Psych 100 - Brains, Bodies, Behavior

My Aunt Mabel has Alzheimer's disease. What neurotransmitter is likely in low supply in her brain? Dopamine Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine

Diamond's study of Albert Einstein's brain attempted to provide evidence that intelligence is determined by the number of glial cells in an individual's brain. What brain method did she use for her study? PET scan Cadavers Lesion studies Single-unit microelectrode

Cadavers

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? Dendrite, axon, cell body Dendrite, cell body, axon Axon, cell body, dendrite Axon, dendrite, cell body

Dendrite, cell body, axon

When a person has a stroke, a blood clot prevents oxygen from getting to a part of the brain and causes neurons to die. Which is the best method for scientists to learn more about damaged brains? Lesion studies EEG PET scan

Lesion studies

What is the term for the insulating material that covers some axons? Structured gaps Lipid geonodes Myelin Glucose

Myelin

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called? Nodes of Sir Roger Synapse Gaps of Golgi Sherrington Gaps Nodes of Ranvier

Nodes of Ranvier

What are the two most important hormones that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system into action when we are feeling stressed? Melatonin and epinephrine Estrogen and progesterone Norepinephrine and epinephrine Norepinephrine and progesterone

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which gland directly regulates the production of hormones in other endocrine glands? Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Pituitary gland

Pituitary gland

Laboratory scientists want to study the effects of a specific neuron in the brains of mice. What brain technique are they most likely to use? Positron emission tomography (PET) Single-unit microelectrode Functional MRI (fMRI) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Single-unit microelectrode

Which part is not considered part of the brain stem? Reticular formation Thalamus Medulla Pons

Thalamus

Roberto, who is about to take the final exam for his psychology course, is totally stressed out because it is worth 50 percent of his grade. The endocrine system gland(s) that is (are) likely to be stimulated is (are) the ____________. pineal gland pancreas adrenal glands nervous glands

adrenal glands

The ____________ produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance and are located on top of the ____________. pineal gland; testes pancreas; heart pituitary; brain adrenal glands; kidneys

adrenal glands; kidneys

By stimulating the __________ part of the limbic system in lab animals, researchers found that the animal will display anger/rage instantly. hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus

amygdala

Dylan, 8 years old, appears to have had an epileptic seizure. He is rushed to the emergency department for treatment, but the admitting physician first orders some tests to be conducted on Dylan's brain to determine a diagnosis. Dylan will most likely receive _____________________. a positron emission tomography (PET) a single-unit microelectrode a functional MRI (fMRI) an electroencephalograph (EEG) a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

an electroencephalograph (EEG)

Terminal buttons are found at the ends of __________. cell bodies dendrites axons glial cells

axons

A difference between the fMRI and the TMS is that ____________________. causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the fMRI but not by the TMS the fMRI is dependent on a TMS providing pictures of brain structures the TMS is a noninvasive imaging technique, and the fMRI is an invasive imaging technique causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the TMS but not by the fMRI

causal conclusions about the influence of brain structures on functioning can be drawn by the TMS but not by the fMRI

The two main divisions of the nervous system are ____________. sympathetic and autonomic nervous systems autonomic and central nervous systems somatic and autonomic nervous systems central and peripheral nervous systems

central and peripheral nervous systems

Jim's friends noticed that he was stumbling around, consistently losing his balance while walking. It's possible that his ___________ has been negatively affected or injured on some way. reticular formation thalamus medulla cerebellum

cerebellum

The human brain's more advanced structure, compared to most animal brains, is the __________________. cerebral cortex large brain size to body size ratio two hemispheres in the brain

cerebral cortex

The two separate hemispheres are connected by the ___________. cerebellum limbic system corpus callosum hippocampus

corpus callosum

The branchlike fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called __________. axons terminal buttons glial fibers dendrites

dendrites

Lateralization of brain function refers to the ___________ of the brain. difference between hemispheres specialized functions neurogenesis neuroplasticity

difference between hemispheres

Neurogenesis refers to the brain's ability to ______________. repair damaged neurons form brand new neurons prevent cell death of neurons fire action potentials faster

form brand new neurons

A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels is called _________________. positron emission tomography (PET) single-unit microelectrode functional MRI (fMRI) electroencephalography (EEG) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

functional MRI (fMRI)

A synapse is a __________. chemical signal joint gap

gap

The pituitary gland is the body's master gland, which is responsible for __________ and hormones that influence feelings of __________ and signal the sexual reproduction hormones. growth; pain energy; euphoria metabolism; sexual dependency; stress

growth; pain

When your parasympathetic nervous system works to maintain vital bodily functions so that your body is in its natural balance, it is called ____________. homeopathic homeostasis fight-or-flight response automatic responses

homeostasis

The ______________ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. adrenal gland pituitary gland thyroid gland hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The most common type of neuron in the human body is the ___________. sensory neuron interneuron motor neuron afferent neuron

interneuron

The reason the area of the brain that includes the brain stem is called the "old brain" is that ____________________. it's the oldest brain region it's most useful as we get older it's the part we use the least

it's the oldest brain region

The function of the pancreas is to ____________. keep the body supplied with energy sources such as sugar and insulin produce the growth hormone keep the body safe from invading viruses or bacteria metabolize the body systems and regulate behavior

keep the body supplied with energy sources such as sugar and insulin

An axon is a ____________. neuron's cell body branchlike fiber extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body support cell in the nervous system long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body

long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body

If a person is shot, and the bullet destroys the part of the brain called the _____________, which maintains basic life functions (heart rate, breathing), there is virtually no chance for surviving that injury. reticular formation thalamus medulla pons

medulla

The pineal gland secretes ____________, a hormone that helps regulate the _____________. adrenaline; metabolism melatonin; wake/sleep cycle estrogen; reproduction cycle epinephrine; energy levels

melatonin; wake/sleep cycle

As Mona was searching for her phone in her purse, she accidentally dropped her keys on the floor. She quickly reached down, retrieved them, and put them back in her purse. This voluntary reaction involved _____________ signals that were communicated to her muscles via the ____________ nervous system. motor; somatic sensory; somatic sensory; autonomic motor; autonomic

motor; somatic

The ___________ cortex sends signals to move our muscles, whereas the ____________ cortex receives information about bodily sensations. auditory; visual motor; somatosensory somatosensory; auditory visual; motor

motor; somatosensory

The difference between a nerve and a neuron is that a ____________. nerve is made up of a bundle of interconnected neurons neuron is made up of a bundle of interconnected nerves neuron is made up of nerves on sensory and motor nerves nerve only exists in the brain

nerve is made up of a bundle of interconnected neurons

Julie fell during an accident at work and suffered damage that affected her ability to comprehend language. After a few months of therapy, her ability to understand language has improved. This most likely demonstrated ______________. neuroplasticity neurogenesis lateralization of brain function localization of brain function

neuroplasticity

Sally was hospitalized after a car accident, and due to injury to her hippocampus, she has trouble with __________________________. older memories, but still retains newer memories newer memories, but still retains older memories both new and older memories

newer memories, but still retains older memories

The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe. frontal occipital temporal parietal

occipital

Contralateral control describes ____________________. the brain's ability to control our balance when we move one hemisphere's ability to receive sensations and control movement of the opposite side of the body the brain's ability to multitask

one hemisphere's ability to receive sensations and control movement of the opposite side of the body

When Carlos answered the door, he discovered it was the pizza delivery person; before long, he calmed down, and his blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing returned to their normal state. These physical reactions were most likely regulated by his ________________. digestive system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

The terms autonomic and somatic refer to the two main subdivisions of the ____________. sympathetic nervous system central nervous system peripheral nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

peripheral nervous system

While asleep, Jesse's heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion are functioning without any conscious effort on his part. This is because a subdivision of the ___________ nervous system called the ____________ regulates these involuntary functions. central; somatic nervous system peripheral; somatic nervous system peripheral; autonomic nervous system central; autonomic nervous system

peripheral; autonomic nervous system

Before entering 9th grade, Brooks had to have most of his clothes replaced because he had grown almost 3 inches since the previous year. The gland responsible for his growth is the ____________. parathyroid gland pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland

pituitary gland

Jack is injected with a small amount of radioactive glucose and then lies in a scanner. He is given a task--to think about his favorite song--as the scanner records the movement and location of the glucose his brain. A computer analyzes the data and produces a color-coded image of his brain activity. Jack is receiving the imaging technique called ____________________. positron emission tomography (PET) functional MRI (fMRI) electroencephalograph (EEG) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

positron emission tomography (PET)

An advantage of the PET scan is that it ___________, and a disadvantage is that it ___________. provides good images of brain activity; does not provide information on brain functioning is a noninvasive imaging technique; does not provide images of brain activity provides good images of brain activity; is an invasive imaging technique provides good information on brain structure; does not provide information on brain functioning

provides good images of brain activity; is an invasive imaging technique

An advantage of the EEG is that it ____________, and a disadvantage of the EEG is that it ___________. provides good information on electrical brain activity; does not provide clear pictures of brain structure provides clear pictures of brain structure; does not provide good information on brain function provides good information on brain structure and functions; is an invasive technique None of the above

provides good information on electrical brain activity; does not provide clear pictures of brain structure

Reflexes are _______________________. quick, involuntary responses that are not processed in the brain responses that originate in neurons in the brain voluntary responses that are not processed in the brain voluntary responses that are processed in the spinal cord

quick, involuntary responses that are not processed in the brain

Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________. receiving; sending sending; receiving electrical; chemical reuptake; action potential

receiving; sending

The electroencephalograph is a method of studying the brain that _____________. is more invasive than the use of single-unit microelectrodes records electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons by using electrodes records videos of electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons provides clear pictures of the structure of the brain

records electrical activity produced by the brain's neurons by using electrodes

The part of the brain stem called the _________ has been shown to be related to arousal in lab animals; when this part is stimulated, the animal is awake; when it's severed (cut), the animal goes into a coma. reticular formation thalamus medulla pons

reticular formation

Researchers discovered that the hypothalamus helps to regulate basic drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexuality. Another interesting aspect of the hypothalamus is that it ___________________. serves as a reward center helps us to recognize emotional expressions

serves as a reward center

The function of the ______ is to keep the cell alive. soma dendrite axon terminal button

soma

The key components of the peripheral nervous system are _________________. autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems parasympathetic and somatic nervous systems somatic and autonomic nervous systems autonomic and homeostasis nervous systems

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Christopher Reeve was accidentally thrown from his horse while riding. Unfortunately, he landed on his head and was paralyzed from the shoulders down. Although his mental abilities were intact, he was unable to move the lower part of his body, which was a result of permanent damage to his ______________. somatic nervous system sympathetic nervous system autonomic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system

somatic nervous system

The parietal lobe houses the __________ cortex. visual auditory somatosensory motor

somatosensory

Cecilia accidentally touched her hot curling iron and immediately withdrew her hand before becoming consciously aware of the sensation or movement. She was able to do this because of a(n) _____________. spinal cord spinal reflex peripheral interferon autonomic arousal

spinal reflex

Brains of cadavers have provided helpful information about the _____________. functions of the brain brain activity structures of the brain blood flow in the neurons

structures of the brain

The heightened physical arousal that characterizes the fight-or-flight response involves the __________ division of the nervous system. spinal somatic sympathetic parasympathetic

sympathetic

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are ________________. sympathetic and parasympathetic somatic and parasomatic neuritic and sympathetic parasympathetic and schismatic

sympathetic and parasympathetic

At home alone late one night, Carlos had just finished watching a very frightening movie when there was a knock on the door. His heart rate suddenly increased, his breathing accelerated, and he began to sweat. These physiological changes were most likely triggered by his __________________. central nervous system parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

Melanie is suffering from severe depression, and medication has not seemed to help. Her physician suggests that she try a new, noninvasive brain technique to relieve her symptoms. This technique is called __________________. positron emission tomography (PET) functional MRI (fMRI) electroencephalograph (EEG) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Which method used to study the human brain has not enabled psychologists to get a good picture of human brain functions? Lesion studies fMRI Cadaver studies All of the above

Cadaver studies

What neurotransmitter is important if there is an injury and pain relief is necessary? Dopamine Endorphins Glutamate GABA

Endorphins

Eisenberger and her colleagues conducted research to determine if a person's emotional pain originates in the same brain location as physical pain. They tested their hypothesis by collecting brain activity data when participants played cyberball with others and then again when participants were excluded from others while playing cyberball. What brain technique did the researchers use to collect the participants' brain activity? Positron emission tomography (PET) Single-unit microelectrode Functional MRI (fMRI) Electroencephalograph (EEG) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Functional MRI (fMRI)

Which neuroimaging technique can be used as a treatment for some psychological disorders? Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Functional MRI (fMRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) Electroencephalograph (EEG)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Which of the following best describes the process of neuroplasticity? When the brain is able to generate new neurons When the brain is damaged due to plastic poisoning in food packaging When parts of the brain compensate for damages to another part of the brain When the brain develops hard, plasticlike plaques due to Alzheimer's disease

When parts of the brain compensate for damages to another part of the brain