Psych 101 Test 2

Perception

- interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and brain EX. knowing what you saw

Processing Visual Information

- perception occurs in the visual cortex and visual association cortex o signals are transported form the occipital lobe (v1 area) o to visual association cortex • temporal lobe • parietal lobe

Sensation

- physical source activates sense organs EX. light is a visual sensation

What is a blind spot?

-where the optic nerve leaves the retina -light images that fall on this part of the eye cannot be seen (blind spot)

depth cues based on

1. Binocular disparity- Different retinal images received by each eye • Advantages- creates 3D images, judges volume, distance, size 2. Monocular cues

Reconstruction (perception)

1. Neurons 2. Thalamus 3. Reflexive eye movements 4. Primary visual cortex

Theories of Color Vision

1. Opponent-Process theory 2. Trichromacy Theory

Visual pathway to Brain

1. Rods and cones to ganglion cells 2. Optic nerve - Through blind spot - Meets at the optic chiasm and separates - To primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) *Initial visual processing (V1)

Visual Association Cortex

1. Ventral Pathway- "What pathway" Recognition Ex. Baby knows grandpa 2. Dorsal Pathway- "Where and how pathway" Self and object motion Ex. Jumping hurdles

Overall Process

1. sense receptors cause sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system to fire 2. impulses reach the brain, which interprets the signal (perception)

Being able to taste one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water is an example of _________. a. absolute threshold b. sensory adaptation c. difference threshold d. subliminal threshold

A

If Matthew were to fly from Toronto to London, he might have difficulty adjusting to the new time. This is likely because: a. His circadian rhythms are adjusted to the time in Toronto. b. Modern planes fly faster than the Earth rotates. c. He suffers from insomnia. d. He suffers from a chronic melatonin-production disorder.

A

In the Global Neuronal Workspace Theory of Consciousness, the workspace neurons: glue together bits of information from different neural systems to create a unified conscious experience. carry the content (or information) of consciousness. determine the rate at which neurons fire. detect neural systems that are firing together in order to amplify the output of the strongest of theses systems and suppress the output of others.

A

Maria is reading directions on how to put together a shelf unit for her apartment. She is quickly scanning the directions because she is confident that her previous experience is all she needs to build the shelves. Maria is using: a. top-down processing b. signal detection c. bottom-up processing d. Weber's Law

A

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the: a. olfactory epithelium b. cribiform plate c. anosmia d. primary somatosensory cortex

A

Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, MOST patients: a. often guess correctly in response to where an object is located even though they report they cannot see it. b. are blind yet incorrectly report that they can see the identity and location of an object. c. can consciously report the identify of an object but not where it is located. d. can consciously see where an object is but cannot identify it.

A

The fact that cones are most sensitive to either the color red, green or blue supports: a. the trichormatic theory of color vision b. the RGB theory of color vision c. the color sensitivity theory of color vision d. the opponent-process theory of color visionA

A

The most common hallucinogen in use is a. marijuana. b. LSD. c. mushrooms. d. PCP.

A

The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical" sense because: a. chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals. b. chemicals often have a strong, noticeable smell. c. electrical stimuli are transformed in chemical signals. d. smells are processed in the chemical cortex.

A

When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance? a. more REM sleep than normal. b. same amount of REM sleep as before. c. fewer dreams than normal. d. less REM sleep than normal.

A

Which of the following best describes the Flexible Correction Model? a. The way a person can use high awareness to change his opinions formed in low awareness. b. The way a person can change her opinion if her friends change their opinions. c. The way a person can use low awareness states to support his high awareness opinions. d. The way a person can change her opinion up to three times on a topic.

A

Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness" in respect to consciousness? Awareness is a continuum that includes both high and low awareness. Animals have low awareness and humans have high awareness. Children have low awareness and adults have high awareness. With proper mind training, people can eventually become aware of all things

A

Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis? a. A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased. b. A form of entertainment where people pretend to be suggestible. c. A form of subliminal priming in which people fall asleep. d. A form of mind control in which a hypnotist becomes the "master" of other people.

A

Which of the following statements is true about taste? a. All areas of the tongue contain taste receptor cells that are capable of responding to every taste. b. Tastants are pleasant stimuli and odorants are unpleasant stimuli. c. The back of the tongue contains receptors for bitter taste so that we can spit out potentially poisonous food. d. Taste is a "contact" sense while smell is a "chemical" sense.

A

Your psychology professor calls on you during class. The first thought that goes through your mind is, "Why me?" This thought could be characterized as a. consciousness. b. higher-order thinking. c. extrasensory perception. d. deductive reasoning.

A

How do alcohol and caffeine affect sleep?

A- sleep quick but keep waking C- stay in earlier stages of sleep

About 1 in 200 people experiences a blending of senses such as perceiving a number of letter as a color (e.g. "1" is seen as red). This is called: a. symbology b. synesthesia c. sensory deprivation d. neural blending

B

Cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of a. serotonin. b. dopamine c. epinephrine. d. GABA.

B

Drinking multiple cups of coffee within four hours of going to sleep will lead to: a. an increase in REM sleep b. more time in light sleep and less time in deep sleep c. more time in deep sleep earlier in the night d. being able to fall asleep faster

B

The first stop in the cortex to begin the "reconstruction" process of turning neural signals into interpretive information occurs in the _______, also known as V1. a. major occipital lobe b. primary visual cortex c. chief reflexive cortex d. prefrontal lobe

B

The smallest intensity at which you are able to detect a stimulus refers to the _____ threshold. a. noise b. absolute c. difference d. subliminal

B

Which of the following is the best synonym for sensation? a. editing b. reception c. proofreading d. interpretation

B

Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus? a. so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation b. so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on c. so that we don't become over stimulated by the environment d. so that we don't become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment

B

Cathy carefully walks down the aisle of the dark movie theatre. After hesitating a few times, she finds an empty seat. After a short while she can distinguish her friend Suzy sitting a few rows ahead of her. Cathy has experienced the phenomenon known as: a. peripheral adaptation b. accomodation c. dark adaptation d. light adaptation

C

Eun-Jin went on a hike in northern Minnesota. She hears a crackling sound behind her, and when she turns around she catches a blur of movement in the bushes behind her. In terms of both vision and hearing this is an example of: a. pitch and timbre b. sensory deprivation c. signal detection d. perceptual distance theory

C

Four-year old Isla falls asleep shortly after her 8:30 PM bedtime. At about 9:45, she suddenly sits up in bed breathing rapidly and appearing to be in a state of sheer panic. Isla is experiencing: a. sleep apnea b. REM disorder c. night terrors d. a narcoleptic attack

C

Rods are related to vision in _____ situations. a. color b. sharply focused c. dimly lit d. brightly lit

C

The ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance - a skill known as depth perception - is largely a result of: a. distance alone b. the principle of figure-ground c. binocular disparity d. the application of feature analysis

C

The action of which neurotransmitter is thought to be affected by Ecstasy use? a. dopamine b. methelalanine c. serotonin d. acetylcholine

C

The most commonly used depressant is a. marijuana. b. rohypnol. c. alcohol. d. barbiturates.

C

The outer ears help humans primarily to detect a. voice pitch b. supersonic noise c. the source of sound d. the body's position

C

The perception associated with the amplitude of a sound wave is a. tonal quality b. timbre c. loudness d. pitch

C

The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button is called ______. Stimulants exert their effect by blocking this process, thereby increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain. reassertion recycling reuptake inhibition

C

Which drug is correctly matched with its classification? heroin - hallucinogen cocaine - depressant caffeine - stimulant marijuana - depressant

C

Much of the visual-recognition areas of the brain are located along the ventral pathway also known as ______. a. the Dorsal pathway b. the Recognition pathway c. the What pathway d. the Where and How pathway

C-

The eye is to sensation as the brain is to a. impression. b. feeling. c. perception. d. hearing.

C- perception

A friend recently began taking a new medication and has since become extremely agitated, while at the same time having little appetite or interest in sex. You might suspect that the medication contains a. hallucinogens. b. narcotics. c. depressants. d. amphetamines.

D

Addictive drugs differ from ordinary medication because they a. enhance sexual desire, whereas medications squelch it. b. make the user feel good, whereas medications make the user feel bad. c. treat a variety of symptoms instead of a small range of symptoms. d. generate dependency and withdrawal symptoms.

D

After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by: a. subtractive color mixing b. trichromatic theory c. complementary color theory d. opponent-process theory

D

Being able to detect the difference between two brands of Riesling wine is an example of _________ a. subliminal threshold b. sensory adaptation c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold

D

Drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates belong to the class a. hallucinogens. b. narcotics. c. stimulants. d. depressants.

D

If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in a. loudness b. decibels c. timbre d. pitch

D

Sometimes, after she has been staring at a computer screen for a long tme, Jane looks at a blank wall and sees an image of the screen that resembles a photographic negative. Which theory BEST accounts for this visual phenomenon? a. place theory b. trichromatic theory c. frequency theory d. opponent-process theory

D

Television is able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called: a. opponent-process theory b. saturation theory c. complementary color theory d. trichromatic theory

D

The ______ is important in that it functions to collect and amplify sound. a. cochlea b. basilar membrane c. eardrum d. outer ear

D

The dorsal pathway allows your brain to compute: a. information about objects allowing you to recognize and identify them. b. information about faces allowing you to identify people c. information about objects holding still allowing you to recognize them as threats d. information about the self, objects, and motion allowing you to avoid obstacles

D

Tonya has taken medication that her doctor prescribed. This medication blocks neurotransmitters from binding to a postsynaptic receptor, leaving an abundance of neurotransmitters in the tiny space between the two neurons, also called the _________. presynaptic neuron antagonist circuit space synapse

D

When you are at a coffee shop and hear the clink of dishes, the patter of conversation, and the rush of traffic outside, this is an example of: a. timbre b. reverberation c. masking d. auditory scene analysis

D

Stage 3

First Delta Waves

Karen doesn't like group members. Later realized she hasn't eaten, which is why she's in a bad mood. She ended up liking the group member's next class. What is this an example of?

Flexible Correction Model

Multimodal Perception

Inverse effectiveness (redundant to use multiple senses) Multi sensory integration (using 2+ senses to interact)

being able to notice a change of 1 degree in temperature

Just Noticeable Difference

Played piano for years. While listening to others you notice a bad note.

Low absolute threshold

Difference Thresholds:

Noticing distinctions between stimuli - smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense a change o just noticeable difference (JND)

localizing sound

Orienting sound to sources Interaural Time Differences Interaural Level Differences

Retina contains:

Photoreceptors 1. Rods - sensitive to light, operate in low illumination 2. Cones- respond to color, operate under high illumination, concentrated in fovea

Where in the cortex does an image on the left half of the visual field show up?

Right Visual Cortex and vice versa

Bottom- Up Processing

a. Building up to perception b. Basic sensory features are analyzed and recombined Ex. Dinner with friend for first time (watch him do what he does)

Top-Down Processing

a. Perception influences by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations Ex. Knowing how to act in a restaurant by personal experience of being there

Depth Perception

ability to see the world in 3D and perceive distance

Motion induced blindness

although paying attention your brain can make things disappear from your vision

Middle Ear:

amplifies sound (hammer, anvil, stirrup)

Passage that leads to the eardrum

auditory canal

sound signals leave the ear through the _____ and are routed through the _____ and end up in the ______ in the brain

auditory nerve, Thalamus, Auditory cortex

structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells that are the auditory receptors

basilar membrane

Parts of the Eye: Lens

bends the light rays so that they can be properly focused on the retina

addictive drugs

biological (withdrawal) Psychological (craving)

Sleep disturbances: Sleep Apnea and SID

breathing starts and stops repeatedly in sleep

Sleep disturbances: Insomnia

chronic difficulty sleeping or staying asleep

coiled tunnels filled with fluid that vibrate in response to sound

cochlea

movement of fluid within the _______ deforms the hair cells of the __________ which then converts sound waves into neutral activity (ends?)

cochlea, basliar membrane **ends in primary auditory cortex

Parts of the Eye: Iris

colored ring of muscle

Synesthesia

combination of senses

amnesia

conscious memory gone but non-conscious intact (can ride by but can't tell you weather last week)

Tactile Sensation SKIN

contains mechanoreceptors

Parts of the Eye: Cornea

curved transparent protective layer where light first enters the eye

Cortical Blindness

damage to V1 area has blind sight (responds to visual stimuli without conscious awareness) ** can point out an object without seeing it

Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates, Rohypnol

decrease nervous system activity produce state of relaxation * slows down vital life processes

chronic Sleep deprivation results in

decreased alertness lack of attention less complex brain activity

Structure Outer ear:

detects direct of sound (pinna and auditory canal)

Perceptual Attributes of Sound: Timbre

distinction

Neurotransmitter commony effected by drugs

dopamine serotonin glutamate GABA

Vibrates when sound waves hit it, allowing for movement of air molecules

eardrum

Functions of sleep

exact unknown contributes to development improves performance on some tasks may consolidate memories may strengthen learning

Sleep disturbances: Narcolepsy

extreme daytime sleepiness

fell rain come down what is sensation?

feeling the water on your arm

Vestibular system

fluid sloshes signaling movement vertigo (balance)

Which ares is highly concentrated with retinal colors?

folvea

Perceptual Attributes of Sound: Pitch

frequency

bone structure in the middle of the ear that amplifies small changes in air pressure

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Audibility- Amplitude:

height of sound waves

Difference Thresholds

increase as a stimulus becomes stronger

Stimulants: adderall Cocaine etc.

increase neural firing increases dopamine

psychoactive drugs

induce altered state of consciousness effects emotion, perception, behavior (alcohol, caffeine)

REM rebound/recovery

lengthening and increasing in frequency and density of REM periods following sleep deprivation

Parts of the Eye: Retina

light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain ** via photoactivation

Stages of Non-REM Stage 1

light sleep- theta waves

Inner Ear:

location of receptor cells a. cochlea b. basilar movement (covered with hair cells0

Sleep disturbances: REM-sleep Behavior Disorder

loss of muscle tone that causes REM paralysis

Audibility- Decibels:

measure of the physical pressure at the eardrum

Ecstasy

mimics Serotonin and is more readily taken up than Serotonin, alters transporter and causes reverse function so serotonin interacts with reward pathway (immediate pleasure) *damages reuptake system

Levels of Awareness: High costs and benefits

mindfulness- ability to focus Flexible correction model- individuals correct for potentially biasing influences cost- uses mental effort benefit- overcome bias

Consciousness

moment to moment awareness of ourselves and environment

Opiates: Narcotics

morphine and heroin provide pay relief by stimulating receptors normally acted by endorphins increased dopamine activity

Alcohol

most widely used increases inhibitory effects of GABA decreases glutamate (major excitatory neurotransmitter)

Sensing Sound:

movement of air molecules brought about by some source of vibration

Auditory Scene analysis

multiple sounds in an environment

Audibility- Frequency:

number of sound waves per second

Absolute Threshold examples

o I am often the first person to notice a new odor in a room o candle light seen at 30 miles away on a clear dark night o tick of a watch under quiet conditions @ 20 feet away

signal detection:

o predicts when/how we detect presence of stimulus o detection of a target, visual, auditory o depends on the individual

Parts of the Eye: Pupil

opening in middle of iris -size depends on light in environment

Which theory of color explains the phenomenon of after images?

opponent process theory

presence

out of body experience

Pain and body senses

phantom limb (irritation of nerves fools brain)

photo activation

photochemical reaction occurs when light hits photoreceptors in retina

Perceptual Attributes of Sound: Loudness

pressure

Levels of Awareness: Low costs and benefits

priming- preparing you for stimulation to come (advertising, seeing a brand and wanting it at store) cost- influence by subtle factors benefit- saves mental effort

Cocaine

produces excitation increased muscular strength

Hallucinogens: Psycedelic Drugs

produces hallucinations changes in perpetual process Mary Jane Ecstasy LSD

REM sleep

rapid eye movement (dreams)

consciousness and memory

recall requires link between context and hippocampus

Hypnosis

relied on disassociation and reduction in critical thinking

coincident sensation

rubber hand illusion

Dorm room listening to quiet music. Don't notice untul someone comes into room.

sensory adaptation

stage 2

sleep spindles

wave processes become

slower as asleep deepens from Stage 1 through Stage 3

Absolute threshold

smallest intensity of stimulus that must be present for it to be detected 50% of the time

chemical senses

smell and taste

Sleep

state of altered consciousness: chasing patterns of brain wave activity melatonin circadian rhythm

Weber's Law states:

the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which it is compared ( rather than a constant amount)

Heroin

transmitters inhibit dopamine from being released, H mimics natural opiates and allows dopamine to flood and immediately feel happy

Sensory Adaptation:

turning down our responses - an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli -adaptive, important for survival

Structure Eardrum:

vibrates in response to sounds

What is a perception example?

you must decide how far your car is from an object in the road b/c you must interpret how close is too close