Psych 101 Exam 2
dreams-for-survival theory of dreams
After practicing a new sport (lacrosse) in the evening, a child performs the skilled movements even better after getting up the next morning, thus supporting the
What drugs activate the reward pathway?
Any drugs that effect dopamine
cornea, pupil, lens, retina
As light passes through the eye, it proceeds in the following structural sequence:
Depressants
-increase GABA -decrease glutamate -alcohol, barbiturates, Rohynol
Stimulants
-increase dopamine -nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, Adderall
Hallucinogens
-increases serotonin -Marijuana, MDMA (ecstacy), LSD
umami
A possible fifth taste that is present in foods with a meaty or savory flavor is called
opponent-process theory
After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by:
absolute threshold
The smallest intensity at which you are able to detect a stimulus refers to the
Closure
We usually group elements to form enclosed or complete figures
It doesn't offer an adequate explanation of the perception of afterimages
What is a shortcoming of trichromatic theory?
feature detection
Hubel and Wiesel discovered that many neurons in the brain are activated only by visual stimuli of a particular shape or pattern. This is called _______.
activation-synthesis
brains make up stories out of the random neural activity that occurs while we sleep
Substance P
chemical that transmits messages about pain to the brain
pupil
controls the amount of light that enters the eye
simplicity
overriding gestalt principle is _______, meaning that we tend to see it in the most basic manner that we can.
cochlea
receptor cells for hearing are located in the
Freud's psychoanalytic theory
reflect an individual's unconscious desires
cochlea
structure of the ear that tranduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses
Wish fulfillment
-Freud's theory about dreaming -amygdala
semicircular canals
At the state fair, Marcus loves to ride the "Hurricane" because it spins around very fast. However, when he gets off the ride, he feels dizzy and has an upset stomach. This response is due to stimulation of which sensory structure?
Bottom-up processing
Basic features are analyzed and recombined
difference threshold
Being able to detect the difference between two brands of Riesling wine is an example of _________
absolute threshold
Being able to taste one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water is an example of _________.
feature analysis theory of perception
Bottom-up processing is closest to the
Activation-synthesis
Brain makes "sense" of random neural activity
dark adaptation
Cathy carefully walks down the aisle of the dark movie theatre. After hesitating a few times, she finds an empty seat. After a short while she can distinguish her friend Suzy sitting a few rows ahead of her. Cathy has experienced the phenomenon known as:
gate control theory
Damon hurt his arm when he bumped into the corner of a piece of furniture. He started to rub his arm around the contact spot and soon the pain seemed to lessen. Damon's experience regarding the lessening of the pain can be explained by
Binocular disparity
Different retinal images received by each eye (3-D movies)
psychophysics
Dr. Smith examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its amplitude and wavelength, and humans' perception of color. Which of the following terms MOST ACCURATELY describes Dr. Smith's field of study?
stages 3 and 4; stages 1 and 2
During the first half of the night, most sleepers will predominantly experience _____ sleep, whereas they will predominantly experience _____ sleep during the second half of the night.
Similarity
Elements that are similar seem grouped together
Opponent process theory
Explains after image
closure
Filling in the missing parts is known as _______ in gestalt psychology
generate a response in a sense organ
For an event to be considered a stimulus, it must
motion parallax
If you take a photograph from the window of a moving car, you may notice that objects in the distance appear very clear, while nearby objects appear blurred. This is an example of the principle of:
stimulus
The sight of a police car causes Wanda to touch her brake, slowing her speeding car. The police car has served as a
figure and ground
Paintings or drawings that lead to ambiguous interpretations often invert or reverse the
Top-down processing
Perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations (2+2=4)
Survival
Permits one to reconsider and reprocess during sleep; critical for ones daily survival
Feature analysis
Processing of individual elements of an object (lines, direction, movement)
dreaming
REM sleep is associated with which feature of sleep?
dimly lit
Rods are related to vision in _____ situations.
trichromatic theory
Sometimes, after she has been staring at a computer screen for a long tme, Jane looks at a blank wall and sees an image of the screen that resembles a photographic negative. Which theory BEST accounts for this visual phenomenon?
the optic nerve leaves the eye toward the brain
The blind spot is the place on the retina where
color
The cone is responsible for which type of sensation?
amplify sound waves being relayed to the oval window
The function of the three tiny bones of the middle ear is to
Weber's Law
The function relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable difference
Texture gradient
The further away you are the details become less clear
olfactory cells
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as
context
Top-down processing is illustrated by the importance of ________ in determining how we perceive objects.
Proximity
We perceive elements that are closer together as grouped together
sensory adaptation
When Jeremy first jumped into the pool, he almost jumped back out again because the water was so cold. After a while, the water temperature seemed almost like a warm bathtub. This is an example of:
in the hour or 2 before awakening
When does the longest REM sleep cycle tend to occur?
Simplicity
When we observe a pattern, we perceive it in the most basic, straightforward manner that we can
perceptual constancy
When we perceive the characteristics of external objects as remaining the same even though the retinal image has changed, __________ has been maintained
semicircular canals
When your head moves about in space, a response in the ______ is triggered
circadian rhythms
Which phenomenon most likely explains the fact that workers who work constantly changing time shifts are more prone to have accidents?
so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on
Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?
motion parallax
You and a friend are driving home on a college break; you're in the passenger seat. Bored, you gaze into the middle of an empty field. You notice that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the same direction in which your car is moving; by contrast, mile markers on the side of the highway seem to whiz past you in the opposite direction. The difference in the apparent speed and direction of objects' motion serves as a depth cue called:
extrasensory perception
Your aunt believes that she can perceive objects or events as they are happening. She tells of your uncle getting into a car accident which she saw happen even though it occurred three thousand miles away. Your aunt believes that she can perceive without involving the known senses. This is called:
sensation
activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy
Blind spot
behind the optic nerve
Multimodel perception
brain collects the info from the individual sensory systems and integrates and coordinates
Otoliths
crystals that sense forward, backward, or up and down as well as the pull of gravity
Müller-Lyer illusion
describes a case where a line with arrow tips pointed inward appears to be longer than one with arrow tips pointed outward.
binocular disparity
difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye can serve as a depth cue called:
outer ear
functions to collect and amplify sound
outer ear
help humans primarily to detect the source of sound
rods
important in peripheral vision because they are concentrated outside the fovea.
cornea
protective covering of the eye that bends to focus an image on the back of the eye
place theory
provides a good explanation for sensing high-frequency sounds.
Optic Chiasm
separates left and right visual field into different hemispheres of the brain
lens
serves to focus an image on the back of the eye
frequency
the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to sound
perception
the eye is to sensation as the brain is to _________
Perceptual consistency
the perception that objects maintain their size, shape, and color despite changes in their retinal image
perception
the sorting out, interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain
pitch
two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in
The Parthenon
was built with a slight distortion to compensate for a visual illusion
difference threshold
when you try to determine the smallest level of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred?
consciousness
your psychology professor calls on you during class. The first thought that goes through your mind is, "Why me?" This thought could be characterized as