
yes, people who became blind by eye damage at least temporarily have visual dreams
Some people describe themselves as "morning people", while others describe themselves as "evening people". Which of the following statements is true regarding that distinction?
"Evening people" have low body temperatures in the morning that gradually rise during the day
In an unchanging environment (such as a cave or a submarine), people become sleepy about once every
12-13 hours
An investigator who wishes to identify whether a person is in stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 of sleep would probably rely on which device?
EEG
A circadian rhythm lasts about how long?
a day
Night terrors are fairly common in ___ and they occur mostly during ___ sleep
children non-REM
Which of the following is likely to cause people to ignore one half of the body?
damage to the right hemisphere of the brain
During REM sleep
dreaming is likely to occur
What evidence indicated that a woman in a vegetative state may be conscious?
her brain activity responded to commands such as "imagine playing tennis"
Dreaming is similar to
mind wandering
During which stage(s) of sleep does dreaming occur?
mostly during REM sleep, but some also during non-REM sleep
Logan often has sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day. He is probably suffering from what?
narcolepsy
People with which disorder have trouble breathing while they are asleep?
sleep apnea
The brain activity associated with REM sleep is most similar to that associated with
stage 1 sleep
During which stage of sleep is brain activity the least?
stage 4
The greatest difficulty with Freud's theory of dreams is that
the accuracy of the therapist's interpretations cannot be tested
Why is sleepwalking unlikely during REM sleep?
the postural muscles are so relaxed that they would not support a person
What evidence suggests that we sometimes consciously perceive a stimulus afterward, instead of simultaneously with it?
the way you perceive a first stimulus sometimes alters the way you perceive a second stimulus
Researchers flash a word briefly on a screen, followed by a masking pattern. What is the purpose of the masking pattern?
to prevent consciousness of the stimulus
In which condition does the brain show a low, steady rate of activity and no response to any stimulus?
coma
What is one important function of sleep?
conserving energy
A person is suffering from insomnia if he or she
consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day due to lack of sleep
Jet lag occurs whenever you change time zones quickly. Which type of trip will result in the most difficult adjustment?
flying from Los Angeles to New York
A period of sleep ___ memory for something just learned and ___ attention and memory for material learned after awakening
improves improves
REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep because
the brain is very active, but the muscles are relaxed
People note the moment when they decide to flex their wrist, and they report it later. Researchers record the time of the movement, the time of the reported decision, and the time when activity began to increase in the premotor cortex of the person's brain. Which comes FIRST?
the increase in brain activity
In nearly all cases of REM sleep,
the postural muscles are completely relaxed
Researchers wanted to present a stimulus that would become conscious on some trials and not on others, while keeping the stimulus itself the same. Which of these methods did they use to make the stimulus unconscious?
they presented interfering stimuli before and after the stimulus
