PSYCH-101 Chapter 13
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's erogenous zones?
a) His cigar b) His beard c) His couch d) All of these options***
The most widely researched and clinically used self-report, personality test is the _____.
a) MMPI-2
How would you compare what women want in a mate versus what men want in a mate?
a) Only one out of the 10 characteristics listed was different on the lists b) The first four characteristics on the lists are identical c) Men valued "good looks" whereas women valued "ambition" and "industriousness" d) All of the above***
Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
a) Oral>> anal>>phallic>> latency>>genital
According to Maslow, what did Albert Einstein, Mahatma Ghandi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common?
a) They were all fully self-actualized
A(n) _____ test measures your potential abilities, a(n) _____ test measures what you already know, and a(n) _____ test measures what sort of things you like to do.
a) aptitude; achievement; vocational interest
According to Freud, most girls _____.
a) blame their mothers for their lack of a penis b) feel a special attachment for their fathers c) have a lower level of moral development, never overcome penis envy, nor give up their rivalry with their mothers d) all of these options***
Psychologists believe that defense mechanisms _____.
a) can be healthy when not used excessively
Rotter believed that personality or behavior is determined by your _____.
a) cognitive expectancies
Nelson learns in his Human Sexuality class that it is not uncommon for young adolescents to have sexual attractions or fantasies for persons of the same sex. Nelson vehemently protests that he has never had even the slightest physical attraction or thoughts about the same sex. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
a) denial
Dr. X is sexually attracted to her newest client. Rather than having sex with him, she makes passionate love to her husband that night. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
a) displacement
The id's attempts at immediate gratification of needs and avoidance of discomfort are controlled by the _____.
a) ego
Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome _____.
a) feelings of inferiority
The _____ is concerned with immediate gratification and the avoidance of discomfort.
a) id
Pedro was just diagnosed with testicular cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
a) intellectualization
A positive outcome of a child's "will-to-power" is manifested by _____, whereas a negative outcome is characterized by _____.
a) mastery and control; striving for superiority
Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high, and Brandy scores low on the personality dimension of _____ in the Five-Factor model.
a) openness
Norm is sexually attracted to Lilith, a married woman. Instead of acknowledging this attraction, Norm develops an intense dislike for Lilith. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
a) reaction formation
Horney believed Freud's concept of penis envy _____.
a) reflected male biases b) reflected women's feelings of cultural inferiority rather than biological inferiority c) should be replaced by the term power envy d) all of these options***
Horney believed that the strongest influence on an individual's personality was that person's _____.
a) relationship with his or her parents
According to Freud, regression to a prior stage of development may be related to _____.
a) stress b) an overgratification of needs at that stage c) a frustration of needs at that stage d) all of these options***
According to your text, Freud's contribution to psychology was _____.
a) the concept of the unconscious and its influence on behavior b) the notion that people experience conflict between three personality structures c) the source and consequences of the defense mechanisms d) all of these options***
Research shows that the "Big 5" (five-factor model) may be a biological universal because _____.
a) there may be an evolutionary advantage to people who are more open, conscientiousness, extraverted, agreeable, and less neurotic b) chimpanzee personalities closely resemble the "Big 5" traits c) cross-cultural studies support the "Big 5" d) all of these options***
Fixation at this psychosexual stage of development would, according to Freud, lead to either a very neat person or one who is messy and disorderly.
b) Anal
Which of the following is a list of personality traits?
b) Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ego?
b) It resides entirely within the conscious realm.
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
b) Jung: conscious psychology
Trait theories have been criticized for all but one of the following reasons.
b) They did not include a large number of central traits.
A multiphasic personality test measures _____.
b) a range of personality traits
According to your text, the BEST definition of factor analysis is _____.
b) a statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units contained in a large array of data
Bessie is gentle, cooperative, trusting, and helpful; Obadiah is outgoing, talkative, fun-loving, and affectionate. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Bessie scores high on _____, and Obadiah scores high on _____.
b) agreeableness; extroversion
According to Jung, the primitive images and patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious are called _____.
b) archetypes
The nonshared environment in studies of personality refers to differences in _____.
b) aspects of the environment that differ between individuals
The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____.
b) ego
Della believes she earned an "A" in chemistry because the test was easy and she made a lot of lucky guesses. It is likely that Della has a(n) _____ locus of control.
b) external
Malcolm consults his horoscope to determine what stocks to buy; Miles studies the financial section of the paper and follows the track record of companies he's interested in before buying stocks. It is MOST likely that Malcolm _____, and Miles _____.
b) has an external locus of control (LOC); has an internal LOC
The _____ operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification. The _____ operates on the reality principle, and the _____ contains the conscience and ego-ideal, which provide moral guidance for the ego.
b) id; ego; superego
Devinia believes she earned an "A" in chemistry because she used the teacher's study suggestions and worked hard all semester. It is likely that Devinia has a(n) _____ locus of control.
b) internal
Your beliefs about who or what is in charge of the outcomes in your life are called your _____.
b) locus of control
Zahari seeks affection and acceptance from others. Horney might say that she is _____.
b) moving toward people
On _____ personality tests, people are asked to describe themselves on paper-and-pencil tasks that have a limited number of response options and a standardized scoring system.
b) objective
The _____ principle asserts that the only motivation for behavior is the immediate gratification of needs.
b) pleasure
Unconditional positive regard is a Rogerian term for _____.
b) positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies
The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of _____ tests.
b) projective personality
You would rather have fun with your new dating partner than study for your math exam. You know you will do poorly on the exam if you don't study, but tell yourself that having fun will help you relax for the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
b) rationalization
Every time Nikolai gets into a big argument with his wife, he runs to his mother's home for comfort and approval. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
b) regression
According to Rogerians, the information and beliefs you have about your nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior is called your _____.
b) self-concept
A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a(n) _____
b) trait
A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that _____.
b) unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior, such as feelings, thoughts & actions
The personality theorist who believed in the basic goodness of individuals, and their natural tendency toward self-actualization was _____.
c) Abraham Maslow
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?
c) Aptitude test: "I have learned to tie my shoes."
This is the study of the extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics rather than the environment.
c) Behavioral genetics
_____ appear(s) to have the largest influence (40% to 50%) on personality.
c) Genetics
Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
c) He under-emphasized the role of biological determinants.
Criticisms of the social-cognitive approach to personality include all EXCEPT which of the following?
c) It does not meet the standards for scientific research.
Which of the following is FALSE about humanistic psychology?
c) It merely explains personality, rather than teaching how to change it.
The most widely used personality test is the MMPI, or _____ Inventory.
c) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Which of the following is the CORRECT list of traits in the Five-Factor model?
c) Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN)
Two theorists associated with the humanistic perspective of personality development are _____.
c) Rogers and Maslow
Harmony just learned that her brother is gay, and wants him to know that she cares about him. She compliments him before he leaves for school by saying, "I really like your skirt...I mean shirt." This could be an example of _____.
c) a Freudian slip
According to Adler, feelings of helplessness and incompetence during childhood results in _____.
c) an inferiority complex
According to your text, the major objective of the MMPI-2 is to _____.
c) assist in the diagnosis of psychological disorders
In the iceberg analogy of Freud's levels of consciousness, the "tip" is the _______
c) conscious
Used excessively, defense mechanisms can be dangerous because they _____.
c) distort reality
Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict.
c) ego
Jung believed that the anima and animus represent _____.
c) feminine and masculine components of personality
Radford is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody; Quinn is calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed. According to the Five-Factor model, it is likely that Radford scores _____; and Quinn scores _____.
c) high on neuroticism; low on neuroticism
Conan constantly wants to be near his mother, receiving her affectionate touching and kissing. He wants nothing to do with his father, and actively stands between his parents to keep them from hugging each other. According to Freudian theory, it is likely that Conan is _____.
c) in the middle of the Oedipus complex
The MMPI-2 is an example of a(n) _____ personality test.
c) objective
According to Freud, if an individual's needs were _____ during a particular stage of development, that person would remain stuck at that stage
c) overindulged or not met
Clement is a gullible, dependent, and passive adult. Freud might say Clement was _____ during _____ stage of development.
c) overindulged; the oral
The use of ambiguous, unstructured stimuli to assess personality is called _____ testing.
c) projective
The _____ principle asserts that the ego tries to meet the demands of the id, superego, and the realities of the environment.
c) reality
The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____.
c) repression
When someone violates parental and societal rules, they experience guilt. This is the role of the _____, which operates on the _____ principle.
c) superego; morality
Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child's uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally.
c) unconditional positive regard
The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person's normal awareness are found in what Freud calls the _____.
c) unconscious
Three of the most influential neo-Freudians were _____.
d) Adler, Jung, and Horney
_____ theories emphasize the importance of genetics in the development of personality.
d) Biological
Which of the following is NOT one of the erogenous zones in Freud's psychosexual stages?
d) Breasts
The five developmental periods during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified for personality development to proceed normally are known as _____.
d) Freud's psychosexual stages of development
Which of the following is FALSE about "pseudo" personality tests like astrological and tarot readings?
d) They usually reveal traits that are negative and socially undesirable.
At the end of a very busy week, Sumita is enjoying a jazz concert with her husband, and plans to eat dinner afterwards. Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be true regarding her levels of consciousness?
d) With a little prompting, her fatigue could come up from her preconscious.
An unsuccessful resolution of the toilet training conflict may result in an adult who is _____.
d) anal-retentive or anal-expulsive
According to Horney, an emotionally healthy person will _____.
d) balance moving toward, away, and against people
According to Horney, adults who were neglected or isolated in a hostile environment as children experience helplessness and insecurity as adults, which she called _____.
d) basic anxiety
According to Rogerians, if your self-concept is congruent with your life experiences, you are likely to _____.
d) be mentally healthy
According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____.
d) conscious
To prevent the _____ associated with the ego's failure to satisfy both the id and superego, people develop and use _____.
d) conscious anxiety; defense mechanisms
Cattell and Eysenck both used the statistical technique called _____ to determine a cluster of personality traits they believe are universally shared.
d) factor analysis
"I'm going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the _____. "But, stealing is wrong," said the _____. "Let's ask mom if she'll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the _____.
d) id; superego; ego
Truong seeks power and control, while Thayer seeks independence and privacy. Horney might say that Truong is _____, and Thayer is _____.
d) moving against others; moving away from others
An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her _____.
d) personality
Samsara is aloof and self-contained. She prefers to read and work on her computer rather than engage in camping or other outdoor activities. She feels emotions deeply, but rarely displays them. Her thoughts are complex and focused on philosophical questions rather than every-day practicalities. This is a description of Samsara's _____.
d) personality
According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you can easily bring to awareness is called your _____.
d) preconscious
Gabrielle didn't study for this exam and really wants to cheat. This is entirely unacceptable to her superego, which won't let her do this. However, Gabrielle thinks she sees nearly everyone else in the class cheating during the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
d) projection
One of psychology's most spirited debates is currently about: .
d) self-esteem
Victor's religious beliefs prohibit sexual expression until after marriage. He takes up painting nudes to deal with his sexual impulses. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____.
d) sublimation
When a child learns the rules and values of parents and society, and incorporates them into his own psyche, that child has developed his _____.
d) superego
Compared to _____ theories that describe personality, _____ theories attempt to explain personality.
d) trait; psychoanalytic
