psych 101 quiz questions exam 3

Which of the following symptoms best describes the source of agoraphobia?? Select one: a. Fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult b. An intense anxiety and fear of being at home c. Fear of interacting with strangers d. An intense anxiety of being evaluated negatively by others

Fear of being in places from which escape might be difficult

Which of the following statements about cognitive dissonance is true? Select one: a. The theory of cognitive dissonance offers explanation for preferential treatment of certain people, usually driven by prejudicial attitudes. b. It is the act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument. c. Its success depends on three things: source, the method used to convey the message, and the audience. d. When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.

When people experience cognitive dissonance, they go to extreme lengths to reduce it.

_____ is characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense dread, nausea, and even a fear of dying.? Select one: a. Mania b. Bulimia nervosa c. A panic attack d. A hypomanic episode

a panic attack

What does the central route to persuasion emphasize? a. your similarity to the speaker b. conformity to social norms c. facts and logic d. rewards and punishments

facts and logic

Which of the following is defined as the sense of failure that results from repeated inability to control or escape from overwhelmingly stressful situations? a. Grandiosity b. Learned helplessness c. Indiscretion d. Manic episode

learned helplessness

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light, when the light is flashed amidst darkness. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this study? a. Fear b. Loud noise c. Flashing light d. Darkness

loud noise

If Mariana is a schizophrenic who has trouble with selective attention, cognitive control, and working memory, it suggests that she has a. high levels of serotonin. b. high levels of GABA. c. low levels of glutamate. d. low levels of norepinephrine.

low levels of glutamate

The beeper sounds in your car until you fasten your seat belt. The removal of the annoying beeping is ______ for fastening the seat belt. a. backward conditioning b. negative reinforcement c. forward conditioning d. positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

Dionne, who is from France, thinks that all people from other countries are similar, yet she is aware that everyone in France has different attitudes and behaviors. Dionne is displaying: a. out-group homogeneity. b. in-group bias. c. prosocial behavior. d. external attribution.

out-group homogeneity

Dolareen suffers from a specific phobia of dogs. Her therapist is treating her with systematic desensitization, which means that the therapist is ___________________.? a. reducing her real-world contact with dogs b. hypnotizing her to be unafraid of dogs c. transferring her fear of dogs to a fear of cats d. pairing relaxation with gradual exposure to dogs

pairing relaxation with gradual exposure to dogs

___________ is an attempt by a person or group to change our opinions, beliefs, or choices by explaining or arguing their position. Select one: a. Deception b. Abstraction c. Attribution d. Persuasion

persuasion

Schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on the groups to which they belong are known as ________________.? Select one: a. Stereotypes b. Idiosyncrasies c. Attributions d. Menemics

stereotypes

Priming people with a flashed Black face rather than a flashed White face makes them more likely to misperceive a flashed tool as a gun. This best illustrates the subtle character of a. hindsight bias b. the other-race effect c. obedience d. Stereotyping

stereotyping

Negative punishment can be defined as: a. the addition of something aversive to increase compliance. b. the addition of a negative consequence to reduce an undesired behavior. c. the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior. d. the removal of a stimulus to increase a desired behavior.

the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior

In the process of _____, the client unconsciously reacts to someone in a current relationship as though that person were someone from the client's past.? a. Catharsis b. free association c. token economies d. Transference

transference

According to DSM-5, major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least a. Four months b. Two months c. One week d. Two weeks

two weeks

In client-centered therapy, the therapist must show genuine acceptance and empathy for the client, regardless of what he or she has said or done. This is called _____: a. unconditional positive regard b. desensitized immersion c. systematic desensitization d. subject-focused flooding

unconditional positive regard

Since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a ___________.? a. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) b. unconditioned response (UCR) c. conditioned response (CR) d. conditioned stimulus (CS)

unconditioned response (UCR)

A brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors, the ________, seems especially likely to be hyperactive in those with obsessive-compulsive disorder. a. Anterior cingulate cortex b. Frontal lobe c. Hindbrain d. Optic nerve

Anterior cingulate cortex

According to research on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) on implicit bias, European American college students typically found it harder (more slowly) to pair a. White faces and unpleasant words. b. White faces and pleasant words. c. Black faces and pleasant words. d. insect photos and pleasant words

Black faces and pleasant words

In which of the following areas of the brain of a severely depressed patient did Helen Mayberg discover hyperactivity? a. Corpus callosum b. Limbic system c. Brodmann's Area 25 d. Occipital lobe

Brodmann's Area 25

___________________ therapy entails restructuring thoughts, loosening the client's belief in irrational thoughts that may perpetuate the disorder, and offering incentives for acquiring more adaptive thought and behavior patterns.? a. Implosion b. Cognitive-behavioral c. Humanistic-positive d. Group

Cognitive-behavioral

Maria buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same colors. Maria's behavior is an example of: a. Retaliation b. Conformity c. Abstraction d. social loafing

Conformity

Many clinicians diagnose disorders by using the detailed diagnostic criteria in the a. OCD b. DSM-5 c. PTSD d. ADHD

DSM-5

Which of the following concepts is one of the explanations offered for the bystander effect? a. Diffusion of responsibility b. Altruism c. Egoistic motivation d. Social exchange theory

Diffusion of responsibility

Which of the following is a psychological disorder in which a person develops at least two distinct personalities, each with a unique set of memories, behaviors, thoughts, and emotions?? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Avoidant personality disorder c. Dissociative identity disorder d. Somatic symptom disorder

Dissociative identity disorder

Which of the following best mirrors the concept of informational social influence? a. Babies prefer pictures of other babies laughing to pictures of other babies crying. b. Incoming freshmen look to other students for details about where to hang out. c. People in large groups tend not to help someone experiencing a crisis. d. Adolescents do not consider consequences as much as adults do.

Incoming freshmen look to other students for details about where to hang out.

Which of the following is the most important function of the presence of others in group therapy?? a. The larger the group the more likely that therapy will be paid for by insurance. b. It embarrasses individual participants into behaving. c. It shows participants that they are not alone in their experience. d. It allows the therapist to gather data on newly learned techniques.

It shows participants that they are not alone in their experience.

Feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with a. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder b. Major depressive disorder c. Mania d. Linkage analysis

Major depressive disorder

_________________ is the type of conformity that occurs when people go along with the behavior of others in order to be accepted by the group. a. Kin selection b. Prosocial behavior c. Diffusion of responsibility d. Normative social influence

Normative social influence

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? a. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. b. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. c. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time. d. Organisms learn by testing multiple times.

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Identify the major symptom of generalized anxiety disorder: a. Outbursts of anger b. Persistent fear of humiliation c. Emotional numbness d. Pervasive tendency to worry

Pervasive tendency to worry

Which of the following involves a set of intrusive and persistent cognitive, emotional, and physiological symptoms triggered by exposure to a catastrophic or horrifying event?? Select one: a. Borderline personality disorder b. Dissociative identity disorder c. Antisocial personality disorder d. Post-traumatic stress disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder

A conditioning perspective (associative learning) would emphasize that ________ leads those with anxiety disorders develop and maintain a phobia. Select one: a. Epigenetics b. A repressed memory c. Genetics d. Reinforcement

Reinforcement

_____ disorder is marked by a pronounced fear of humiliation in the presence of others and severe self-consciousness about one's appearance or behavior or both. a. Social phobia b. Obsessive-compulsive c. Bipolar d. Generalized anxiety

Social phobia

Which of the following therapies is most likely to be used for the treatment of phobias such as fear of flying?? a. Virtual reality therapies b. Group therapies c. Cognitive therapies d. Integrative therapies

Virtual reality therapies

Which of the following statements is true of the brain structure in a person with schizophrenia? Select one: a. In people with schizophrenia, neural networks are more clustered in close groups than the controls, especially in the occipital lobes. b. Genetic studies indicate that people who have a gene that is tagged for ineffective pruning are more likely to develop schizophrenia. c. The genes in the prefrontal cortex that regulate how synapses function are dysfunctional in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disease.

The genes in the prefrontal cortex that regulate how synapses function are dysfunctional in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the disease.

Which of the following is true about stereotypes?? a. They help in judging people and their personalities by their actions. b. They help in making situational attributions for our failures and dispositional attributions for our successes. c. They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions. d. There are two types--dispositional and situational.

They allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions

Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)? Select one: a. They are responsible for classical learning. b. They are found only in human beings. c. They are existent in only adult beings. d. They are involved in imitation and social learning.

They are involved in imitation and social learning.

Deviant behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is: a. also dysfunctional. b. also distressing. c. distressing but not dysfunctional. d. neither distressing nor dysfunctional.

also dysfunctional

An ______ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds. a. operant response b. association c. oriented response d. accumulation

association

Social psychologists define _________________ as a person's favorable or unfavorable feelings, beliefs, or actions toward an object, idea, or person. a. Schemas b. Stereotypes c. Attitudes d. Norms

attitudes

According to the diathesis-stress model: a. biological predispositions exclusively produce psychological disorders. b. cultural dispositions exclusively produce psychological disorders. c. cultural dispositions and environmental factors together produce psychological disorders. d. biological predispositions plus stress or extremely stressful environments together produce psychological disorders.

biological predispositions plus stress or extremely stressful environments together produce psychological disorders.

_____ disorder is a mood disorder characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low and very high moods. a. Depressive b. Obsessive-compulsive? c. Generalized anxiety? d. Bipolar

bipolar

A basketball game ends with a score of 155-13. The fans who paid to see the game say it was exciting, but those who got in free say it was boring. What psychological principle is probably responsible for the difference in reactions? a. group polarization effect b. the collective unconscious c. attributional bias d. cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

An experimenter pays you $1 to tell someone else that a particular monotonous, boring task was really interesting. This procedure will probably generate a. groupthink. b. cognitive dissonance. c. an attributional bias. d. bystander apathy.

cognitive dissonance

The behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a conditioned stimulus is termed as a: a. conditioned response b. operant response c. enforced response d. organized response

conditioned response

____________ occurs when people adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to cultural norms. a. Conformity b. Bias c. Retaliation d. Abstraction

conformity

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile, they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility. This illustrates that labels can a. make clients relieved by identifying suffering b. create preconceptions that bias our perception of the person c. be useful in research d. be created through systematic observations

create preconceptions that bias our perception of the person

Jose's colleagues have nicknamed him "worrywart" because he is usually apprehensive about trivial things. Thus, he has difficulty concentrating and is always restless. The given information indicates that Jose is most likely to have: a. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. generalized anxiety disorder. d. autistic spectrum disorder.

generalized anxiety disorder.

An approach to personality that claims people are essentially good and possess the desire to realize their full potential is known as the ___________. a. humanistic approach b. behavioral approach c. psychodynamic approach d. social approach

humanistic approach

Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of: a. operant conditioning b. explicit learning c. observational learning d. classical conditioning

observational learning

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. observational learning d. explicit conditioning

operant conditioning

Logan has been hearing a voice in his head for the past several months. The voice asks him to punish the sinners from the world. He hurts 9 people to obey the command of the voice. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is Logan showing? a. Impulsivity symptoms b. Positive symptoms c. Negative symptoms d. Cognitive symptoms

positive symptoms

_____ therapy is the original form of "talk therapy" and is oriented toward major personality change with a focus on uncovering unconscious motives, especially through dream interpretation? a. Behavioral b. Client-centered c. Psychoanalytic d. Dissociative

psychoanalytic

Psychologist Stanley Milgram's experiments show that: a. people tend to make situational attributions for their failures and dispositional attributions for their successes. b. reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence. c. reasonable people try to figure out others by judging whether or not they are being truthful. d. people tend to explain others' behavior in dispositional rather than situational terms.

reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence.

Geoffrey says he failed the mathematics test because the test was very difficult. However, when he excelled on the French test, he immediately took credit for the success saying that he had prepared well. This scenario is an example of: a. cognitive dissonance. b. the fundamental attribution error. c. out-group homogeneity. d. a self-serving bias.

self-serving bias.

Geri, who is schizophrenic, experiences a cluster of adverse side effects from taking antipsychotics. Her symptoms include involuntary facial movements and body tremors. Geri is most likely to have developed a condition called _____. a. bulimia nervosa b. tardive dyskinesia c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. countertransference

tardive dyskinesia

In the famous case of murder victim Kitty Genovese, none of the witnesses to her stabbing came to her aid. Psychologists later called this phenomenon: a. social facilitation. b. cognitive dissonance. c. situational attribution. d. the bystander effect.

the bystander effect

Two groups of boys at a summer camp at Robbers' Cave, Oklahoma, each developed prejudice and hostility toward members of the other group. The hostility turned to friendship when: a. the groups were required to work cooperatively toward a common goal. b. one group attacked and subdued the other. c. the groups were allowed to compete with each other for prizes. d. the counselors told the boys they could no longer visit the nearby girls' camp.

the groups were required to work cooperatively toward a common goal