psych 120
The IAT measures implicit attitudes by:
measuring reaction times and seeing how much faster people go when they get to pair "bad" on the same hand as a certain group
Dr. Sparks said that content analyses of the media reveal that:
minority group members appear as criminals in the media more often than in real life
This finding can be explained by the fact that:
more of the males in the sample are in short-term mating mode
Which of the following was not mentioned as a common symptom of schizophrenia?
multiple distinct personalities
If you run to a drinking fountain when you have not had water for hours, your body has a physical ____ for water, and your conscious experience of the feeling of thirst represents the psychological ______ that pulls you to the drinking fountain.
need; drive
When he jumps on us, we take away/hide his favorite bone that he has been chewing on.
negative punishment
When he sits when we get home, we take off his scratchy uncomfortable sweater we normally make him wear.
negative reinforcement
Somebody who experiences high levels of anxiety and concern when something goes wrong is probably high in:
neuroticism
Habituation and sensitization are examples of:
non-associative learning
Dr. Sparks said that implicit attitudes would be the better predictor of:
nonverbal behavior
Dr. Sparks said that this research suggests that if you OVER reward someone for doing something, they might _______.
not have to convince themselves they enjoy it!
______ are intrusive, anxiety provoking thoughts and ______ are repetitive, ritualistic behaviors.
obsessions; compulsions
Dr. Sparks said you should remember that the first letter of each of the big five traits spell:
ocean
A student showing the self-serving bias would say that when they get a bad grade, it's because ______ and when they get a good grade it's because ______
of the learning format; of their abilities as a student
The affective shift hypothesis predicts that (for male/female heterosexual couples):
on average, females feel more attracted/committed to their partner after the first sexual encounter and males feel less attracted/committed
If a child has to take a timeout after screaming in a store and then later decides not to scream in the store again, this would be an example of:
operant conditioning
Skinner and his pigeons provides an example of
operant conditioning
A lot of the early/first learning research was done with
other animals
Freud thought that most of what is important to understand about personality has to do with:
our unconscious mind (and how our desires for pleasure conflict with what can be expressed within society)
Over time, feelings of ________ tend to decrease and feelings of _______ tend to increase.
passion; commitment and intimacy
One way of thinking about how love changes over time would be to say:
passionate love morphs into companionate love
In Zimbardo's prison experiment,
people assigned to the role of guard acted out punishments towards the prisoners
One prevalent idea amongst psychologists is that:
people can inherit genes that make them vulnerable to develop schizophrenia, if exposed to certain stressors
The high friendliness ratings of the woman in photograph A in the Lewicki study demonstrated that:
people like people that they associate with other people who provide them with positive rewards
When psychologists explain prejudice in terms of its cognitive sources, they suggest that prejudice is hard to get rid of in part because:
people need mental shortcuts to process a complex world, and once they form an expectation, it's mentally effortful to throw it out
"What's good is beautiful" refers to the idea that:
people think nice people are more physically attractive (compared to if they were mean).
One thing people probably place a lot of weight on when forming first impressions is:
people's physical attractiveness
Adler thought that ______, not organ pleasure, was the key human motivator.
perfection
Susan has been experiencing mild depressive mood continuously for 5 months. Susan likely has:
persistent depressive disorder
If feeling confident in your abilities as a student makes you attend webex meetings, this is your ______ ______.
person/cognitive factors influencing your environment
People are more likely to be friends with or in relationships with people _________.
physically close to them/easy to access
Dr. Sparks said that explicit attitudes tend to be more _____ than implicit attitudes.
positive
When he jumps on us, we yell no in a loud voice and bop him on the nose:
positive punishment
When he sits when we arrive home, we give him a treat.
positive reinforcement
Mischel found that the ability of 3-5 year olds to wait for two marshmallows:
predicts later life outcomes, such as academic success
Susan, a Purdue student, does not really like IU students. This is an example of:
prejudice
The Westgate West Floorplan study demonstrated the power of _______ in predicting attraction.
proximity (functional distance)
Which of the following was NOT a major caution of using punishment that was discussed?
punishment has generally been shown to not produce reliable behavior change
Dr. Sparks suggested that you NOT have a potentially irritating conversation right after:
running on a treadmill
With Pavlov and his dogs, which was the conditioned response?
salivating in reaction to the bell
Eva was mostly demonstrating some signs of:
secure attachment
A child who seems scared to explore a new room when their mother is gone but who is wiling to play creatively when she is present in perhaps showing a:
secure attachment style
These results are consistent with:
self-determination theory
Somebody who feels more distracted or distressed 10 minutes into hearing a baby cry (compared to when the cries first started) has experienced:
sensitization
During what developmental stage do kids develop a sense of object permanence?
sensorimotor
Which approach to understanding the causes of ASD is being presented here? Someone thinks a person with ASD behaves the way they do because they are experiencing a cacophony of bright lights and sounds that their system can not integrate.
sensory processing approach
Freud was particularly focused on the repression of:
sexual desires
Dr. Sparks discussed jealousy research that demonstrates that, on average, males are more bothered by ______ and females are more bothered by ____.
sexual infidelity; emotional infidelity
The evolutionary model of sexual motivation suggests that males prefer a _______ more often than females do.
short-term mating strategy
Dr. Sparks said that if you are really interested in a reliable, valid measure of personality you _____ use the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
should not
How did Dr. Sparks say we could use second order conditioning to condition Little Albert to fear a banana?
show Little Albert a banana and then a white rat, to condition him to fear a banana.
Walter Mischel almost threw trait theories into total chaos when he coined the phrase _______.
situationism
ADHD diagnoses have:
skyrocketed since the late 80s
______ involves an intense fear of embarrassing oneself in social situations.
social anxiety disorder
Which approach to understanding the cause of ASD is being taken here? Someone views the cause of ASD in terms of the fact that a person with ASD is just not as interested in social information.
social motivation approach
Somebody who is interested in why rates of depression vary across societies might be taking the:
sociocultural approach
The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that which student will perform best on a multiple choice exam?
somebody experiencing moderate levels of arousal
The Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion would assert that:
somebody is both afraid and trembling as a result of perceiving a snake.
Based on what you know about the bystander effect, who would be MORE likely to help someone who had just collapsed to the floor?
somebody witnessing the event alone
Dr. Sparks also said that our social environments can:
sometimes decrease expressions of prejudice by pressuring people to not discriminate
Dr. Sparks said that people's strong tendency/willingness to defer to authority figures is _______.
sometimes quite productive because it facilitates an effective division of labor and the ability to accomplish more!
Experiencing the happy feeling again months after hearing the whirring sound is an example of what?
spontaneous recovery
If, after extinction took place, a couple days later the dog suddenly experienced a recurrence of salivating in reaction to hearing a bell, this would be:
spontaneous recovery
Dr. Sparks said first impressions are not always 100% accurate, howver. Dr. Sparks said that people can rely heavily rely on ______ when forming a first impression of someone, since people don't have access yet to higher quality information about the person as an individual.
stereotypes about groups
If, after teaching Little Albert that a white rat meant a scary noise was coming, he saw a white bunny, noticed how it was different from a rat, and did NOT cry, he would be engaging in:
stimulus discrimination
Learning that raising your hand is not rewarded at the family dinner table and NOT raising your hand at the family dinner table (after learning to do it in class) is an example of engaging in:
stimulus discrimination
If Erin had felt a wave of happiness after hearing her brother's blender make a similar but slightly different whirring noise, this would have been:
stimulus generalization
If, after teaching Little Albert that a white rat meant a scary noise was coming, he cried when a white bunny appeared, he would be engaging in:
stimulus generalization
Learning in class that raising your hand gets you positive attention from a teacher, and then doing it at the family dinner table would be engaging in __________.
stimulus generalization
Five year old Joshua _____
successfully waited for two chocolates
As an illustration of also giving somebody a more appropriate behavior to do instead (and reinforcing it), Dr. Sparks talked about:
teaching her son Benjamin to do a song and dance number when leaving the house, instead of running into the street
A male's sexual interest tends to decrease when ______.
testosterone levels drop
Classical conditioning is all about learning:
that the CS predicts the arrival of the US
A preoperational child lacks the ability to perform certain mental functions on their environment. HOWEVER, they *do* develop what important ability?
the ability to think symbolically (have things represent other things)
In a study Dr. Sparks discussed, which persuasive appeal worked best to reduce bias towards other groups of people?
the autonomy-supportive anti-prejudice message
The fact that participants who received the shot reported different emotional reactions (happiness vs anger) depending on what was going on around them illustrates the importance of:
the cognitive labeling process in determining which emotion is experienced
In the office clip, what was Dwight putting his hand out and experiencing a funny taste in his mouth after hearing the sound?
the conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that provokes a reaction in somebody only after some experience/learning is called:
the conditioned stimulus
Dr. Sparks said that the Rosenhan study results can be viewed as demonstrating:
the confirmation bias
Carl Jung diverged from Freud's focus on the unconscious need for organ pleasure and instead focused on:
the existence of a deeper collective shared unconscious inherited from ancestors
Which refers to the basic principle of operant conditioning, that behavioral responses that provide good outcomes will be strengthened and those that produce bad outcomes will be weakened?
the law of effect
Dr. Sparks said that:
the obesity epidemic is typically interpreted as an interaction between genetic vulnerabilities and the changing environment
Harry Harlow found that when Rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers were placed in a cage with a wire mother with a bottle attached and a wire mother covered in soft cloth (but no food), the baby spent most of their time sitting on which surrogate mom?
the one with the soft cloth covering but no bottle
In Festinger's study, who said they most enjoyed completing the peg turning study?
the people who first were paid $1 to go lie to someone in the waiting room and say they loved doing the study
So, according to Festinger, who had to convince themselves they actually loved to the task (to resolve their own dissonance)?
the people who were not richly rewarded for saying they loved it
Which person would have a motivation to convince themselves they actually liked studying (in order to resolve dissonance)?
the person who studied a lot and didn't get anything for it
We said the Milgram studies and Zimbardo's Stanford Prison experiment have traditionally been viewed as good examples of:
the power of obedience
Dr. Sparks told a story about a family member who was smitten with her online date (and dropped her other dates) when he told her that he liked her so much that he had canceled his other dates after meeting her. This story demonstrated the power of:
the reciprocity norm (liking those who like us)
The Snyder telephone study demonstrated:
the self-fulfilling prophecy
The main difference between the trait theorists and the social cognitive theorists is that:
the social cognitive theorists were more focused on individual differences in specific beliefs about certain situations
Cognitive dissonance is:
the state of unpleasant arousal that occurs when two inconsistent cognitions exist
The best definition of developmental psychology would be:
the study of how people change in predictable ways across the lifespan
What is the best description of "social cognition"?
the study of how people select, interpret, remember and use social information
Trait theories tend to view:
the unconscious mind as NOT being the most important part of personality
Dr. Sparks said that for the males in the sample who WERE in long-term mating mode, though,
their attraction/commitment to their partner tended to increase after the first sexual encounter
If someone is deemed to be NOT INSANE, this means:
they are able to identify their actions as wrong, stand trial, and receive traditional legal consequences for their actions
One the main criticisms of social cognitive theories is that:
they don't let us make many broad predictions like the trait theories (e.g. "low neuroticism & high extraversion predicts high well-being!")
In a second stage of this study, Rosenhan was challenged to send a mix of real and fake patients into hospitals, and mental health professionals said they would know which ones were fake. Did they?
they identified dozens of patients as being fake, but in reality, Rosenhan only sent in real patients
In Asch's line studies, what was probably going on when people went with the group?
they knew the right answer to the easy question, but went along with the group because they just felt too uncomfortable being the odd one!
Dr. Sparks said that the evolutionary theory of motivation does the best job explaining
those instinctual/innate motivations that most humans seem to share
Dr. Sparks said that ________ can reduce PTSD symptoms.
time to break the link between current experiences and a source of trauma.
Dr. Sparks suggested that you take a first date where (if you want them to feel attracted)?
to a horror movie
People ________.
try to resolve the inconsistency, because cognitive dissonance produces unpleasant arousal.
One of the main things happening in the sensorimotor stage is that infants are:
trying to coordinate sensory experiences with motor activity
In Milgram's studies, the conclusion from the video was that a surprisingly large number of the people were:
uncomfortable with administering the shocks, but ultimately susceptible to the power of the authority figure
Dr. Sparks said that it can feel ________ to imagine that we have arranged our lives so we see the people we don't like, the most often.
uncomfortable/cognitively inconsistent
If a father conveys to his child that the child is not "good enough" to be valued if they can't succeed on the baseball team, then Carol Rogers would say the child is not receiving:
unconditional positive regard
The anxiety disorders are characterized by:
uncontrollable and disruptive fear
Piaget probably _____ infants and _____ adults.
underestimated; overestimated
One thing that makes a period of mania different from just being giddy happy is that it can involve:
unrealistic optimism or false beliefs about one's state in life or the risks something poses
Which schedule involves popping into the room at unpredictable time intervals (i.e. after 1 minute, 7 minutes, 3 minutes, etc.) and providing a reward if good behavior is happening at that time?
variable interval schedule
The two most effective partial reinforcement schedules are: (as far as solidifying the behavior and extinction being less likely to happen):
variable ratio and variable interval
Slot machines reinforce the behavior of pulling the lever (provide a payout) according to what kind of reinforcement schedule?
variable ratio schedule
A rodent with lesions in the _______ might overeat.
ventromedial hypothalamus
Dr. Sparks said that one reason we can't just snap our fingers and get rid of prejudice is because:
we are not always consciously aware of all our feelings
The cognitive view of why classical conditioning takes place suggests that:
we change our behavior to properly prepare for upcoming events
Interestingly, when considering the impact on participants' explicit and implicit bias, the controlling messages:
were worse than no messages at all
The evolutionary model of sexual motivation explains these preferences by thinking about _______.
what preferences would have happened to result in passing on genes most often (and thus these preferences would have been passed down)
Karen Horney disagreed with Freud's assessment of "penis envy" being so universally pervasive in the unconscious mind of all females because she thought:
when females do experience this, it might be because of how a particular culture confers importance onto the male role
The fundamental attribution error refers to the fact that:
when making judgments about other people, people tend to underestimate the importance of the situation in determining their behavior
Contempt is:
when one person feels they are better than the other person
Insulin resistance refers to:
when the body's cells don't react to insulin well (insulin does not trigger cells to absorb blood glucose)
Dr. Sparks says that with repeated exposure to a stimulus, we can learn to either habituate or experience sensitization. She also said that:
which occurs depends on the dynamics of the situation
Research suggests that _____ eat fewer calories when other people are watching.
women
The evolutionary model of sexual motivation suggests that heterosexual men prefer ______ more often than heterosexual females do.
younger mates
Which person is in a state of cognitive dissonance?
"I do not like to study, and I studied a lot and no one gave me anything to do it"
Common symptoms of schizophrenia
- disorganized thought - inappropriate behavior - delusions - hallucinations - flat emotions
PTSD can be characterized by:
- impulsive outbursts - flashbacks - increased arousal - issues with concentration ** all of the above
Common symptoms of a significant depressive episode can include:
- loss of interest in life - appetite disturbance - sleep disturbance - sense of worthlessness **all of the above
To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, somebody needs to experience a significant depressive episode that lasts for at least ______.
2 weeks
Dr. Sparks said that in a recent National College Health Assessment, ________ of surveyed college students reported that sometime in the last 12 months they felt so depressed it was difficult to function.
39.1%
Allport originally tried to measure:
4,500 traits
If your identical twin has schizophrenia, the odds that you will have schizophrenia is around ____.
50%
Piaget thought a sense of object permanence tended to emerge around ______ but more recent research using different methods suggests perhaps it can emerge as early as ______.
8-12 months; 3-4 months
Which little saying from popular culture is better supported by psychological research?
Birds of a feather flock together
What does the Schachter-Singer theory share in common with the James-Lange theory?
Both theories assert that bodily reactions come first and trigger the mind to become aware it is feeling something
What is the unconditioned stimulus?
Cameron arriving home and smiling
The famous name associated with compliance/persuasion research presented in this video was:
Cialdini
With Little Albert, what is the unconditioned response?
Crying in response to noise
With Little Albert, what is the conditioned response?
Crying in response to rat
The behavior of Carson Edwards when he shoots basketballs is:
Deviant (atypical) but psychologically normal
What is the conditioned inhibitor?
Dinging sounds from the washer
_____ is characterized by a loss of personal memory.
Dissociative amnesia
________ involves having multiple personalities that have unique sets of memories.
Dissociative identity disorder
What is the conditioned response?
Erin getting happy
What is the unconditioned response?
Erin getting happy
The baby in the video was named:
Eva
T/F In classical conditioning, the conditioned response is always the same as the unconditioned response.
FALSE
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, the mind needs additional information (i.e. "there's a dangerous snake right there!") to conclude which emotion it is feeling.
False
Dr. Sparks said that set point is determined entirely by environmental factors.
False
T/F Dr. Sparks said that drive reduction theory does a great job of explaining why people feel like they have to read a book that they love.
False
T/F: "Normal" and "abnormal" are rigid, unchanging categories.
False
T/F: All people with ASPD engage in violence (like Ted Bundy).
False
T/F: Behavior that involves all 3 of the criteria for abnormal behavior for a 24 hour period of time (and then does not the next day, or ever again) would be diagnosed as abnormal behavior.
False
T/F: Conformity always involves somebody actively trying to convince you to do a certain thing.
False
T/F: Dr. Sparks said that all 3 hallmarks of abnormal behavior are always present for every single psychological disorder that exists in the DSM.
False
T/F: Dr. Sparks said that the IAT reveals our "real" attitudes, and if IAT results conflict with scales people fill out, this means people lied on the scales.
False
T/F: Susan does not fear most situations, but she has a crippling fear of flying. Susan would be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder
False
What stage is Patrice in?
Formal operational
With Little Albert, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
Frightening noise
The video clip depicted ______ talking about his struggle with OCD.
Howie Mandel
The common sense theory would be supported by which statement?
I am afraid, therefore I tremble
The James Lange theory would be supported by which statement?
I tremble, therefore I am afraid
What might Sternberg say, when asked, "Does love get stronger or weaker over time?"
It depends on what component of love you are talking about.
Dr. Sparks said it is unclear how many witnesses actually heard Kitty Genovese's cries and failed to help (the initial reporting on the case was inaccurate), but the case is still important because:
Psychologists who read the headlines about the event were inspired to do research that did actually document the bystander effect!
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the facial feedback hypothesis??
Put on a smile, it might make you feel better!
In the Big Bang theory clip, the mistake was that:
Sheldon called shocking Penny negative reinforcement instead of positive punishment
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Specific phobias can often be the result of learning/past experience.
Dr. Sparks said she got food poisoning once at _______
Subway
What makes the Schachter-Singer Theory different from the James-Lange theory?
The Schachter-Singer Theory asserts that the mind must decide, based on what is happening, which emotion it is feeling
Dr. Sparks said the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is probably still so widely distributed because:
The creators have focused on marketing it to people outside the field for easy administration
Who did Festinger say was in a state of cognitive dissonance in his study?
The people who thought "I hated turning the pegs. On the other hand, I convincingly told that person I loved it, for a mere buck"
Looking at population level BMI data in the United States, we see that:
The percentage of the population classified as overweight based on BMI has continued to rise in many states, even since 2011
In this case, what was the conditioned stimulus?
The sight of a subway sandwich
In the office clip, what was the conditioned stimulus?
The sound playing on the computer
Set point refers to:
The weight range people stay at when not trying to gain or lose weight
Dr. Sparks said that drive reduction theory does not produce the best explanation for why we might take challenging courses because doing so almost seems to increase tension, rather than restore homeostasis.
True
Sometimes a period of mania can almost resemble being under the influence of some sort of substance.
True
T/F: Dr. Sparks said that only one of the 3 hallmarks technically *must* be present to reach the status of abnormal behavior, but usually 2 or all 3 are present.
True
T/F: Eating chocolate cake could be viewed as sex, for Freud.
True
The James-Lange theory asserts that: no two emotions have the exact same set of bodily responses.
True
What is the conditioned stimulus?
Whirring sound
With Little Albert, what's the conditioned stimulus?
White rat
Dr. Sparks said _______ is NOT as common of a cause of dissociative amnesia as you might think, if you watch movies.
a blow to the head
Clicker training is a great example of:
a combination of both classical and operant conditioning
Which of the following faces will usually receive the highest average physical attractiveness rating? (Imagine we start with 32 different faces).
a composite of all 32 faces
Second order conditioning is when:
a conditioned stimulus is used to condition a reaction to something else
John believes that the FBI is trying to arrest him. He is experiencing:
a delusion of persecution
A lack of conservation and a lack of reversibility could both be thought of as:
a failure to perform logical operations that require an understanding of what attributes of one's environment are permanent
The seamstress getting paid after every 6th dress created was an example of:
a fixed ratio schedule
Somebody who also thinks that they are very competent/skilled as a student has _____.
a high sense of self-efficacy
When Joshua wished his mom had broken the breadsticks into more pieces so he could have more, he was demonstrating:
a lack of conservation
John does not understand that if 2+3=5, then 5-3=2. John is demonstrating:
a lack of reversibility
So, "insanity" is ____
a legal term
Physical attractiveness is ______.
a pretty strong/reliable predictor of initial attraction
A trait is:
a relatively stable mental structure that people bring to a situation, that makes different situations similar for the same person
In the dolphin example, the clicking sound was:
a secondary/conditioned reinforcer
Dr. Sparks said than when her nephew sobs when he realizes she is not her sister (who he can't find in the room), this is consistent with:
a secure attachment style
Who is more likely to ask, "how does the presence of a group influence the emotion a person will feel?"
a social psychologist
Who is more likely to ask, "how does the number of hospitals per capita in a community influence the socioeconomic status of the community?
a sociologist
Susan, a Purdue student, thinks "IU students are not smart". This is an example of:
a stereotype
If an odorless gas is seeping into the room and depriving your body of oxygen, but you feel nothing and continue sitting happily in the room, this is an example of:
a time when a real physical need DOES NOT trigger/produce a corresponding drive
Feeling like you have to read a book that you love is an example of:
a time when motivation does not seem to be rooted in an obvious physical need
If you want to consume MORE calories at a meal, perhaps order _____. Do this because you won't ______ to any particulate flavor experience (and you will keep eating).
a variety platter; habituate
Someone who has dissonance because they think "I am on a diet, and I just ate ice cream" who reduces the dissonance by saying "but I am going to exercise later so it will still balance out" has reduced dissonance by:
acquiring/adding new information
Piaget thought that young kids:
actually have minds that operate fundamentally differently from adults, as a result of not having gone through maturation
An important later addition made to Piaget's theory had to do with the observation that additional milestones continue to unfold after age 11. One important additional milestone that probably takes place after entering the formal operational stage is that:
adolescents grow out of the sense that everyone is watching them
Bipolar disorder is characterized by:
alternating periods of mania and depression
Conformity is about trying to detect social norms and go along with them. A social norm is:
an acceptable way of behaving or thinking in order to maintain positive social status
The adrenaline shot study demonstrated that:
an adrenaline shot had the power to trigger an emotional experience that participants would not have otherwise felt
The fact that we have lots of sweet, cheap, calorie dense food easily available in the modern day U.S. can be viewed as:
an environmental factor influencing weight
If Joe gets an F on a psych test and thinks: "I was born stupid in everything, not just psych, and I won't ever be smart", he is making
an internal, stable, global attribution for his failure
When the cell phone ringing started going off in the middle of the video and you initially directed your attention to it, this represented:
an orienting response
In the story Erin told about herself as a small preoperational child, she was demonstrating:
animism
A baby who sobbed when their mother left the room, and then when the mother returned and picked them up continued to seem distressed and angry and cry might be demonstrating:
anxious/preoccupied attachment
Attraction refers to:
anything that draws people together and makes them want to form a lasting relationship
Neurodevelopmental disorders:
appear in childhood
One common treatment for ASD is:
applied behavioral analysis
Recurrent panic attacks:
are the main diagnostic criterion of panic disorder
Personality disorders in general:
are thought to sometimes be harder to treat than other disorders
Classical and operant conditioning are both:
associative learning
Erin thought that a plastic deer which she could appropriately label as "fake" also _______.
ate breakfast
"I love the sky" is a(n) _____.
attitude
When you buy the drug recommended by the top doctor in the area, this is an example of Cialdini's principle of:
authority
"You are free to choose to value nonprejudice." is a persuasive appeal that meets which need?
autonomy
A child who seemed consistently unconcerned with their mother and didn't react every time she left the room might be demonstrating:
avoidant/dismissive attachment style
Dr. Sparks said that baby monkeys who were deprived of any contact (even surrogate contact!) grew up to be:
bad mates and parents, even if they were provided with a mother around the age of 6 months
Situationism represents the idea that:
behavior and personality vary considerably across contexts
A lot of the classic learning research is associated with the ______ movement within psychology.
behaviorist
"The sky is blue" is a(n) _____.
belief
With Pavlov and his dogs, what was the conditioned stimulus?
bell
Attractive people are treated ______ than less attractive people, which might cause them to act ______ in return and thus ______ the stereotype that they are nice.
better; friendlier; confirm
Somebody who wants to identify the physical source (for example, a particular neurotransmitter malfunction) of a cluster of a malapadtive behaviors would be taking the _____ to studying depression.
biological approach
The DSM-5 is most consistent with the:
biological approach to mental disorders
Somebody who thinks that inheriting genes from a parent with schizophrenia makes it more likely that somebody will get schizophrenia *if* they are exposed to certain psychological or environmental risk factors or stressors might be taking the:
biopsychosocial approach
Dr. Sparks said that egocentrism might explain why we see things like ______ spike around age 2.
biting other kids
The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that:
bodily responses come first and the conscious experience of an emotion comes second
Psychologists inspired by operant conditioning theory tried to see if they could offer people rewards to change their attitudes (not just their behaviors!) They discovered that offering a reward for a behavior increased the frequency of the behavior, __________ towards the behavior.
but did not reliably increase the positivity of people's attitudes
Dr. Sparks said that first impressions usually:
can actually allow people to make some decent predictions about things like personality, sexual orientation, & propensity for violence
Insulin resistance:
can be influenced both by genes and what you eat, or the interaction of the two
Someone asks Cyrah if she likes reading biographies. She's not really sure, so she reflects on her behavior. She realizes that every time she is in the bookstore, she spends most of her time checking out the biography section and she concludes she likes biographies. Cyrah's attitude:
can best be explained by self-perception theory
A child remembering the bright fuzzy red sweater worn by the person in the front row of a crowded room two weeks later is showing:
centration - they only focused on the sweater
Dr. Sparks said that in Festinger's study, people were reducing dissonance by:
changing a cognition
Pavlov and his dogs provides a good example of:
classical conditioning
________ has to do with learning how one stimulus in the environment predicts the arrival of another stimulus, while _____ has to do with learning the consequences of our own more active behaviors.
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
In the dolphin example, which part was the operant conditioning?
clicking after the dolphin stuck its tail up
Dr. Sparks said that social cognition research is like a marriage between:
cognitive and social psychology
Which approach to understanding the cause of ASD is being taken here? Someone views the cause of ASD in terms of people's inability to think about how others have a certain perspective or conscious state that differs from their own.
cognitive approach
Dr. Sparks said that proximity can increase feelings of liking through what two mechanisms?
cognitive consistency and mere exposure
Dr. Sparks said that this idea of convincing ourselves that we must like the people that we have chosen to surround ourselves with is consistent with what other theory we discussed in this unit?
cognitive dissonance theory
Mischel looked for ________ in behavior as opposed to _______.
coherence; consistency
Anti-social Personality Disorder:
comes with reduced feelings of empathy/guilt
If you have defined the relationship as a long-term thing, this represents what component of love?
commitment
If you rang a bell prior to presenting food to a dog, but you did it as you entered a room and turned on a light (something the dog had already learned predicted the arrival of the food), acquisition might not go well because you have failed to establish:
contingency
If the workers had made disruptive loud clanging noises after opening the garage door every time and Erin had started to feel unhappy in reaction to the whirring noise, this would be:
counterconditioning (specifically aversive conditioning)
Jeffrey Dahmer was:
deemed to be "sane", and likely had a psychological disorder
Mischel is very famous for his work on ______-
delay of gratification
Dr. Sparks said that:
depriving human children of contact comfort can also have negative physical and emotional effects
two year old Benjamin:
didn't make it on the first attempt, but waited successfully on try number two
Dr. Sparks said that learning how to divide up labor together over time (you load the dishwasher, I will empty it) is _______.
different from saying initial attraction is more likely when someone differs on basic values and personality traits
What was one explanation given for the bystander effect?
diffusion of responsibility: the more people around, the less clear it is you are responsible for helping or even most equipped to help
Susan, a Purdue student, chooses to hire a Purdue student for a job instead of an IU student, even though the IU student is probably more well-qualified. This is:
discrimination
Dr. Sparks said that when she saw her friend after he had developed symptoms of schizophrenia, she primarily noticed:
disordered thought and flat emotional responses
A 2 year old child is on the phone with her father and sees a butterfly flying by and says "daddy look it's so pretty!" not seeming to understand he is not seeing it too. This preoperational child demonstrates:
egocentrism
BPD is characterized by:
emotional volatility
One main way the humanistic approach diverges from the psychodynamic approach is in how it:
emphasizes instead humans' conscious experience and their potential for personal growth and self-determination
If going to a webex meeting makes you feel more confident in your abilities as a student, this is your _____ ______.
environment influencing your person/cognitive factors
The study of changes in gene function/expression that don't involve changes in the actual DNA sequence itself (sometimes these changes are due to environmental influences, such as exposure to certain substances in the womb) is called:
epigenetics
Social identity theory focuses on:
explaining prejudice in terms of our need to feel good about ourselves (suggesting that much of our identity comes from groups we're in)
Which of the following was NOT discussed as something having an effect on set point?
exposure to music in the womb
According to Gottman, the number one predictor of divorce is:
expressions of contempt
Which of the big five traits tend to show up in the assessment of personality in cultures around the world?
exraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
If a heterosexual male responds to the smell of an ovulating female with increased sexual interest, this would be an example of ____ influencing sexual motivation.
external factors
What kind of locus of control does somebody have if they think that no matter how skilled they are as a student, it is the teacher & teaching format that are the strongest predictors of how they will do in a course (in other words, their potential to influence the outcome is low)?
external locus of control
If someone did poorly on a test, and you said, "the teacher always gives out hard tests", you'd be making an _________ attribution for the performance.
external, stable
Joe gets an A on a psych test and says "I got lucky because this psych class is easy, anyone would have gotten an A on this test. But this won't continue... the next psych class will be harder, and also, all my other classes will be harder too." Joe is making an _____ attribution for his success.
external, unstable, specific
Someone vulnerable to depression might tend to make ______ attributions for successes and _______ for failures.
external/unstable/specific; internal/stable/global
If in the case of Pavlov, for several days Pavlov brought the dog food without first ringing a bell (and also frequently rang the bell without presenting food afterwards), the dog might stop salivating in reaction to the bell (learning it does not predict food any more). This would illustrate:
extinction
Losing the happy feeling after the whirring during summer construction was an example of what?
extinction
If somebody is high energy, happy, and engaged at a big party, they probably score high in:
extraversion
Dr. Sparks that one symptom of ASD that can emerge in early infancy is:
failures of joint attention (failure to follow somebody's point, or a failure to point)
Dr. Sparks said that the mere exposure effect gets at the idea that people tend to feel that what is _______ is good.
familiar
Implicit attitudes are _______ and explicit attitudes are ________.
feelings we are not aware of that are automatically aroused; feelings that we could consciously report
I said the scale I offered you to take I said measured the big ______ traits.
five
Which schedule of reinforcement produces a post reinforcement pause?
fixed ratio schedule
The most common way that other psychodynamic thinkers disagreed with Freud was in how they:
focused less on sex and the need for organ pleasure as the most important determinant of personality
With Pavlov and his dogs, which was the unconditioned stimulus?
food
Researchers believe that which is true about adults with ADHD?
for almost all of them, it emerged for the first time in childhood (even if it wasn't diagnosed)
Somebody reflecting on how they wish their life was different than how it is now is in the ______ and engaging in_______.
formal operational stage; idealistic thinking
Neurodevelopmental disorders tend to be traced to things like:
genes, brain development issues
If you had gradually started to respond less to the ringing over a course of many minutes, this would have represented:
habituation
John hears a voice saying "I see you. Tap the wall." No one is actually saying this. John is experiencing a:
hallucination
The tendency for opposites to mate or marry _______.
has never been reliably demonstrated in the literature.
Schizophrenia is thought to:
have strong genetic roots
ASD tends to be viewed as:
having a diverse range of causes
Dr. Sparks joked that kids developing a sense of object permanence makes it hard to:
hide her secret stash of chocolate
Temple Grandin would probably be described as somebody with ASD who is:
high functioning
Duane might be:
in the concrete operational or formal operational stage
Jennifer might be:
in the sensorimotor stage or preoperational stage
Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the DSM that we discussed?
it denies the biological roots of mental disorders
Psychologists are probably more likely to view something as "maladaptive/dysfunctional" for the purposes of classifying it as abnormal behavior if _______.
it is believed to be more inherently maladaptive (across most human environments that have existed or do exist)
Which of the following is NOT a common criticism of the evolutionary model of sexual motivation?
it over-emphasizes the power of the culture, and how changing the cultural context can reduce gender differences
Dr. Sparks said one critique of attachment theory has been that:
it underestimates cultural differences in attachment style; specifically, cultural variability in how many attachment figures there are
Reggie is demonstrating:
lack of conservation
A rodent with lesions in the ______ might under-eat.
lateral hypothalamus
Dr. Sparks said that sometimes a certain kind of complimentarity can develop over time as couples _______.
learn how to divide up labor/concrete tasks efficiently and handle different parts of a task that needs to be done
Dr. Sparks said that we can't date ourselves, so we might be able to __________________, but that is different from saying we will actually be *more* attracted to people who are different as opposed to similar.
learn to cope with some differences or learn how to not view differences as threatening
Dr. Sparks said that college health centers report that rates of diagnoses have gone up as well, though surveys reveal that students perceive depression to be ________ now, so perhaps some portion of the increase is ________.
less stigmatized; people less scared of stigma if they seek treatment
People with an ________ tend to perform better in various domains.
internal locus of control
What kind of locus of control does somebody have if they believe that they (the student) are the strongest predictor of how they will do in a course (in other words, their potential to influence is outcome is high)?
internal locus of control
If you saw someone do poorly on an exam and you explained the behavior by saying, "they just are bad at math, and they probably can not change that", you would be making an _________ attribution.
internal, stable
If you want to tell somebody about all your problems and everything that happened to you today, this represents what component of love?
intimacy
ASD often
involves deficits in communication and social interaction
PTSD:
is always tied to a specific traumatic event that a person has experienced
A panic attack:
is characterized by physical symptoms that can often mirror something like a heart attack
Homosexuality:
is no longer viewed as psychologically abnormal, though it used to be viewed that way
Dr. Sparks:
is optimistic that we can continue to work to destigmatize mental illness
In the past year, James has experienced three different episodes of very severe depression, each one lasting about two and half weeks, during which he was unable to function effectively. James likely has:
major depressive disorder (recurrent episodes)
If social anxiety causes someone to miss a job interview and then experience financial hardship as a result, the fact that the behavior resulted in problems with daily living would be the part viewed as:
maladaptive (dysfunctional)
Evolutionary psychologists tend to explain the finding by saying that:
males who were not vigilant about sexual betrayal would not have passed on their genes/preferences as often
Dr. Sparks said that the cognitive explanation for why prejudice persists includes a concept we talked about earlier in the class! Which concept was this?
confirmation bias
Dr. Sparks said that users might continue to be satisfied with the feedback they get on this unreliable tool because of:
confirmation bias
Asch's line studies demonstrate:
conformity
Somebody who always has their work done for a group project probably scores high in:
conscientiousness
Explicit attitudes tend to predict ________ and implicit attitudes tend to predict _______
conscious and self-directed behavior; uncontrollable behavior
When someone stops littering because they hear that 80% of people going to the park do not litter, this is an example of Cialdini's principle of:
consensus
When your parents agree to let you go away with your friend for a week on a trip because they just agreed to let you go away for one night (and they are thinking this clearly indicates they must trust you alone with this friend), this is an illustration of Cialdini's principle of:
consistency
The facial feedback hypothesis is ______ with the James-Lange theory of emotion.
consistent
If you rang a bell, waited an hour, and then delivered a dog food, acquisition might not go very well because you have not established:
contiguity
Which of the following is not one of the three key things that predict whether people will stay together, according to Rusbult's investment model?
hindsight bias
Mr. Darcy and his bell are a great example of:
how shaping can work with operant conditioning
Dr. Sparks said the mere exposure effect could explain why you might tend to like _________ more whereas your friends tend to like ________ more.
how you appear in a mirror; how you appear when you are talking to your friends
Optimum arousal theory suggests that:
human beings seek out situations that provide just the right amount of moderate arousal
The IAT measures:
implicit attitudes
The shooter bias refers to the fact that:
in simulations, participants are more likely to accidentally "shoot" black figures holding harmless objects (compared to white figures)
Bandura's idea that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors all influence and change one another is called:
reciprocal determinism
When you give a big tip to a server who just gave you extra mints, this is an example of Cialdini's principle of:
reciprocity
Schizophrenia is:
related to stressors in the environment
"We live in a wonderful and diverse cultural community." fulfills the need of:
relatedness