psyc final
Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level?
"What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
20S
Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
20s
Maria is a generous and altruistic woman who has a strong religious faith. According to the big five model of personality, Maria would likely score high on which of the following traits?
Agreeableness
Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?
An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.
_____ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Anorexia nervosa
Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing _____therapy.
Beck's cognitive
Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne's therapist seems to practice _____ therapy.
Beck's cognitive
_____ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder
_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Borderline Personality Disorder
_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Borderline personality disorder
At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy. At social events, Carrie was the life of the party. She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?
Carrie adopted her persona at parties.
Which of the following is true with regard to development?
Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.
_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.
Dissociative disorders
_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder
Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?
Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.
Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?
Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly
_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.
Flat affect
Which of the following is true of psychoanalytic techniques?
Freud believed that a person's current problems could be traced to childhood experiences.
_____ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _____ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture.
Hallucinations/Delusions
Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?
If an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return.
Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.
Which of the following statements is true of individuals diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Individuals with OCD dwell on their doubts and repeat their routines sometimes hundreds of times a day
Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?
It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.
Which of the following statements is true of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
It states that frustration always leads to aggression.
Which of the following situations indicates resilience that characterizes development in adulthood?
Jonathan, who did not get good grades in middle school, studies hard in high school and gets a scholarship at an Ivy League university.
_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other.
Lateralization
_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.
Mania
Which of the following conclusions was drawn from the Stanford prison experiment conducted by Zimbardo?
People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.
`_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.
Resilience
_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.
Romantic love
_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.
Schizophrenia
Which of the following was proposed by Kubler-Ross?
She proposed a stage model of confronting death, in which the dying individual progresses from denial to acceptance.
Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?
She viewed psychological health as allowing individuals to express their talents freely.
_____ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group.
Stereotype threat
Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?
The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
Which of the following statements about the structures of personality is FALSE?
The id and the ego are completely unconscious.
Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?
The process of myelination begins prenatally.
Which of the following statements about research on the "beautiful is good" stereotype is FALSE?
There is little truth to the "beautiful is good" stereotype. Attractive people do not really possess the positive characteristics of the stereotype.
In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?
a composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face
A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing
a delusion.
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as
attribution
Ian came home after curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. Which of the following types of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?
authoritarian
When Justin told his parents that he wanted to learn an extracurricular activity, his parents gave him the liberty to choose any activity of his choice. However, they restricted him from choosing dangerous sports like motor-car racing. In this scenario, Justin's parents are following the _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Ivan is a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior. According to Rogers, Ivan is likely to develop knowledge of
conditions of worth.
Katie bought a few t-shirts from a garage sale. While purchasing them, she tried her best to bargain as she knew the seller was charging her a higher price for every t-shirts compared to the others. After reaching home, she found that there was an extra t-shirts in her bag for which she did not pay. As her mother had taught her to return things that did not belong to her, Katie went back to the store and returned the extra t-shirts. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, Katie belongs to the _____ level of moral development.
conventional
Which of the following is most likely to reduce the kinds of group biases that exist in face-to-face groups?
crowdsourcing
Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
The goal of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is
to set off a seizure in the brain.
For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least
two weeks
The therapeutic environment of client-centered therapy is likely to be characterized by
warmth and support.
The bystander effect is most likely to occur
when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present.
Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?
Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?
Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.
_____ refers to the processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of others.
Person perception
_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
Positive illusions
According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals
adjust their schemas to new information.
A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset. No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has. The boy's beliefs are consistent with
adolescent egocentrism.
When individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person, they are displaying
affectionate love.
A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of
anorexia nervosa.
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains
archetypes
Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with
bipolar disorder.
Lithium is commonly used to treat
bipolar disorder.
The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?
borderline personality disorder
Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from
bulimia nervosa.
The most common compulsion exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive
cleansing
Researchers have found that when there is an ethnic match between the therapist and the client and when ethnic-specific services are provided,
clients have better treatment outcomes.
When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce
cognitive dissonance.
Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices
cognitive therapy.
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the
collective unconscious.
Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
defense mechanisms
Elizabeth visited a psychiatrist who, after interviewing her, recommended either Paxil or Prozac. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Elizabeth is most likely suffering from
depression
Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as
difficult
Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?
dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with extraversion?
dopamine
In the course of prenatal development, by the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings.
embryonic
Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of
explicit racism.
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?
extraversion
Children of permissive parents
fail to learn respect for others and have difficulty controlling their behavior.
Given that collectivist cultures place more importance on the group than on the individual, some psychologists have suggested that _____ is likely to be more effective with people from Asian and Latino cultures.
family therapy
All of the following are symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder EXCEPT
feeling emotionally charged.
Jason is working on an experiment during his science class and is following a procedure to systematically analyze the outcome. Jason is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
A(n) _____ is a mental framework for understanding what it means to be male or female in one's culture.
gender schema
An individual who has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months and unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings likely suffers from
generalized anxiety disorder.
A schizophrenic patient hears multiple voices inside his head talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. It can be inferred that the patient is experiencing the symptom of
hallucinations
When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing
hallucinations.
Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities. Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.
humanistic perspective
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.
humanistic perspectives
Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?
id
According to Freud, the _____ operates according to the pleasure principle, whereas the _____ operates on the reality principle.
id/ego
Linda has decided to pursue law because everyone in her family is a lawyer. This is an example of
identity foreclosure.
As young Javier gets off his school bus, he runs to his mother and proudly shows her the book he read at school today. Which of the following Erikson's childhood stages is Javier demonstrating?
industry vs. inferiority
Catatonia
is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time.
In the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, the central route
is more persuasive when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention.
In the context of drug therapy, the widespread increase in the number of individuals taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to combat their depression is primarily due to the
lesser side effects as compared to other antidepressants.
In a female embryo, what allows for the normal development of female sex organs?
low levels of androgens
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?
low levels of conscientiousness
The Americans with Disabilities Act
made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is
major depressive disorder.
It has been over two years since the death of her husband and Jenna still cannot cope with her loss. Since then, she feels hopeless, and has been constantly preoccupied with thoughts of death and cannot seem to find much pleasure in life. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Jenna is most likely suffering from
major depressive disorder.
A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.
maladaptive thoughts
With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered
maladaptive.
Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.
medical model
Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.
middle adulthood
Clients of therapists who do not monitor the quality of the therapeutic alliance are
more likely to drop out of therapy.
In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.
nondirective
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like fainting and has trouble catching his breath. John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of
panic disorder.
As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting.
permissive
Abnormal behavior is
personally distressful over a long period of time.
According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?
phallic
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?
preoperational
In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
pressure for unanimity
Festinger's social comparison theory
provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.
The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.
proximity
Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.
psychological
Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?
psychosurgery
Which of the following forms of treatment would be used only as a last resort to help patients with severely debilitating conditions?
psychosurgery
If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
The primary goal of behavior therapy is to
reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.
All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT
reduced awareness.
Elizabeth, a family therapist, tells Roy's family that his problem of cocaine addiction is related to the dynamics that exists within their family. According to this information, it can be inferred that Elizabeth practices the _____ technique.
reframing
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as
relational aggression.
Antipsychotic drugs are used to treat
schizophrenia.
In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by
selecting an impartial leader.
Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?
self-concept
John, an alcoholic, does not have much money, but requires the help of a mental-health professional. He might best be served by contacting a
self-help support group.
Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.
self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity
Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Depressed people tend to have fewer receptors of the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for
severe depression.
Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for
smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.
The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others is known as
social comparison.
Which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?
social identity theory
Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?
sociocultural approach
What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?
sociocultural approach
A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing
specific phobia.
By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to
stabilize moods.
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is
testosterone
What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD?
the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts
Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence
the amygdala is developed earlier than the prefrontal cortex.
Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?
the investment model
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
the psychological approach
Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.
the quality of the client's participation
According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is
the status bestowed to those who have one.
Freud considered _____ to be the primary motivating force of human behavior.
the unconscious
The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because
they are far removed from reality.
In the _____ week of prenatal physical development, the neural tube, which eventually becomes the spinal cord, starts to take shape.
third
