PSYCH 105 Final
When you decide to do something, you make the conscious decision slightly before the relevant activity begins in your brain
False
a five-year-old who has a Stanford-Binet IQ score of 116 is more intelligent than an eight-year-old who also scored 116
False
who is recognized as the founder of behaviorism?
John Watson
What is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical that travels from one neuron to another
Psychology is best defined as the study of
behavior and experience
Which type of psychologist would be most interested in the genetic makeup of an individual?
biological
Remembering a specific event in your life is _____ memory. Remembering a fact or principle is _____ memory.
episodic... semantic
if you want to remember something for as long as possible, and you plan to spend 10 hours studying, it is best to study the material for 10 hours all at once
false
in operant conditioning, "shaping" a response means putting the animal into the correct position and posture to make the response
false
in order to see something, we send rays out from our eyes
false
psychology is defined as the systematic attempt to help worried, depressed, or otherwise troubled people
false
repeating something over and over, word for word, is the best way to remember it
false
the cerebellum refers to the set of connecting fibers that allow the left and right hemispheres to communicate and share information
false
the occipital lobe is specialized for hearing
false
When spearman described the "g" factor in intelligence, what did the "g" stand for
general
someone who learns to avoid a poisonous mushroom also avoids a similar looking, but harmless mushroom. This behavior is an example of
generalization
negative reinforcement is a procedure in which a response
is strengthened because it removes an unfavorable stimulus
what causes the blind spot in the human retina
it is the point where the optic nerve exits the eye
The guiding assumption of scientific-management or Theory X is that
jobs should be simple and foolproof
What is necessary for vision?
light energy comes into your eyes
Circadian rhythms are partially controlled by the release of which hormone?
melatonin
behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study
mental experiences
The word psychology was derived from the Greek words psyche, meaning _____, and logos, meaning _____.
mind...word
What evidence did spearman have for his proposed g factor in intelligence
most people who do well on one type of test also do well on other tests.
a person who has lost vision in the right half of the visual field probably has suffered brain damage in the
occipital lobe of the left hemisphere
what is the relationship between job satisfaction and age?
on average, older workers report the highest job satisfaction
to say that a theory is falsifiable means that
one can imagine evidence that would contradict the theory
which of the following would (as a rule) indicate that a result is statistically significant?
p < .05
random assignment is a procedure that psychological researchers apply to their
participants
who discovered classical conditioning?
pavlov
naturalistic observation refers to the observation of
people or animals in their natural setting
who is most likely to have absolute pitch, the ability to name a tone (such as B#) they hear?
people with extensive music training, beginning in childhood
A person who has suffered damage to the cerebellum (located in the back of the brain) will probably have trouble with
rapid, skillful movements
What are two practical application of hypnosis
reducing reactions to pain and post-hypnotic suggestions
the strategy in science that attempts to explain complex phenomena by examining combinations of smaller components is known as
reductionism
edward thorndike, a pioneer in the study of cats escaping from puzzle boxes, argued that animal learning depends on
reinforcements that increase the probabilities of certain behaviors
shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means
reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior
what happens at a synapse?
release of a chemical that affects another cell
A topic that is mostly controversial among current psychologists and believed by some and strongly disbelieved by others?
the ability of therapy patients to recover repressed memories of early sexual abuse
Kinsey's survey can lead us to reasonable confident conclusions concerning
the range of variability in sexual behavior
the goal of scientific research is to establish comprehensive explanations of observable events. These explanations are called
theories
as you watch a car drive towards you, you do not perceive it as growing larger, even though its image on your retina grows larger. The name for this phenomenon is
size constancy
which type of psychologist is most likely to investigate the how group think influences people
social physhologist
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, certain motivations take priority over others
true
Action potentials are sent according to the all-or-none law
true
If you go without sleep all night, you feel more alert the next morning than you did late in the night
true
both positive and negative reinforcement increase the probability of a behavior
true
demand characteristics can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure.
true
psychology concerns itself with the possible role of cultural influences on behavior
true
surgery can correct certain types of deafness
true
the functional magnetic resonance imagine (fMRI) technique can indicate which brain areas are the most active while the person performs some mental activity.
true
What evidence do most studies of heritability of human intelligence consider?
twins and adopted children
the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during original learning is known as
state-dependent memory
In an environment in which temperature, light and other conditions remain constant 24 hours a day, most people
still awaken and go to sleep on a nearly 24-hour schedule.
Nearly all medical and recreational drugs that modify people's experiences exert their effects at
synapses
Edgar has trouble hearing and has had recent changes in his emotions. If his problems stem from brain damage, which part of his brain is most likely damaged?
temporal lobe
extinction of a conditional response is the same thing as forgetting
false
humans have an approximately equal number of rods and cones
false
What do psychologists and philosophers mean by the term mind-body question?
"is the mind separate from or identical with the physical brain?"
Which of the following theories holds that intelligence includes unrelated (or poorly correlated) abilities such as language, music, logic, body movement, and social sensitivity?
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
what is a widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease?
L-DOPA, a chemical that the brain converts into dopamine
what educational degree does a psychiatrist hold?
M.D.
is it true that cats can see in complete darkness? If so, how?
No, vision in complete darkness is impossible
The human-relations approach to job design is also called
Theory Y
A correlation coefficient of -.7 represents a stronger relationship between variables than a correlation coefficient of +.5.
True
Raven's Progressive Matrices can be used to measure intelligence of people who speak other languages.
True
Research on the cerebral cortex has failed to find any one "master area" or "central processor" that pulls together all the current activity of the brain
True
in operant conditioning, the subjects behavior determines an outcome an dis affected by the outcome
True
Which kind of goal is most effective in increasing your efforts?
a goal that is realistic but challenging
the term "color constancy" refers to the fact that
a green apple still looks green even when you are wearing red-tinted glasses
what is a mnemonic device?
a method of improving memorization
what is an unconditional reflex?
a process of pairing a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
in which of these does a person have the LEAST amount of brain activity and responsiveness
brain death
according to the opponent-process theory of color vision, how do we perceive color?
by a red-green system, a yellow-blue system, and a black-white system.
what procedure would you use to train your dog to go to the bathroom, pick up your slippers, carry them to your favorite chair, go to the door, get the newspaper, and bring it to you?
chaining
which kind of psychologist specializes in the study of thought and knowledge?
cognitive psychologist
the corpus collosum
connects the left and right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
A person who has suffered damage to a strip along the rear portion of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex would experience impairment to
control of fine movements on the opposite side of the body
People who suffer from amnesia usually lose some or all of their __________ memories but retain ___________ memories that are relatively unimpaired.
declarative... procedural
according to cattell, if we examine the intelligence of a person at age 20 and again at age 50, we are most likely to find
decreasing fluid intelligence, but steady or increasing crystallized intelligence
The Philosophical position that every behavior has a cause is known as
determinism
we identify the direction of a source of sound by attending to the
difference between responses from the left ear and those from the right ear
the parasympathetic nervous system controls
digestion and other activities that occur during rest
The brain has _______ neurotransmitters, and each neurotransmitter activates ______ receptor(s).
dozens ... many
which neurotransmitter inhibits pain?
endorphins
a study compared memory abilities in young adults and older at different times. Early morning, the older the adults performed ______ than the young adults; later in the day, the older adults performed _____ than the young adults.
equal or better... worse
By developing tests of creative and practical intelligence, Sternberg is attempting to develop intelligence tests that are better predictors of _____ than standard IQ tests.
everyday intelligence
which kind of psychologist is most concerned with how adaptive traits are passed down from generation to generation?
evolutionary psychologist
An independent variable is one that
experimenter manipulates
Darwin's theory of evolution had never really had an influence in the field of psychology
false
a subliminal message to buy popcorn increases people's likelihood of buying it
false
asking participants to give their informed consent prior to participating in a study is no longer required under ethical guidelines
false
brain damage that impairs declarative memory will also impair procedural memory.
false
you you reward yourself with a snack every time you finish reading a chapter in your text. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
According to Raymond Cattell, the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components:
fluid and crystallized
what was Hermann Ebbinghaus's contribution to the study of memory?
he was the first to do experiments to measure memory
Raul spends time practicing and learning to play chess. According to the discussion in the text, which of the following is MOST likely to be true:
he will become a better chess player, but probably nothing else
The nature-nurture issue is the question of how the development of behavior depends on
heredity and environment
which of the following is most characteristic of short-term memory?
holds only about 7 items
brain area important for regulating hunger and appetite?
hypothalamus
what effect on memory should we expect if someone has lower than normal cortisol levels?
impaired storage of memory
recall, cued recall, and recognition all measure which type of memory?
implicit
what is anterograde amnesia?
inability to form new long-term memories
Both proactive interference and retroactive interference
increase forgetting
A placebo is a
pill with no important biological effects.
one of the function of the vestibular system is to detect the
position of the head
according to one report, people with higher levels of stress have a greater probability of suffering a heart attack. Therefore the correlation between stress and probability of a hear attack is
positive
what can a psychiatrist do that a clinical psychologist cannot do, in most states?
prescribe drugs
remembering how to ride your bike is an example of which type of memory?
procedural
the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to the same group is called
proximity
what type of memory is your memory of your current mailing address?
semantic
LSD has an effect on
serotonin
If you want to make a New Years resolution, which of the following is poor advice?
set either a very easy or an extremely difficult goal.
People tend to maintain a nearly constant body weight over the course of months, unless something unusual happens. That constant weight is referred to as
set point
an experimenter had participants exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner two hours later. What was the dependent variable in this experiment?
the amount of food eaten
the main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning
the animal's response do not control the reinforcements.
the central nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal cord
Your clock makes a clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. What is the conditioned stimulus?
the clicking
the all-or-none law applies to
the ending of an action potential.
the proportion of cones is greatest in which part of the retina
the fovea
People note the moment when they decide to flex their wrist, and they report it later. Researchers record the time of the movement, the time of the reported decision, and the time when activity began to increase in the premotor cortex of the person's brain. Which comes FIRST?
the increase in brain activity
Many cancer patients receiving radiation treatments lose their appetite. Why?
they associate the last food they ate with nausea
A cognitive psychologist studies
thinking and acquiring knowledge
After damage to the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex, a person would be most likely to have impairments in
touch sensations
Sigmund Freud's method of helping those who were troubled involved
tracing current behavior to early childhood experiences
The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?
variable ratio
if most scores are very close to the mean, then the standard deviation is
very small
In the human ear, the ability to perceive intermediate frequencies (about 100-5000 Hz) depends on neurons working according to the ________ principle
volley
psychology experiments have typically shown that
watching violent films increases aggressive behavior, at least slightly and temporarily.
To determine whether an IQ test is biased against some minority group, we need to determine
whether the minority group members do better in school than the test scores predict
