PSYC382 Final

Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely to be produced by the information gleaned from studies using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) and 7-tesla scanning (7T) technology to better elucidate the neural structures associated with different emotional states? A. Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, some of which overlap with many other emotions, and some of which overlap with few or no other emotions. B. Each emotion is processed by a particular area of the brain. C. All emotions are essentially processed by the same brain regions, but with different degrees of activation corresponding to different emotions. D. Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, and these networks are each distinct from each other.

A. Each emotion is processed by a network of brain regions, some of which overlap with many other emotions, and some of which overlap with few or no other emotions.

The memory performance of patients K.F. and E.E., when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia, such as patient H.M, demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory. Which of the following statements best describes these results? A. H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory. B. H.M. has anterograde amnesia, whereas K.F. and E.E. have retrograde amnesia. C. H.M. has an injury to the medial temporal lobes, whereas K.F. and E.E. have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes. D. H.M. has a deficit limited to explicit memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to implicit memory.

A. H.M. has a deficit limited to long-term memory, whereas K.F. and E.E. have deficits limited to short-term memory.

Which of the following statements concerning types of memory in the modal model of memory is FALSE? A. Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory. B. Sensory memory has a shorter duration than short-term memory. C. Long-term memory has a longer duration than sensory memory. D. At any moment, there is more information in sensory memory than in short-term memory.

A. Some contents of sensory memory are selected via attention and next processed in long-term memory.

One major difference between the visual icon and the auditory echo is that the A. auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon. B. auditory echo involves conscious recollection, whereas the visual icon does not. C. visual icon is a sensory memory representation, whereas the auditory echo is a short-term memory representation. D. visual icon is a type of explicit memory, but the auditory echo is a type of implicit memory.

A. auditory echo lasts longer than the visual icon.

After suffering a severe head injury, a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia. She A. cannot remember events that occurred after the injury. B. has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory. C. has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury. D. has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.

A. cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.

The insula is MOST involved in which of the following? A. disgust B. happiness C. love D. sadness

A. disgust

One property of the central executive mechanism proposed by Baddeley and Hitch is that it A. is not linked to a single modality. B. operates primarily over visual information. C. operates primarily over auditory information. D. controls the phonological loop but not the visuospatial sketch pad.

A. is not linked to a single modality.

The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________. A. lateral nucleus; central nucleus B. lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus C. medial geniculate nucleus; lateral geniculate nucleus D. central nucleus; lateral nucleus

A. lateral nucleus; central nucleus

Which of the following would be the most difficult for the famous patient H.M. and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal? A. learning the words for numbers in a foreign language B. remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds C. improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand D. reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper

A. learning the words for numbers in a foreign language

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion? A. left lateral prefrontal cortex B. left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex C. left rostromedial prefrontal cortex D. left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

A. left lateral prefrontal cortex

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because A. most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact. B. only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. C. only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures. D. most skills and habits acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

A. most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury to these structures will remain intact.

Recent neuroimaging and neuropsychological work in memory has attempted to disentangle ________, which seems to implicate the hippocampus and the posterior parahippocampal cortex, from ________, which seems to implicate the perirhinal cortex. A. recollection; familiarity B. consolidation; acquisition C. familiarity; recollection D. acquisition; consolidation

A. recollection; familiarity

The Sternberg paradigm illustrates that when a set of letters held in short-term memory is tested with a recognition task, the time needed to respond to a probe item is A. related by a linear function to the number of items in the memory set, the slope of which is the same regardless of whether the probe item was part of the original list. B. related by a linear function to the number of items in the memory set, the slope of which is steeper when the probe item was not part of the original list. C. unrelated to the number of items in the memory set but is affected by whether the probe item was part of the original list. D. unrelated to the number of items in the memory set and is unrelated to whether the probe item was part of the original list.

A. related by a linear function to the number of items in the memory set, the slope of which is the same regardless of whether the probe item was part of the original list.

George Miller and other investigators found that humans can hold about ________ items in short-term memory at a time. A. seven B. five C. nine D. three

A. seven

A patient visits a neurologist and complains of memory problems, such as trouble remembering telephone numbers. After a few tests, the neurologist determines that there is a large impairment in the digit span, but no impairment in remembering the past or in forming new memories. Which brain area is the most likely to be impaired? A. the left perisylvian cortex B. the left medial temporal lobe C. the right medial temporal lobe D. the right perisylvian cortex

A. the left perisylvian cortex

The driver in a car accident first hits the windshield with great force, then rebounds backward. Which part of the driver's brain would you expect to be damaged as a result of the countercoup injury? A. the posterior occipital lobes B. the dorsolateral frontal lobes C. the medial temporal lobes D. the anterior tips of the temporal lobes

A. the posterior occipital lobes

One finding that supports the idea that information in working memory is represented by an acoustic (auditory) code rather than a semantic (meaning-based) code is that when participants are given a list of words to learn and then are immediately tested for recall, performance is ______ when the list contains items that are similar in _______. A. worse; sound B. better; meaning C. worse; meaning D. better; sound

A. worse; sound

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "low road." This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________. A. "slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala B. "quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala C. "quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex D. "slow and analytical"; projection to the cortex

B. "quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "high road." This pathway can be characterized as _________ and involves a ________. A. "quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex B. "slow and analytical"; project to the cortex C. "quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala D. "slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala

B. "slow and analytical"; project to the cortex

Which of the following, in itself, would be expected to have the LEAST effect on individual differences in emotional processing of a particular stimulus? A. Differences in the neural structures that process emotional stimuli. B. Differences in the gender of individuals processing the stimulus. C. Differences in the physiological changes induced by the stimulus. D. Differences in the cognitive appraisal of the stimulus.

B. Differences in the gender of individuals processing the stimulus.

Julian spots a snake in the forest. He immediately runs away from it and then notes that he is scared as he is running. Which of the following theories would suggest that his feeling of fear is due entirely to the fact that Julian notices his physiological response? A. cognitive interpretation theory B. James-Lange theory C. Cannon-Bard theory D. Le-Doux's high road and low road theory

B. James-Lange theory

The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test? A. The primary measures of this test are response latencies. B. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories. C. Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad. D. One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups.

B. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and emotional learning? A. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was implicit. B. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit. C. The amygdala does not play a role in the expression of fear responses but does play a role in their acquisition. D. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses only when the initial learning was explicit.

B. The amygdala plays a role in the expression of fear responses, regardless of whether the initial learning was implicit or explicit.

Which statement best characterizes the insula's role in emotional processing? A. The insula is primarily involved with decision making and the perception of emotions in other people, and thus is most associated with social cognition. B. The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state. C. The insula is primarily involved with the same domains of emotional processing as the amygdala. D. The insula receives information about emotional state and feeds it back to the body, which produces interoception.

B. The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state.

Which of the following best describes our current understanding of the brain areas that process emotions? A. The frontal cortex processes the most emotion, with emotional regulation coming from the limbic system and subcortical structures. B. The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas. C. In essence, the entire brain processes emotion in some way. D. The limbic system and Papez Circuit process emotion, with little known contribution from other brain areas

B. The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas.

Following a case of encephalitis, a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes, but his medial temporal structures are intact. Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person? A. The person has Korsakoff's syndrome. B. The person has isolated retrograde amnesia. C. The person has isolated anterograde amnesia. D. The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

B. The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.

Which of the following is true regarding the amygdala and indirect evaluations of racial bias? A. Neither "white participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task" nor "people with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks" is a correct answer. B. White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task. C. People with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks. D. "White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task" and "people with bilateral amygdala damage do not show evidence of a racial bias on implicit behavioral tasks" are both correct answers.

B. White participants who show greater amygdala activity during the presentation of black faces tend to have stronger racial bias as measured by an implicit behavioral task.

Many drugs produce their effects by facilitating or interfering with neurotransmitters at synapses. Which of the following drugs would most likely increase the effect of serotonin? A. a drug that binds to directly coupled serotonin receptors but does not change membrane permeability to ions B. a drug that prevents the activity of an enzyme that breaks down serotonin molecules in the synaptic cleft C. a drug that blocks the effect of a conditional neurotransmitter that normally facilitates the effect of serotonin D. a drug that blocks the effect of Ca2+ ions

B. a drug that prevents the activity of an enzyme that breaks down serotonin molecules in the synaptic cleft

Research on racial stereotypes conducted by Phelps and colleagues (2000) suggested that when European-American participants viewed pictures of unfamiliar African-American men, activity in the ________ of these participants was correlated with the results of ________ behavioral measures of racial beliefs and attitudes. A. amygdala; direct or explicit B. amygdala; indirect or implicit C. orbitofrontal cortex; direct or explicit D. orbitofrontal cortex; indirect or implicit

B. amygdala; indirect or implicit

The model of Kali and Dayan predicted that the maintenance of memories over time would A. not depend on reactivation of thalamo-neocortical connections, even though these are essential for the formation of new memories. B. depend on reactivation of hippocampal-neocortical connections. C. not depend on reactivation of hippocampal-neocortical connections, even though these are essential for the formation of new memories. D. depend on reactivation of thalamo-neocortical connections.

B. depend on reactivation of hippocampal-neocortical connections.

Neuroimaging studies of the left and right hemispheres in memory function indicate that A. working memory information is processed primarily in the left hemisphere. B. encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres. C. memory structures in the brain are similar in function in the left and right hemispheres. D. implicit memory function is localized primarily to the left hemisphere, whereas explicit memory is localized to the right hemisphere.

B. encoding and retrieval processes in long-term memory may be lateralized to different hemispheres.

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states? A. surprise B. jealousy C. fear D. disgust

B. jealousy

The observation that extinction is worse when identical, rather than different, stimuli are simultaneously presented to the ipsilesional and contralesional sides of the visual field indicates that A. neglected stimuli do not undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention. B. neglected stimuli undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention. C. neglected stimuli can capture attention involuntarily. D. neglected stimuli are often confused with stimuli that are successfully attended.

B. neglected stimuli undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention.

Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________. A. conditioning; priming B. priming; episodic memory C. procedural learning; nondeclarative learning D. episodic memory; semantic memory

B. priming; episodic memory

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives. This is an example of A. anterograde aphasia. B. retrograde amnesia. C. anterograde amnesia. D. retrograde aphasia.

B. retrograde amnesia.

According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from A. neither sensory nor working memory. B. sensory memory. C. working memory. D. both sensory and working memory.

B. sensory memory.

Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.'s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that A. she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. B. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. C. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. D. she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square, nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

B. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of emotions? A. a physiological reaction to a stimulus B. similarity to moods C. a feeling D. a behavioral response

B. similarity to moods

A patient recently suffered a traumatic blow to the head. She reports that she is having social difficulties, such as adding inappropriate comments to conversations. She cannot seem to control these outbursts. Which area of her cortex is most likely affected? A. the posterior parietal lobe B. the anterior frontal lobe C. the anterior parietal lobe D. the posterior frontal lobe

B. the anterior frontal lobe

You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock. After a few trials, the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone. In this paradigm, the electric shock is the ________, while the tone is the ________. A. unconditioned response; conditioned response B. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus C. conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus D. conditioned response; unconditioned response

B. unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Which of the following would be MOST useful in establishing discrete categories of emotions? A. A better understanding of how genders experience certain emotional states differently from each other. B. A better understanding of why some emotions are felt more frequently than others. C. A better understanding of which overlapping networks of brain regions process which emotions. D. A better understanding of how emotions are affected by cognitive processing.

C. A better understanding of which overlapping networks of brain regions process which emotions.

When a picture of a hammer is placed in front of Patient H, she is unable to identify it. How can you determine if her difficulty is in recognizing the object or in simply remembering its name? A. Ask her to trace the outline of the object instead of naming it. B. Ask her to copy the picture of the object instead of naming it. C. Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it. D. Ask her to close her eyes before attempting to name it.

C. Ask her to demonstrate its use rather than identifying it.

Which of the following results best supports the notion that the amygdala modulates the consolidation of hippocampus-based memories? A. Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs only if the arousal is initiated prior to learning. B. Hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is not experiencing stress or arousal. C. Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention. D. Modulation of hippocampus-based learning occurs only if the learner is stressed or aroused.

C. Modulation of hippocampus-based learning by arousal occurs after the initial encoding of the task, during retention.

Which of the following is true about the role of the amygdala in explicit emotional learning? A. The amygdala is thought to enhance the initial encoding of explicit memories. B. The amygdala is primarily involved in implicit, not explicit, emotional learning. C. The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory. D. The amygdala is thought to enhance explicit memory retrieval in the hippocampus.

C. The amygdala performs a modulatory role in declarative memory.

A rat's performance on the Morris water maze, a test of spatial ability and memory, will be affected in what way by a lesion to the amygdala? A. The rat will be impaired in learning all aspects of the water maze. B. The rat will be impaired in the basic aspects of the water maze task, but it will still show an improvement in retention if the task includes a physical stressor. C. The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor. D. The rat will be unimpaired in learning the water maze task because the amygdala is important only for the expression of previously learned conditioned responses.

C. The rat will not be impaired in a basic water maze task, but it will fail to show the stronger retention that would otherwise be expected if the task includes a physical stressor.

Joan is a patient who had a stroke in her right parietal lobe and has extinction as a result of her injury. When placed in a driving simulator she would be most likely to miss which stimulus when stopped at a virtual crosswalk and staring straight ahead? (Note: For this question, assume drivers sit on the left side of the car.) A. a pedestrian on the passenger side B. a pedestrian on the driver side C. a pedestrian on the driver side when a second pedestrian is on the passenger side at the same time D. a pedestrian on the passenger side when a second pedestrian is on the driver side at the same time

C. a pedestrian on the driver side when a second pedestrian is on the passenger side at the same time

Organizing individual bits of information into higher-order units can increase the amount of information that can be held in short-term memory. This strategy is called A. the recency effect. B. encoding. C. chunking. D. the serial position effect.

C. chunking.

Which of the following is NOT a well-established basic emotion? A. surprise B. sadness C. contempt D. anger

C. contempt

The term ________ is used to describe the situation in which group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is impaired on task Y and unimpaired on task X. In contrast, the term ________ is used when group 1 is impaired on task X and unimpaired on task Y and group 2 is unimpaired on both tasks X and Y. A. double dissociation; triple dissociation B. triple dissociation; double dissociation C. double dissociation; single dissociation D. single dissociation; double dissociation

C. double dissociation; single dissociation

Neural network models often A. are symbolic in nature. B. store information discretely in isolated and independent units. C. have distributed processing. D. have static activation levels.

C. have distributed processing.

A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning. A. basal ganglia; frontal lobe B. frontal lobe; hippocampus C. hippocampus; amygdala D. amygdala; basal ganglia

C. hippocampus; amygdala

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in the Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) modal model of memory? A. short-term storage → sensory memory → long-term storage B. sensory memory → long-term storage → short-term storage C. sensory memory → short-term storage → long-term storage D. short-term storage → long-term storage → sensory memory

C. sensory memory → short-term storage → long-term storage

The result of acquisition and consolidation is to the process involved in accessing memory traces as __________ is to __________. A. memory; storage B. merging; retrieval C. storage; retrieval D. retrieval; storage

C. storage; retrieval

Consider the binding-of-items-and-contexts (BIC) model. The perirhinal cortex is to the parahippocampal cortex as __________ is to __________. A. when and where; who and what B. retrieval; relational memory C. who and what; when and where D. relational memory; retrieval

C. who and what; when and where

Which of the following statements best describes the distinction between affect, mood, and emotion? A. Affect is the most general term of the three, followed by emotions, which are unpredictable and volatile, followed by moods, which are more specific types of emotions. B. Emotions are the most general term of the three, and they incorporate both affect, which refers to the more specific emotions, and mood, which refers to the less specific emotions. C. Emotions, mood, and affect are all similar in scope, but emotions are more powerful than mood or affect. D. Affect is the most general term of the three, and it includes emotions, which tend to be short-term and reactionary; moods tend to last longer than emotions.

D. Affect is the most general term of the three, and it includes emotions, which tend to be short-term and reactionary; moods tend to last longer than emotions.

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolates in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done? A. reappraisal B. reduction of your anger C. antecedent-focused regulation D. All of the answer options are correct.

D. All of the answer options are correct.

Which of the following best describes a component of the multiple trace theory? A. The hippocampus plays a temporary role in the consolidation of long-term memories. B. Short-term memory stores rely solely on the neocortex. C. Semantic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval. D. Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.

D. Episodic memory relies on the hippocampus for retrieval.

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)? A. They remember meeting new people after the injury. B. They forget their dates of birth. C. They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects. D. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury

D. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like patients H.M. and R.B.) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)? A. They remember meeting new people after the injury. B. They forget their dates of birth. C. They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects. D. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.

D. They can still learn new skills, such as the serial reaction time task, after the injury.

Lesions to the amygdala ________ unconditioned responses to aversive events, ________ the ability to acquire and express a conditioned response to neutral stimuli. A. do not block; nor do they block B. block; but they do not block C. block; and they also block D. do not block; but they do block

D. do not block; but they do block

Visual sensory memory is to ________ as auditory sensory memory is to ________. A. whole report; partial report B. echoic memory; iconic memory C. partial report; whole report D. iconic memory; echoic memory

D. iconic memory; echoic memory

The ___________________ is a system of structures that includes the ____________. This system has been implicated in ________________________. A. limbic system; putamen; motor preparation B. basal ganglia; hippocampus; motor preparation C. basal ganglia; amygdala; emotion behavior D. limbic system; amygdala; emotion behavior

D. limbic system; amygdala; emotion behavior

Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory. A. perisylvian region B. hippocampus C. medial temporal lobe D. parietal-occipital cortex

D. parietal-occipital cortex

To create an effective encoding model of the brain's visual activity, what properties should be used to model V1 voxel activity? A. place properties B. face properties C. semantic properties D. receptive field properties

D. receptive field properties

When individuals encode information that relates to themselves, which of following regions is particularly likely to be active? A. amygdala B. parahippocampal cortex C. occipital lobe D. retrosplenial cortex

D. retrosplenial cortex

You learn of an experiment conducted in 1942 by a researcher named Malmo. Malmo discovered that monkeys with certain lesions were impaired in a delayed-response task, but not when the lights were turned off. Malmo hypothesized that switching off the lights removed potential interference. Which of the following theories incorporates this kind of short-term interference? A. Hebbian learning B. the phonological loop C. procedural memory D. the modal model of memory

D. the modal model of memory