Psyc Test 2
What is phase 1 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?
0-2 months; pre attachment- babies are not really attached and will go to anyone
How is the apgar scale scored? What are the 5 indices?
0-2 on five health indicators; heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability
What is the average length and weight of an American baby at birth? What is considered normal for weight?
20 in and 7.5 lbs; 6-11
What percent of women don't experience blues or depression? Can men experience it?
20%; yes
What is a baby's vision at 6 months?
20/40 or better
At birth, a babies brain weighs ___% of its adult brain weight which is ____
25; 3.5
When do other emotions start to appear? What are they?
2nd half of 1st year and by age 2; jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, and shame
When does laughing appear?
3-4 months
How tall is the average child at age 2?
32-35 inches tall
When does the % of time in REM sleep decrease?
3months
How many areas/lobes in each hemisphere
4
When do babies begin to prefer salty tastes?
4 months- prepare them for solid foods
Baby should double their birth weight by ____months and triple by _______
4 or 5; first birthday (21+ lbs)
What are secondary circular reactions? When?
4-8 months; infant attempts to repeat action that produces some effect in the external environment (occurs by chance, happen to do something, place rattle in their hand and they move to make a noise and do it again/ kicking foot to move mobile) (physical or social)
What percent of births in louisiana are C sections? What is the national average? When do insurance companies not pay?
40%; 15% insurance companies will not pay for inductions that are initiated prior to the 39th week gestation point
Most baby lose ____% of their body weight adjusting to the world
5-7
What is considered low birth weight?
5.5 or less
How many calories per day does a baby need? How does this compare to an adult? What is the most common nutritional error beyond a year?
50 calories per pound per day; 2xs adults requirement per pound; too few fruits and vegetables, and too much junk food
When does fear emerge?
6 months and peaks at 18
How long is it recommended to breast feed? What percent of women do this?
6 months to a year; 65-75% breast feed for a period of time
How long should sexual activity be postponed?
6 weeks
How long do general family adjustments last? What is this period called?
6 weeks; postpartum period
What is duchene smile? When does it appear?
6-8 months; pinched eyes, raised cheeks, opened mouth
How long is the second stage of birth?
7 hours
What is phase 3 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?
7-24 months; clear cut attachment to a primary care giver, separation protest
By age 2 a child has _____-______% of its adult brain weight
70-75
What percent of adult brain weight does a child have at age 2?
70-75%
What is the coordination of secondary circular reactions stage? When?
8-12 months; first signs of intentional behavior (drop one toy for another, move something to pick a cheerio off the ground)
What percent of the population is right handed?
85-95%
By age 6, what percent of adult brain does a child have?
90%
Between 3 and 6 a child has ____% of adult brain weight
90&
at adolescence a child has ___% of its brain weight
95
What percent of births in america take place in a hospital?
99%
Look at figures
:)
Look at the apgar scale table
:))))
What are the parts of a neuron?
Cell body with the nucleus in the center and branches- dendrites
How long is the first stage of birth? What happens to the cervix? What can occur three months before the first stage?
Cervix meshes with the uterine lining; lasts about 12-14 hours for a first pregnancy and some contractions may be initiated up to three months before known as Braxton-hicks contractions
What is a C-Section called? Why is is needed?
Cesarean Delivery; unusual position; butt first or baby having trouble breathing; super old or young motherQ
What is depravation dwarfism?
Condition that occurs called depravation dwarfism between 3-5 bc not getting enough love and nurturing
Temperament depends on gender and culture how?
Depending on whether it's a boy or a girl, what happens vs others; some cultures- strong expressions of reactivity is frowned upon and squashed,
What is the first stage of birth? describe it
Dilation and effacement of the cervix; (widening and thinning) 10 cm is dilated
What was the strange experiment?
Floor with a bunch of toys on the floor and play for about three mins then a stranger comes in; how does the baby respond? Look at mom for advice, conversing with mom, stranger attempts to engage the baby then mom leaves and how does the baby respond to the absense of mom and being alone with the stranger- 3 more mins then the stranger leaves; how does the baby respond - if the baby doesn't go crazy then it keeps going and mom comes back—how does the baby react?
What are the four lobes and what do they do?
Frontal (higher order processing), occipital (base of the brain, vision),parietal (sensation, perception, spatial relations), temporal (hearing and speaking)
What is Kwashiorkor?
Ghanaian word; condition that occurs between 1 and 3; relates to or means disease suffered by a child displaced from the breast; diet very low in nutrients and other micronutrients such as zinc
Later in infancy, what is something that infants do to regulate their emotions and cope?
redirect gaze or distract themselves in order to reduce arousal; withdrawing (running away or crawling)
What is natural childbirth? Prepared?
reduce pain with breathing techniques and relaxation; Lamaze
Newborns spend 50% of their time in what kind of sleep?
REM sleep (rapid eye movement)
Newborns often begin with ____ and may spend ____ time in REM sleep during the first 2 months
REM; 50%
What are built in reactions to stimuli? What are the two types?
reflexes; genetically carried survival mechanisms - automatic or involuntary
What is an exogenous smile? When does it appears?
response to an external stimulus; tickling or response to seeing mother enter the room (tickling a stomach)- 2 to 3 weeks
What part of the brain is the network of nerves cells scattered throughout the brain stem- improved in attention, concentration, alertness, consciousness
reticular formation
What is synaptic blooming?
same thing as synaptogensis basically
If the dominating fluid in the body is blood, what is the personality like?
sanguine- normal, optimistic
What are the characteristics of a insecure disorganized/ disoriented child?
schizophrenic mother- sometimes motherly and lovey and sometimes nothing was good enough- produces an insecure baby
What children have found to be more enthusiastic, persistent, cooperative, curious, outgoing, socially involved, competent, and appropriately dependent
securely
What type of baby uses the caregiver as a secure base?
securely attached babies
What is a baby's depth perception?
seeing how far away something is; visual cliff- how early does a baby perceive depth?; test by using looming object- for babies who are 1 month of age and swing a pendulum toward their face, they wont flinch but 2 or 3 months of age they flinch or blink Looming objects- put a baby in a harness and carry them over something not too far from then drop off and they get scared
What are mothers of securely attached children like?
sensitive, available, responsive, considerate
What are gestures?
showing and pointing
What are the six sensorimotor substages?
simple reflexes, first habits and primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, internalization of schemes/symbolic thought substage
What was the study at Duke university?
situations where the babies heard audio of voices and when they heard three voices they looked at the group of three, two voices looked at the two people
What do nutrition and exercise affect?
skeletal growth, body shape, and susceptibility to disease
What are gross motor skills?
skills that involve large- muscle activities
What is Vernix caseosa?
skin grease; protects the baby from heat loss, eases transition through birth canal
What is recommended to help prevent SIDS? What is also needed though?
sleeping on the back; tummy time is needed
What does the growth rate do in early childhood?
slows but still most obvious physical change
What is an endomorph like? Mesomorph? ectomorph?
soft, round, plump- jolly but gullible (Santa) medium frame, muscular individual, athletic (aggressive) tall, thin, wiry (similar to choleric personality, high strung, tense, nervous)
What is the role of a primary caregiver with a child who's fears?
soothing; cuddling, rocking, singing, stroking
Phlegm?
stoic, stick in the mud, unemotional
What does the hippocampus have a role in?
storing new memories, involved in transfer of info to long term memory from short term, role in navigation ability; larger in taxi cab drivers
What are emotions?
subjective feelings associated with degrees of pleasantness or unpleasantness; physiological states or underpinnings
What is something an infant might do to self soothe?
suck their thumb
What is sids? At what age is it the highest cause of infant death? When are babies most at risk? Why
sudden infant death syndrome, 1-12 months; risk highest at 2-4 months because brains re developing circuits that control for arousal, breathing, heart rate, etc, during this time
What are the first emotions a baby expresses in the first 6 months?
surprise, interest, frustration, fear, disgust
What is edema? What happens when they get a normal diet?
swelling in the hands and feet and looks like the babies are over fed bc they have protruding bellies but they are acutally malnourished and the body is breaking down its protein reserves causing swelling; the baby will gain weight rapidly and may become obese bc the body wants to save incase starved again
What did Sheldon say about temperament?
talked about soma types (body) and your build affects your personality
Compared to professional parents, parents on welfare ___
talked much less to young children, talked less about past events, provided less elaboration
What is the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale?
test performed within 24-36 hours after birth to assess newborn's neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people (does it cuddle or lie limp, react to ice)
What did Bus and Ploman discover?
that kids fall on a continuum with their sociability, emotionality, and activity level---some are more stoic and inactive
What is infinite generativity?
the ability to produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules
What is goodness of fit?
the match between temperament and the environmental demands with which a child must cope; (if you have a boy that likes activity and outside you don't wanna live in a place without a yard)
When does the Me self emerge? What is?
the objective sense of self; self with properties (arms, legs, etc.), becomes more self willed, more possessive, more self-conscious (shy)
What did William James indicate?
the presence of I self and me self
What is synaptic pruning?
a lot of connections initially established but aren't used so cut off dead parts to allow for the system to work better
What is the second stage of birth?
actual birth of the infant; from the time the baby's head emerges to the time when it is fully out
What is accommodation?
adjusting schemes to take new informations and experiences into account
Why do babies typically lose a little weight after birth?
adjusting to life outside of the womb; typically lose a little weight bc they have to nourish themselves
What children are generally taller than white children?
african americans
Accoring to berger (2012), what is the oder of ethnicity with regard to physical development
african americans then hispanic americans then european americans
What is the third stage of birth?
afterbirth; takes about 3-10 mins; placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes are expelled
Babies who understand the I self think of themselves as what?
agents in the world making things happen
What are fine motor skills?
anything that requires finger dexterity
What is disrupted with edema?
appetite control centers disrupted
How big was Rumaisa Rahman?
born 2004 in Maywood Illinois; 8.6 ozs
What is preterm?
born 3 weeks or more before term
How do boys and girls compare at birth?
boys are typically larger but girls are more mature in their bones
What is a dendrite?
branching; receiving parts of the nerve cell; carry signals to the cell body
What has been the norm for child feeding since the beginning?
breast feeding
What do babies prefer than a plain circle?
bulls eye target or black and white stripes
How do infants construct an understanding of the world?
by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical actions
The first year of life, the baby is ______ heavy then slims down
top
How does development proceed?
top down and center out
What appears to have a demonstrable effect on a child's later development?
trusting secure attachment between the child and parent
How many hemispheres of the brain are there?
two halves or hemispheres
What do babies do with language from 8-24 months?
two word utterances and phrases
What does Piaget say about children at 2 years old?
can produce complex sensorimotor patterns and use primitive symbols; (make associations between the bark of a dog and what a dog is)
What are nodes of ranvier?
carry singles and advances impulses
What is proximodistal?
center of the body outward (more control of the trunk of your body than extremitites)
How long does a newborn sleep?
typical newborn sleeps 16-18 hours a day in 2-4 hour cycles
What is infantile amnesia?
typically you don't remember anything before the age of 3; brain is still developing- don't have language to piece that language together
What is extremely low birth weight?
under 2.2 lbs at birth
What is very low birth weight?
under 3.3 lbs at birth
What is object permanence?
understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched;
What babies tend to be taller?
urban, middle-SES and first born children
What is assimilation?
use of existing schemes to incorporate new information or experiences
What is telegraphic speech?
use of short, precise words without grammatical marks such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives
What can kids do by the age of 2 to help regulate and cope?
use verbalizations expressing their emotions
What is the apgar scale?
used to assess the health of newborns at 1 min and 5 mins after birth
When does simple reflex substage occur? What is it?
very early on in life, babies are responding to simple reflexes (rooting, sucking, Babinski, etc) the time of birth through the first month
What kind of control does a baby have over fine motor skills at birth?
very little
What test did Jeffrey Pickins do?
video of two locomotives, one appearing to be coming toward and one retreating and when they heard the sound getting lowder, they looked at the one going towrd them and the one going further when the noise got quieter- understood visual and sound integration
What is the vision of a baby by its 1st birthday?
vision of an adult
What did Elizabeth Spelke do?
visual and sound integration puppets (4 months)- babies would look at the one bouncing with the tempo of the music
What is centering of attention on one characteristic to the negation of all others?
centration
What part of the brain has advanced myelination that leads to improved posture, balance, coordination, and overall gross motor proficiency?
cerebellum
What is the late first stage of birth?
cervix is fully dilated and that amniotic sac has ruptured, releasing amniotic fluid
Yellow bile?
choleric personality, high strung, tense, nervous, irritable
What did behaviorists oppose?
chomsky's lad hypothesis; stated that langauge is nothing more than chains of responses acquired through imitation and reinforcement
Infants display amazing resiliency undergoing what procedure?
circumcision surgery
How does a insecure resistant baby react?
cling to mom, not freely explore the room; baby uneasy with stranger, when mom leaves the baby cries and is not easily soothed by the stranger; when mom returns the baby makes contact- then pushes away or hits; wants to get close but pushes away bc mom is inconsistently available
What is the most common form of synesthesia?
colored letters and numbers, always seeing plane as green and 4 as brown; smell in response to touch, hear sounds in response to smell, feel in response to sight
What is the purpose of crying?
communicate, increases serotonin to help the baby sleep well
What noises/communication to babies make from 1-2 months?
cooing; gurgling sounds usually expressing pleasure
fine motor skill change by age 4?
coordination and improved substantially
What is the large bundle of fibers connecting the two hemispheres?
corpus colosseum
What does the cerebral cortex do?
covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap
What did Mary Ainsworth?
created the strange situation; assessed the degree to which the caregiver's presence produces the infant with security and confidence; caregiver characteristics and behaviors important
What are neologisms?
creation of a new word that hadn't been taught
What is synaptogenesis?
creation of more synapses as the baby gets older
What is the basic way that babies communicate?
crying
What is separation protest? When does it peak?
crying when a caregiver leaves (13-15 months)
What does formula feeding allow? What is usually better?
dad can feed the baby; breast feeding is better
What is habituation?
decreased responsiveness to stimulus after repeated presentations
What is phoneme?
distinguish sounds and patterns
to become speakers of a language, children must be able to master what four language related domains?
distinguish sounds and patterns, lean the meaning of words, learn to put words together, learn to use language in social contexts
What does attachment theory ignore?
diversity of socializing agents and contexts in an infant's world
What are examples of non medicated techniques to reduce pain of childbirth?
waterbirth- giving birth in a tub of warm water (less stressful for baby and mother) massage- reduce pain and anxiety Acupuncture- insertion of strategically located needles
What does an infant develop with regard to emotional reactions during the first year?
ways to minimize intensity and duration
How do infants and toddlers develop language skills?
when adults carry on a convo in front of young infant, the infant is likely to hear them speaking over 100 words a min, making 12 to 30 sounds per second; they make sense of it
What is sensation?
when info interacts with sensory modality; when stimuli directly impinge on a sensory modality (ray or light, touched with ice, experience would be sensation)
What is involution?
when pregnancy occurs and a mother has gone full term, the uterus is not its normal size- usually 3 oz and after pregnancy its about 3 lbs; uterus returning back to its pre pregnancy state
When are the rates of depression the highest for men?
when the baby is 3-6 months
Are babies able to distinguish colors?
yah
Can ovulation still take place even if the menstrual cycle is delayed?
yes
can newborns feel touch and pain?
yes
Can newborns differentiate odors? Can they taste before or after birth?
yes; before birth
Do babies show a preference to scents?
yes; mother's scent
What is the range of tasks too difficult for the child to master alone but learned with guidance and the assistance of adults or more skilled children?
zone of proximal development
What are reflexive/endogenous smile? When does it appear?
does not occur in response to external stimuli; appears during the 1st month usually during sleep
Where should you look to tell why the baby is crying?
eyes; can tell is the baby is hungry, tired, or needs a change
Babies prefer ______ over patters, prefer________ human face, prefer ________ faces (Langlois studies), most interested in _____________
face, normal, attractive, eyes and mouth
Girls have more ___ tissue and boys have more ____ tissue
fat, muscle
What is one of a baby's earliest emotions?
fear
What do babies fear?
fear or are wary of environmental things; barking dogs, someone strange
Males or females are slightly smaller and lighter?
females
What became the norm in the earliest 20th century?
formula feeding became the norm
How big is the baby by age 2?
four times the birth weight
What does a child gain the ability to do in the symbolic function substage?
gain the ability to mentally represent an object that isn't there
What was the test to determine dishabituation?
get bored with the same pictures until they show something new
What is scaffolding?
giving hints, prompts, additional info to get to a level a child couldn't get to alone; changing the level of support
What happens at age 2 with regards to growth?
growth slows somewhat; occurs in spurts; lose some of baby fat and slim down
What did Jerome Kagan and Joseph Campos say about the structural immaturity of the infant brain?
guilt, shame, empathy, and jealousy- can be experienced in the first year
By 2 1/2, the babies height is _______
half of eventual adult height
Fine motor skill change by age 5?
hand, arm, and body all move together under better command of the eye
What is still somewhat large in early childhood?
head
What are the head to body proportions at 2 or 3 months prenatally?
head is 1/2 of total body proportion
What are the head to body proportions at birth?
head is 1/4 of totally body weight
What are the head to body proportions at age 2?
head is 1/5
What are gross motor skills for 1 month, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11?
head lift chest lift body lift (hands and knees) crawls, sits stand walks
What is cephalocaudal?
head to tail or toe development (gain physical control of head first)
What is Non- rem sleep good for? When do babies start to begin sleep here?
helping recover from physical exertion; 3 months begin with NREM like us
What does growth pattern depend on?
heredity and environmental influences (nurturance, nutrition, and economics)
What is child directed speech?
infant, mothering, parentese, motherese, language spoken in higher pitch than normal, using simple words and sentences
Why did freud think a baby became attached to their mother?
infants become attached to the person or object that provides oral satisfaction (feeding)
What is the visual preference method for studying infants?
infants look at different things for different lengths of time
What are the biological influences on language development?
infants seem biologically primed, brain regions predisposed for language
What babies show insecurity by avoiding the mother?
insecure aviodant babies
What babies are disorganized and disoriented?
insecure disorganized babies
What babies often cling to the caregiver and then resist fighting against the closeness?
insecure resistant/ambivalent
What is the axon?
long extended portion covered by a myelin sheath; carries signals away from the cell body
How do babies respond to hearing their dad's voice?
look in his direction
What is marasmus? What causes it?
loss of muscle and fat in the first year because of dietary restriction; Some mothers don't get enough food or baby is weaned off too early onto an inadequate diet- not just not getting enough nutrition but some containers are not sterile These babies tend to show signs similar to anorexia- hair on different parts of their body, loss of muscle and fat; appear frail and emaciated
What hormonal changes occur after pregnancy?
lot of influx of adrenaline, noradrenaline, progesterone levels thrown off, menstrual cycle may be delayed for a couple of months, breast feeding allows the body to return to pre pregnancy state sooner
What body adjustments related to the mother occur in the postpartum period?
lots of stress on the mother, involution, dramatic hormonal changes, menstrual cycle and ovulation, sexual activity, exercise
_____ are slightly larger ______ are more resilient and physically mature
males; females
Are C sections good or bad?
may be lifesaving but carries the risks of major surgery
What is the role of babies beginning with REM sleep?
may help to facilitate development of the brain and for us it helps to consolidate memories, emotional turmoil, purpose is really unknown for babies
Black bile?
melancholy/depressed/gloomy
What parts of the brain are most developed at birth? Last to develop?
midbrain and hindbrain (medulla) (regulation of vital functions); pre frontal cortex- our brain is not fully developed
Do babies have more or less sensory capabilities than once thought?
more
How do gross motor skills change by age 4?
more adventurous, increased abilities
Why is the behavioral view no longer considered a viable explanation?
most children learn at a very early age; neologisms
What are things that increase the risk of SIDS? Decrease?
most common in premature (lungs haven't fully developed) and low birth weight infants, passively exposed to cigarette smoke, soft bedding, sleep apnea (stop breathing for a period while sleeping), abnormal brain stem functioning involving serotonin; Less likely when using a pacifier, using a fan
What is stranger anxiety? How does it emerge? What does it depend on?
most frequent expression of an infant's fear/wariness; emerges gradually; social context and characteristics of strangers
How does an insecure disorganized baby react?
mother's behaviors are weird and odd, sweet but have a threatening posture, schizophrenogenic; threatning voice but calm demeanor, baby cant figure out mom; baby in a stoic fearful state; baby is wary when stranger comes in and baby leaves; when mom returns, catatonic state, break toys, go crazy
What are children who are securely attached by 18 months more likely to demonstrate?
much greater social competence as two to five year olds than insecurely attached babies
What are substances at the terminals?
neurotransmitters
What did Freud and Piaget say about the sense of self at birth?
no separate sense of self at birth
What is oxytocin? Where is it produced?
normally produced in the posterior pituitary but can be given in synthetic forms that produces lactation and stimulates contractions; and feeling of closeness
What are mothers os insecurely attached children like?
not sensitive, not available, not responsive, not considerate
What is important for pre term and small for date babies?
nurturing them is important; kangaroo care, massage therapy, bonding
What is postpartum depression? What percent of women get this?
occurs a little bit later but linger for weeks or months or a year; body hormonal system are a little thrown off ; 10%
What should a child's exercise be like in preschool children?
one hour structured and one unstructured
Before six months, what do babies think of objects when they are moved?
out of sight, out of mind (8 and 12 months - this emerges)
Children inherit a _____ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament
physiology
Why is kangaroo care important?
placing the baby skin to skin contact on the chest of the mother; hear the moms heart beat- allow for internal processes to be remembered any contact is beneficial; sometimes babies born premature are isolated but it is important for the parents to touch, kiss, and sing to the baby bc skin to skin contact facilitates growth hormones
How are emotions classified?
positive (pleasant, happy, joy, love, enthusiasm) or negative (anxiety, anger, guilt, sadness)
What increases in early childhood?
posture, balance, and coordination
What is a midwife?
practiced throughout the world; 95% of the midwives who delivered babies in the US were certified nurse-midwives
What kind of cry can indicate that somethings wrong with the baby?
raspy or shrill cry, shallow cries
What is social referencing?
reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation (emerges around 9-10 months and gets better closer to first year) (look at mom to see if someone is safe)
What do babies prefer to look at?
really like more than one color, then patterns, and mostly particularly the human face (eyes and mouth)
What comes first, receptive vocabulary or expressive vocab?
receptive vocabulary
What is phase 4 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?
reciprocal relationships
What is dishabitution?
recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
What are the three types or clusters of temperament by Chess and Thomas?
-easy temperament, positive mood, pleasant, take anywhere and they do ok, change their routine and they adjust -difficult- react negatively to things, resist change, irregular behaviors -slow-to-warm child- slightly slower progression of getting with the program not as optimistically exuberant as the easy child and not the forceful reactions as the difficult
What is the first habits and primary circular reactions stage? When?
1-4 months; actions that revolve around infants own body, occur by chance and are attempted to be repeated (sucking your thumb, lose it and try to bring it back)
By age 2, how much sleep does a baby need?
12 hours
What are tertiary circular reactions? When?
12-18 months; tries new possibilities, experimenting different objects, banging pots and pans (using different spoons), dropping a ball off something to see how it bounces
How big was Herman johnson?
15 lb, 14 oz at birth
What percent of stay at home parents are dads?
15%
What is colic? What percent of babies experience it? What makes it less likely? When does it usually start and how long does it last?
15-20%; breast fed babies are less likely to experience something about digestive system, leaves after 3 or 4 months; mistake would be to feed the baby more, bouncing them or putting them belly down, white noise helps, going for a drive; 2 weeks to 3-4 months
How many calories are recommended for early childhood?
1700 calories per day
What is internalization of schemes/ symbolic thought substage? When?
18-24 months; thoughts precedes action
What years did formula feeding become the norm?
1940s-1970s
When do babies start to show different facial expressions to sweet, sour, and bitter solutions?
2 hours
In early and middle childhood how much does a baby grow per year?
2-3 inches and 5-7 lbs/year
When is Piaget's properational stage?
2-6/7 years of age
What is phase 2 of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment?
2-7 months- attachment the making; smile more, affinity for these people
If you put a dot on a baby's face, what do they do if they're younger or older than 12 months?
Babies younger than 12 months of age will try to get the dot off of the reflection; older wipe of themselves
What does a stress hormone do for a baby before birth?
Early on in prenatal development, you don't want the mother to experience much stress because it decreases the oxygen for the baby but before birth the baby needs some adrenaline to prepare it to breathe on its on
What was Harry Harlow's classic study?
Harlow says something different- study on monkeys, more likely to go to the terry cloth mother aside from being fed; want to be loved, and warm and soft and cuddly
What is I self? In year 1?
I am or I exist; subjective sense of self, the reality that i am or i exist occurs
How does a insecure avoidant baby react?
Insecure aviodant- wander, may look back at mom but kinda keeps a distance; baby responds to the stranger in much the same way that it reponds to the mom; not distrubed when the mom left; return- acknowledges her but kinda aloof
Itnernationally, what babies are the earliest walkers? What babies are the latest?
Jamaican, Mayan, Ugandan; France
Who believes that too much emphasis has been placed not he attachment bond in infancy?
Jerome Kagan
What is achondroplasia? Who is the example?
Jyoti Amge at 15 was only 1ft 11 in and 11 lbs
What are recasting, expanding, and labeling?
Recasting, expanding, labeling- if the child says something like my horsie and you say Is that your horsie? Expanding- parent saying more detailing point- apple, dog
What is rooting reflexes? Sucking? Moro or startle? Babinski? Grasping? swimming? stepping? How long do they stay?
Rooting- turning if you touch the side of their cheek Sucking- put something in their mouth they will suck Moro- if a baby is scared- arms will go out and come back in; evolutionary survival value maybe; the thought was that there was a hairy body and the baby was holding on if a predator came they would be holding on but may not be true Grasping- object or finger in the baby's hand they will latch on and hold tightly Swimming- they will hold their breath and kinda swim Babinski- underside of a baby's foot, the toes will spread out Stepping- touch the top of their foot they will make a stepping motion Stays for about 10 months then goes away- if it doesn't follow this they may have neurosystem problems
Vocab development is linked to a family's _____ and type of talk parents direct to child
SES
How does a secure baby react?
Secure- 65-70% of babies- 12/18 months old- get down and play and explore; socially reference mom; stranger- when moms ok the baby is ok; baby cries when mom comes in, stranger can comfort a little, stranger leaves cry a little; very excited when mom returns
What starts to slowly and steadily decline?
body fat
How should parents respond to babies crying?
With new born babies, you should respond pretty quickly bc its been indicated it builds trust and they cry less later on; if you let them cry when they really have a need, builds insecurity within the first months of life Later on their cries may become manipulative
What is a doula? Where does this word come from?
a caregiver, usually part of a birthing team, who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth; (greek word for servant)
What is attachment?
a close emotional bond (affectionate feelings developing prior to brith)
What is language?
a form of communication- whether spoken, written, or signed- what is based on a system of symbols
What is a neuron?
a nerve cell
What are postpartum blues? What percent of women get them?
also called maternity blues; normal after birth; moms feel like they're in a funk, super exciting to have a baby then routine sets in after a couple of days; 2-3 days after delivery and go away within a week or two; 70% of women
What is a social smile? When does it appear?
an exogenous smile that occurs between 4 and 8 weeks of age in response to caregiver's voice or face
What are the three basic kinds of drugs used during childbirth? Examples?
analgesics- pain killers (Aspirin Anesthetic- numbs (epidural) Oxytocin- another pain med (Pitocin)
What are the benefits of breast feeding?
appropriate weight gain, less chance of obesity, less allergies, diarrhea, respiratory, inner ear, bacterial, gastrointestinal or urinary tract infections; less childhood cancer, less breast cancer in moms and female offspring, less cases of diabetes and SIDS always sterile and at body temp, more easily absorbed and digested iron, fats, and natural sugars; proper balance of fat and protein; contains more vitamin C and A; denser bones, cheap, tastes good
When do neglected babies show fear?
as early as 3 months?
What is synesthesia? Who is it more common in?
associating two senses -seeing a color when hearing a word, something coming into the sensory modality that stimulates something; more common in females; social referencing; a condition in which one sense is simultaneously perceived by one or more additional senses
How do contractions progress?
at the beginning of labor, get contractions about every 30 mins but now about every two mins and last about a minute and your water breaks
What are the head to body proportions for an adult?
average head is 8 lbs average brain is 3.5 lbs; 1/8th
What are the most common consonant sounds babies make first? What is interesting about other languages/
b, d, and m; all the words for mother and father have these sounds
What noises to babies make/ combination at 4-6 months?
babbling; strings of consonant- vowel combinations, such as "ba, ba"
What conditions makes a baby more likely to suffer respiratory distress syndrome? Why?
babies who are more than 6 weeks pre term; they lack pulmonary surfactant which is produced by the lungs, so sometimes upon exhalation, the lungs don't reflate
What does the cerebellum control?
balance and coordination
What are some different types of crying?
basic cry, pain cry (loud, distinct whaling), empathy cry (crying when other babies cry)
What is the properational stage like?
begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings; dominated by egocentrism and magical beliefs; child does not yet accurately perform operations -- which are reversible mental actions (believe you see the world the same way as them
What did Jerome Kagan talk about?
behavioral inhibition; some kids were more outgoing than others bc of things happening int he brain
When do babies begin to develop a rudimentary form of self-recognition? What does this mean?
being attentive and positive towards one's image in a mirror; 3 months
What is animism?
belief inanimate objects have life like qualities and capable of action
What is reification?
belief that things in dreams are real
When are the first words usually said?
between 10-15 months; 12-13
What is the intuitive thought substage? When?
between 4-7 years; use primitive reasoning and ask all sorts of questions; intuitive because children seem sure about their knowledge and understanding but they don't know why
What are emotions influenced by?
biological foundations and one's experience
How long does the sensorimotor stage last?
birth to two years
What does small for date mean?
birth weight is less than normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered
What noises/ communication at 10 months?
elaborative babbling; receptive language, gestural language
What does the development of healthy independence relate to? What does it depend on?
emerging from the 1st year with a basic sense of trust; dependent upon the attachment relationship between the primary caregiver and child
What is temperament?
emotional substrate of personality (calm/feisty)
What was Vygotsky's theory?
emphasized the social contexts of learning through social interaction; zone of proximal development and scaffolding
Why is sleep essential for babies?
essential to growth and health, growth hormones released at higher rates during sleep, may help the brain develop and maintain normal functioning
What is a Newborn's vision? What does this mean?
estimated to be 20/200 to 20/600 on Snellan eye chart; whatever a normal person can see at 200 or 600 ft, the babies have to have it 20 ft away
How do gross motor skills change by age 5?
even more adventuresome; run hard, enjoy races
What is the unique physiological pattern associated with inhibited temperament?
high and stable heart rate, high level of the hormone cortisol, high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain and amygdala (gut/emotional reactions) in novel situations
How does Kagan see infant?
highly resilient and adaptive
What is part of the limbic system; located in the interior temporal lobes near cerebellum
hippocampus
What communication is at 12 months?
holophrastic speech; use of one word to indicate a complete thought
What gross motor skills does a child have by age 3?
hopping, jumping, running back and forth
Even though Hippocrates ideas are far fetched, what is somewhat true?
hormones do affect mood
What is the orienting response of infants used to determine?
if an infant can see or hear a stimulus
When should a mother avoid breast feeding?
if she has an infectious disease, TB, taking unsafe drugs, actively smoking, causing minimization of iodine and likely affecting urinary concentration
When is the father more likely to experience postpartum depression?
if the mother experiences it
What are the heredity and environmental influences of neuronal processes?
if you are reared in a stimulated and enriched environment you will have more synapses; if rat in a cage and nothing there like toys, there isn't as much synaptic blooming; reading to children and tlking and engaging allows the blooming to occur
What did Hippocrates say about temperament?
impact of body fluids/humors on the body explains how temperaments vary, dictates one's reactions
What is Brocha's area/
in the left frontal lobe of the brain; involved in producing words and if there is damage, the person has a problem producing words
What is Wernicke's area?
in the left temporal lobe; involved in language composition
The more complete index of self-recognition emerges when?
in the second year 15-18 months
When is centrism most clearly evidenced?
in young children's problems with or lack of conservation- awareness that altering an object's or substances' appearance does not change its basic properties
What is egocentrism?
inability to distinguish one's own perspective from someone else's
What adds to emerging cognitive abilities with maturation?
increased myelination and synpatogenesis, synaptic blooming and pruning
What are fine motor skills like by age 3?
increasing ability to pick up the tiniest objects between thumb and forefinger for some time but still clumsy
What did Erikson stress is an important issue in the second year of life? What is his and psychosocial stage?
independence; autonomy vs shame and doubt (doing things by yourself- self govern; want to try to do things but want to know how the parents respond; parents are supportive then they develop well and do things by themselves; if parents fuss they develop doubt)
What are diminutives?
indicates smallness, in the case of language- suffixes at the end of words indicating smallness; kitty, sweetie, doggie Moms tend to use twice as many of these when talking to daughters than sons at 32 months of age
What is the myelin sheath and what does the myelin sheath do?
insulates and protects and speeds up transmission; layer of fat cells that provides protection and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon
What is intermodal perception?
integrating information from two or more sensory modalities
The brain has _____ growth spurts. Example?
intermittent; At three months a child engages in voluntary reaching, crawling at 7 months, walk at about 11 months brain growth spurting, language flourishing between 11-24 more spurting
What is perception?
interpretation of what it sensed
What terms did carl jung coin?
introvert and extrovert
Are synesthesia experiences voluntary or involuntary? Who is it more common in?
involuntary; projected, women, left handers
What are self conscious emotions? Other conscious?
jealousy, embarrassment, pride, shame; empathy
What is LAD?
language acquisition device; biologically prewired to learn language at a certain way and to detect the various features and rules of language (receptive to any language in the first 6 months)
What is pragmatics/
learn to use language in social contexts; practical rules guiding the use of communication in situations
What is syntax?
learned to put words together
What is semantics?
learning the meaning of words
What lessens the frequency of strange anxiety?
less in familiar settings, when they feel secure, less fearful of child strangers and friendly, outgoing, smiling strangers
How much exercise is ok?
light exercise only
What does Alzheimers affect? What is the last to be affected
pre frontal cortex is the first to go; parts that stay longer are related to heart beat and breathing (mid and hind brain) medulla- elimination of waste
gross motor skills development _____ fine motor development
precedes
What is disappointment depression? What is another name for it?
pregnant women are sometimes saddened by the fact that she's expecting a boy instead of a girl that shed hoped for; gender depression or disappointment
When can babies hear?
prenatally at 7 months
What is centration a limitation of?
preoperational thought
What is nonorganic failure to thrive?
present by 18 months; psychological and social roots; home troubled; Emotional marasmus; all the same symptoms as marasmus but not that the baby is not being fed adequately but relates to the mother not being loving and nurturing when feeding the baby with tenderness and love Not anything organic- just not thriving- psychological or social reasons- maybe the mother is depressed or distant
Are facial expressions universal?
primary/basic emotional facial expressions are the same: happiness, surprise, anger and fear
What is the benefit of breast feeding for the mother?
promotes faster involution
What is the neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale?
provides a more comprehensive analysis of behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities; specifically developed to asses the "at risk" infant (how the baby is coping with life)
What did John Bowlby believe was necessary for attachment of child and mother?
proximity promoting behaviors
How is a C section performed?
the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen
What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
the developing brain creates schemes, which are actions or mental representations that organize knowledge
What is personality? What words are kinda all the same?
the enduring personal characteristics of an individual (character- moral values, and temperament- emotional)
When does extensive physical development occur?
the first two years; especially the first year; infancy and toddlerhood
What is over extension?
the tendency to apply a word to objects that are inappropriate for the word's meaning (appled too broadly) (fly- all flying insects)
What is under extension?
the tendency to apply a word too narrowly (cat apply only to family pet)
What does increased myelination facilitate?
thinking efficiency and info processing between hemispheres
What are synapses or spaces?
tiny gaps between neurons