psych 101 final
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.
Biofeedback
________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.
Distress
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
________ is having an experience that is so engaging and engrossing that it becomes worth doing for its own sake. During this state a person might say that they feel that they "lose themselves" in the activity.
Flow
Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?
Freudian slip
From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important?
It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory.
What does set point theory suggest about the probable results of bariatric surgery?
It will not result in long term weight loss because the body will resist change and seek its initial set point.
Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?
Karen Horney
Of the following substances or substance groups, which is the only one where illicit use patterns are higher in those between 12 and 17 years old than those who are 18 to 25 years of age?
inhalants
Which of the following is a set of symptoms or behaviors that you might see in a person diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing a(n) ________ episode.
manic
Otto is so driven to become a school psychologist that he spends every night studying. This sentence describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal, also called ________.
motivation
Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?
Scientific theory
When one considers the majority of the scientific data that are available, what can be said about sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation is something with which we are born.
Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?
Simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.
Why would someone choose to work as an adjunct instructor rather than a professor?
Someone may choose faculty member over a professor because it's less schooling. They also may choose it because they want to teach about psychology but also want to have another job that doesn't require teaching.
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
Studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to minority cultures.
TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.
The American Psychological Association
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
The process was highly subjective
Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?
They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.
Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.
a token economy
According to research, the need for ________ encourages Mr. Blutarski to complete a second PhD., so he can add another accomplishment to his already long list of accolades.
achievement
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
amygdala
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked
The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs and finally striving for self-actualization.
biological; social
Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________.
biopsychologist
Hans Selye's definition of stress is considered a response-based definition because it conceptualizes stress chiefly in terms of the ________.
body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
borderline personality disorder
Which of the following is an example of eustress?
buying a new home
Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.
can sometimes be tested with animal studies
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
observational
Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.
overjustification
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
cognitive
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
cognitive map
Roscoe suffers from cocaine use disorder as well as bipolar disorder. The fact that he has two psychiatric diagnoses at once would make his a ________ situation.
comorbid
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
continuous
Doug is an emergency room nurse in a large, underfunded, public hospital. Lately, he finds himself assuming that the patients he sees are just trying to get free drugs to feed an addiction. Just yesterday a little boy was brought in with a broken arm, and Doug found that he was completely indifferent to the boy's pain. What aspect of job burnout does this exemplify?
dimension 2 - depersonalization
Amarah has an exam in a week, so she schedules 30 to 60 minutes each night to review her course material. She does this rather than waiting until the night before the exam so that she can avoid a "cram session." Amarah's approach to studying is called ________ practice.
distributed
Which pair of neurotransmitters has received the most attention as a potential explanation for the symptoms of schizophrenia?
dopamine and serotonin
I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.
explicit
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?
explicit memories
Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.
falsifiability
Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?
forensic
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.
hindsight
Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?
hippocampus
Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.
id
Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
physiological
Food, water, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
physiological
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring Cordelia's left arm. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing ________ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?
psychiatric hospitals
What was the third personality dimension eventually proposed by Hans and Sybil Eysenck?
psychoticism versus superego control
Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.
race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.
recognition
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?
regression
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.
surveys
Psychology refers to the ________.
the scientific study of mind and behavior
Of the following options, which is not one of the temperaments first proposed by Thomas and Chess (1977)?
the secure baby
A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.
theory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
How long does traditional psychoanalysis typically take?
years
Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.
30
Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?
A dissertation
________ is the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information.
Critical thinking
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?
Mary Whiton Calkins
Which of the following is an inaccurate statement about dissociative disorders?
People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.
reliability
The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.
replication crisis
Katya studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary she can't; instead she can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as avoiding eye contact or rehearsing sentences before speaking are called ________.
safety behaviors
What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?
sequential
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all different forms of ________.
social support
What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?
strategic
The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.
transcendental meditation
Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?
unconditional positive regard
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?
It would be unethical by today's research standards.
According to the ________ theory of emotions, one's physiological arousal precedes the cognitive experience of a feeling.
James-Lange
Which of the following is the best example of a compulsion?
Jordy locks his door exactly nine times every time he leaves the house to make sure it is locked.
Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?
being a fan of violent media (music, television shows, movies, etc.)
Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.
how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger
A(n) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.
inferiority
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategy is Marcos using?
moving against people
