PSYC Test 3
Which of the following is an example of a self-serving bias?
Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
The most widely researched and clinically used self-report personality test is the _____.
MMPI-2
Who was the social psychology professor at Yale who designed an obedience study in order to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis?
Milgram
What is a major problem with the original Milgram study?
Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.
What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?
What is normal development?
Which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?
When we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace.
Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
Zimbardo did not use a control group.
This form of behavior is intended to harm someone.
aggression
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
authoritative
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's stage of psychosocial development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
avoidant
According to drive-reduction theory, needs create drives, which in turn motivate ____________.
behavior
An individual who engages in both heterosexual and homosexual relations is referred to as _____.
bisexual
________ individuals experience emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and opposite-sexed individuals.
bisexual
According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____.
conscious
Nelson learns in his Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Nelson vehemently protests that he has never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
denial
This is NOT in Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle.
desire phase
Which of the following is a primary sex characteristic?
development of ovaries
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
developmental milestones
Body dysmorphia is a ________.
distorted body image
According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____.
energizes and directs; is the feeling response
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
This theory says that emotions are physiologically similar and are due to simultaneous physiological arousal and behavioral expressions.
Cannon-Bard
_____ is the body'' tendency to maintain a relatively stable state for internal processes.
Homeostasis
According to Erikson, humans progress through eight stages of psychosocial development. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence for the "successful" completion of the second four stages?
Identity → intimacy → generativity → ego integrity
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?
NOT autonomy vs. shame/doubt
In the _____, helping behavior is motivated by some anticipated gain.
NOT empathy-altruism hypothesis
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
NOT object permanence
Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?
People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?
We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.
A multiphasic personality test measures _____.
a range of personality traits
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
achievement gap
Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________.
actor-observer bias
Actions that are designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper are collectively known as _____.
altruistic
According to Freud, during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, children develop _____, which is a desire for the opposite-sex parent along with hostility toward the same-sex parent.
an Oedipus complex
________ is an eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weight that is well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?
anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies employed by the ego to reduce ______ and avoid conflict.
anxiety
Professor Morooka works 60 hours a week for 9 months of the year. During this time he longs for a break. When he finally gets a break, he misses the sense of accomplishment he feels when he is working. ________ theory suggests that this is because there is an optimal level of arousal that we all try to maintain.
arousal
If a child refers to a pig as a "doggie," that child is _____ the pig into an existing cognitive structure.
assimilating
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
assimilation
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
According to Baumrind, the _____ parenting style is most likely to produce children with high self-esteem and social skills
authoritative
Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?
babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval
Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.
become neurotic strategies
Kohlberg's second level of moral development, in which moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society, is called the:
conventional
Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
denial
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
during early childhood
The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____.
ego
Emily is looking back at the last few decades of her life. She feels deep regret at the opportunities she passed up, knowing she does not have enough time left to start over. Emily is likely to be in Erikson's _____ stage of development.
ego integrity vs. despair
Della believes she earned an "A" in chemistry because the test was easy and she made a lot of lucky guesses. It is likely that Della has a(n) _____ locus of control.
external
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.
external; internal
The parent's statement to a child, "We want you to get A's like our neighbor's son" will lead to ______.
extrinsic motivation
The makers of a health-food cereal increased sales by offering a $2.00 rebate to purchasers. Sales rose during the rebate period, then fell below pre-rebate sales numbers when the rebate ended. The author of your textbook would explain this by suggesting that _____.
extrinsic rewards decreased the intrinsic value purchasers placed on the cereal
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.
extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.
facial feedback hypothesis
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
foot-in-the-door
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
formal operational
The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's _____ stage.
formal operational
If a person is erotically attracted to members of their same sex, that individual is called _____.
gay or lesbian
________ dysphoria is a diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify with the cultural expectations associated with their biological sex.
gender
Susan is a student who always finishes her work on time, is never late, and is consistently reliable when it comes to her responsibilities to others. Susan is most likely __________.
high in conscientiousness
Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.
high self-efficacy
Amorita agrees to party with friends she admires rather than staying home to study even though she'd rather stay home to study. This is an example of _____.
how a reference group influences conformity
The _____ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The _____ operates on the reality principle, and the _____ contains the conscience, which provides moral guidance for the ego.
id; ego; superego
In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the establishment of a sense of self and a role in society is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following challenges?
identity vs. role confusion
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
in-group
Repeated exposure to a stimulus will _____.
increase attraction for that stimulus
A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
Sociobiologists emphasized that _____ are inborn, genetic factors in motivation.
instincts
Rebecca finds it difficult to establish close bonds with others. As a result, she avoids anything other than superficial relationships. According to Erikson, it is likely that Rebecca had difficulty with the developmental challenge of _____.
intimacy vs. isolation
The concept conservation refers to ________.
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
A group of psychiatrists that were polled prior to the Milgram experiment predicted that ____________.
less than 1% of participants would go all the way to 450 volts of shock
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
object permanence
Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high and Brandy scores low on the personality dimension of _____ in the Five-Factor model.
openness
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ________ stage of her psychosexual development.
oral
According to Freud, if an individual's needs were _____ during a particular stage of development, that person would remain stuck at that stage.
overindulged or not met
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
physical
The ______ connects the fetus to the mother's uterus.
placenta
In Zimbardo's classic prison study, the _____ took their roles so seriously that the experiment had to be discontinued prior to completion.
prisoners and guards
The idea that a person will "project" his or her inner thoughts, feelings and conflicts onto an ambiguous stimulus is the basis for the _____ methods of personality assessment.
projective
Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.
projective test
Freud believed that many of the ideas stored in the unconscious mind might explain __________.
psychological disorders
Milgram's participants thought they were participating in an experiment to study the effects of _____.
punishment on learning
Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?
reaction formation
When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________.
reciprocity
The period following orgasm during which it is considered physiologically impossible for most men to be further excited to orgasm is called the _____ period.
refractory
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
The body returns to its normal, unaroused state in the _____ phase of sexual arousal.
resolution
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
Which of the following are good examples of the security level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
safety and employment
The innate tendency toward growth that motivates us to develop all our talents and capacities to their highest potential is called _____.
self-actualization
Dale thinks that women shouldn't work outside the home and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________.
sexist
Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.
social loafing
The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called _____.
social psychology
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
stranger anxiety
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?
stranger anxiety
Which of the following is an example of the self-fulfilling prophecy?
telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
The two major attribution mistakes people tend to make are _____.
the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias
Motivation is defined by your textbook as _____.
the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
According to Freud, repressed sexual and aggressive urges, as well as irrational thoughts, are housed in the ________ mind.
unconscious
Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.
wanting to become a chef
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
younger average age for marriage
Which of the following is an example of actor-observer bias?
Akbar believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.
Asch
Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
Cannon-Bard theory: Emotions occur before a body response.
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors.
Dispositionism
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.
Five Factor Model
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Ingesting too much alcohol leads to vomiting.
You feel anxious because you are sweating and your heart is beating rapidly. This statement illustrates the _____ theory of emotion.
James-Lange
Which example best exemplifies homophily?
Latara and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits.
The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain.
The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.
