psych 101 midterm

Which approach to psychology emphasizes the role of the physical processes, such as brain and nervous system functioning? Biological Behavioral Cognitive Psychodynamic

Biological

_____ area is a region in the left hemisphere of the brain that is involved in the control of speech. People with damage in this part of the brain have problems saying words correctly. Broca's Wernicke's

Broca's

If a child inherits one brown-eyed gene and one blue-eyed gene and the child has brown eyes, which gene is dominant? Brown-eyed gene Blue-eyed gene

Brown-eyed gene

_____ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information. Laboratory Experimental Descriptive Qualitative

Descriptive

_____ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

Encoding

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes. Experiment with different organizational techniques. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Encode and pay attention to all outside information. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize.

Experiment with different organizational techniques. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize.

True or false: Animal research has provided no benefit to human populations.

False

Which psychological perspective emphasizes a person's positive qualities, capability for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny? Behavioral approach Cognitive approach Humanistic approach Sociocultural approach

Humanistic approach

Some psychologists argue that psychology should be value-free and morally neutral. Why do some psychologists think this would this be difficult to do? Psychologists are human and, therefore, cannot be value-free, even if they try. Psychologists are value-free, but society cannot understand such positions since it is a value-laden place. Psychologists do not want to be value-free, but rather are trying to push their own agenda.

Psychologists are human and, therefore, cannot be value-free, even if they try.

Each parent contributes _____ chromosome(s) to each pair of chromosomes. 2 1 4 3

1

Which of the following are examples of the areas in which psychological animal research has provided benefits to human populations? (Select all that apply.) Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain Psychotherapy techniques and behavioral medicine Knowledge of better tanning and cosmetic techniques

Rehabilitation of neuromuscular disorders Drugs to treat anxiety and severe mental illness Alleviation of the effects of stress and pain Psychotherapy techniques and behavioral medicine

_____ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

______ is the process of receiving stimuli energies from the environment, whereas ______ is the brain's process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to give it meaning. Perception; sensation Sensation; transduction Transduction; perception Sensation; perception

Sensation; perception

________ discovered the impact of the subconscious through hypnosis.

Sigmund Freud

Which of these are considered contemporary approaches to psychology? (Select all that apply.) Metaphysical Sociocultural Cognitive Chemical Humanistic Behavioral Investigative

Sociocultural Cognitive Humanistic Behavioral

Every time second-grader Sarah raises her hand in class and gives the correct answer, her teacher gives her a sticker. Receiving a sticker increases the likelihood of Sarah's participation. This is an example of _____. observational learning classical conditioning the law of effect extinction

The law of effect

Which statement about the seven contemporary approaches is most accurate? They all provide different lenses for studying human behavior. They have all been scientifically tested, except for the sociocultural perspective. Most psychologists believe in only one of the perspectives. The behaviorist approach has been shown to be more accurate than the others.

They all provide different lenses for studying human behavior.

True or false: Psychological research must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB). True False

True

True or false: Psychology has its roots in both philosophy and the natural sciences.

True

True or false: The brain is able to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

True

A special form of episodic memory is ______ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds. semantic and factual prospective flashbulb autobiographical

autobiographical

Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior. punisher applied behavior employing

behavior

Psychologists study _____. behavior and mental processes mental processes and thoughts people exclusively actions but not reactions

behavior and mental processes

In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____. bell salivation to the meat powder meat powder dog

bell

The nervous system is made up of _____ of communicating cells. about 100,000 about 500,000 millions billions

billions

A person's phenotype refers to _____. only psychological characteristics both physical and psychological characteristics only physical characteristics

both physical and psychological characteristics

The ______ perspective focuses on the mental processes involved in knowing; how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.

cognitive

Journalists are often not trained in psychological research; therefore, they frequently will have issues presenting material appropriately. One of the better sources to learn about research would be from _______. librarians high school teachers clergy professionals college professionals

college professionals

Laboratory research is conducted in a ______ setting.

controlled

Sodium and potassium ions move in and out of the axon when the membrane is ______

depolarized

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____. the primacy effect the serial position effect elaboration rehearsal

elaboration

When _____ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels. encoding attention assessment information

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called ______.

encoding

The _______ perspective uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors.

evolutionary

A(n) ______ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant. experiment longitudinal design experimental group third variable problem

experiment

Brain grafts have greater potential success when the brain tissue used is from the _____ stage. toddler fetal adult adolescent

fetal

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____. false memory memory encoding recovered memory forgetting

forgetting

Afferent neurons convey information _____. either toward or away from the brain from the senses to the brain away from the brain and toward the muscles

from the senses to the brain

Positron-emission tomography (PET scan) uses ______ levels to identify levels of activity throughout the brain.

glucose

The medulla _____. governs breathing and reflexes is important in coordinating movements is important in the formation of memory governs eating and sex

governs breathing and reflexes

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____. sensory memory the serial position effect chunking imagery

imagery

Numerous areas of the brain play a role in each of our behaviors. This is evidence of the considerable ______ of function in the brain.

integration

Each hemisphere of the brain is subdivided into four regions, which are called _____. the cortex lobes regions sections

lobes

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory. visuospatial working sensory short-term long-term

long-term

_____ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____. the first items learned are more easily remembered because they are rehearsed more this will allow the information to stay in sensory memory for longer memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have this strategy won't improve memory but will result in the students liking her more than other professors

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that people only remember things related to current events. memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better. this information will stay in sensory memory longer. the first items learned are more easily remembered.

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

In comparison to neurotransmitters, hormones typically take _____ to act. about the same time less time more time

more time

The biological approach to psychology focuses on the brain and ______ system.

nervous

Before using memory processes, you must first ________ the information you are about to study.

organize

Activation of the _____ nervous system, a division of the autonomic nervous system, calms the body after an emergency has ended.

parasympathetic

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information. permanent shortened phonological working

permanent

A ______ is an individual's observable characteristics.

phenotype

After brain damage, the brain can often repair itself. The brain's ability to adapt like this is referred to as ______

plasticity

The entire group about which the investigator draws conclusions is known as a ______. random sample population variable sample

population

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect. primacy chunking reminiscence recency

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the ______ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory. proactive retroactive prospective retrospective

prospective

The technique that Freud developed is called _____. introspection laboratory study psychoanalysis neuroscience

psychoanalysis

Journalists and television reporters are not usually trained in _________ research.

psychological

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items

recall recognition

Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____. shaping conditioning punishment reinforcement

reinforcement

Psychology is the ________ study of all human behaviors.

scientific

The five steps of the _____ method are reflected differently in three types of research commonly used in psychology.

scientific

Bette is able to focus on one voice in a crowded restaurant, demonstrating _____. divided attention parallel processing the volley principle selective attention

selective attention

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____. storage multitasking divided attention selective attention

selective attention

______ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

sensory

Sensory receptors adjust their response rates on the basis of the average amount of stimuli received, resulting in _____. sustained attention sensory perception sensory adaptation sensory attention

sensory adaptation

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is only in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is _____

shaping

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of _____ -_____ memory.

short-term

The absolute threshold is the _____. maximum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected by the sense organs smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time smallest change in stimulation needed in order to discriminate one stimulus from another largest difference in stimulation that can be detected as a change

smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected half of the time

The ________ perspective examines the ways in which different kinds of environments influence behavior.

sociocultural

The behavioral perspective _____. focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness considers how people and nonhumans function biologically suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior

suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study

The experience of one sense inducing an automatic experience in another sense (e.g., sight and hearing) is called _____, synaesthesia top-down processing graded currents multiple senses

synaesthesia

A(n) _____ is the tiny gap between the axon terminal and the next neuron. receptor axon synapse vesicle

synapse

The field of psychology is essentially about _____. research emotions motivation the individual

the individual

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory. three four two

three

Correlational research involves gathering data on _____. one variable one person two sets of variables a small group of people

two sets of variables

__________ coined the term operant conditioning—the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of the behavior.

B. F. Skinner

What is operant conditioning? Learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence A procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

The theorist ______ ______ developed the theory of observational learning.

Albert Bandura

_______ viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

Albert Bandura

_______ disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Alzheimer's

What is a variable? An idea that is arrived at logically from a theory A sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected Anything that can change A subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study

Anything that can change

Which part of the neuron manufactures substances that help the neuron grow? Dendrite Axon Myelin Cell body

Cell body

What is the name for the process by which axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged neurons grow new branches to make up for the damage? Collateral sprouting Neurogenesis Substitution of function Tissue implant

Collateral sprouting

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of research used in psychology? Inferential Experimental Correlational Descriptive

Inferential

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.) It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from our experiences. It allows us to hold information in its original sensory form for an instant. Sharing personal experience creates social bonds.

It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from our experiences. Sharing personal experience creates social bonds.

__________ accidentally discovered the form of associative learning labeled as classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Evolution Learning Habituation Adaptation

Learning

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Memory Reasoning Language Blood pressure Heart function Physical functioning

Memory Reasoning Language Physical functioning

What are cells in the nervous system are called? Blood cells Specialty cells Synapses Neurons

Neurons

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box? Perform a behavior to receive food Play with other rats Run through a complicated maze

Perform a behavior to receive food

Critical thinking is a(n) ___ process involving engaging with ideas and not settling for simple answers. subconscious active passive closed

active

A neural network is _____. active and changing static and not changing

active and changing

______ conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.

adversive