Psych 128 CH 2
-Frontal Lobe
Frontal Lobe 1. Attention/Planning 2. Memory 3. Identity/Personality 4. Motor Processing 5. Language Production
neural circuits.
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
About 35,000
How many neurons do you think would fit into the space of a single grain of salt? -
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
,Hierarchical processing, 36 .
Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain. (2)
Action potential, 31 ,
Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Action potentials typically travel down a neuron's axon. (2)
Dendrites, 28
Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons. (2)
Brain imaging, 40
Technique such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in images of the brain. that represent brain activity. In cognitive psychology, activity is measured in response to specific cognitive tasks. (2)
Cerebral cortex, 38
The 3-mm-thick outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving. (2)
right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear
The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the
Overview of the Brain
The basis of behavior *** Only weighs about 3 pounds ***Size of a grapefruit ***100 billion neurons As we saw it's closer to 86 billion ***Myth: we only use 10% of our brains
Functional connectivity, 46
The extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other. (2)
Prosopagnosia
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
specificity coding
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
Cortical equipotentiality, 38
The idea, popular in the early 1800s, that the brain operates as an indivisible whole, as opposed to operating based on specialized areas. (2)
....Trauma (injury) ....Surgery .......Frontal Lobotomy .........Split Brain: joe ....Neurotransmitters
Ways of Changing Behavior Through Brain
a) Comprehension b) Production
Wernicke's Area is responsible for language _______.
The mind IS what the brain Does!
What is the mind?
firing rate of the action potentials
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of
a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
ERP scan
a special technique that takes electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes.
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
all of these *Brain areas are specialized for specific functions *Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. *Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ________ and ________ experiments
behavioral and physiological
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
cognitive neuroscience
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
continuous
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
.The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed processing
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
prosopagnosia
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon.
rate of nerve firing
The layer of neurons that lines the back of the eye is called the
retina
Parietal Lobe
somatosensory cortex, spatial manipulation
Broca's aphasia, 39
.. condition associated with damage to Broca's area, in the frontal lobe, characterized by labored ungrammatical speech and difficulty in understanding some types of sentences. (2, 11)
Cognitive neuroscience, 26
.Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition. (2)
Temporal Lobe
1. Hearing (auditory cortex) 2. Memory 3. Language Comprehension
'Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 41
A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity. (2) Copyright
Frontal lobe damage causes
Effect of Concussions Personality changes, difficulty planning or concentrating, and impulsivity. ***exp: Phineas Gage
EEG/ERP
Electroencephalogram: used fro recording the activity of the brain; provides a record of the electrical activity of groups of neurons just below the surface of the skull, used if interest in measuring a fast response BUT doesn't tell us which specific areas of brain are being activated
The temporal lobe is
where signals are received from the auditory system
all-or-none law.
'A neuron's initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The ultimate, external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called
Default mode network (DMN), 50
'Network of structures that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks. (2)
Brain Surgery
'Stay Awake
Neurogenesis vs Synaptogenesis
***Neurogenesis: peak before birth ***Synaptogenesis: peak at 2 years old
Double dissociation, 40
, situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present, function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged, function B is present). (2)
Wernicke's Aphasia
- Problems with language comprehension - Wernicke's Area in Left Temporal/Parietal
"Broca's Aphasia.
- Problems with language production - Broca's Area in Left Frontal lobe
Axon
Action potentials occur in the H
Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for
localization of function
Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
localization of function
Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity
lose some of the oxygen they are transporting
',Which of the following brain imaging techniques, discovered in 1908, is now a standard technique for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities?
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
'Recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment?
microelectrode
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
neural circuits
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called ________.
neural networks
The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of
neurons
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
specificity coding
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
temporal lobe
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?,
temporal lobe
where signals are received from the auditory system
temporal lobe
A synapse is
the gap that separates two different neurons
The occipital lobe is
the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located.
A synapse is
the space between neurons ***the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Brain-imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT
the structure of individual neurons
Connectome, 46
to indicate the "structural description of the network of elements and connec-tions forming the human brain".or more simply, the "wiring diagram" of neurons in the brain
parietal lobe
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
A chemical process takes place in the synapse.
.Experience-dependent plasticity, 34
A mechanism that causes an organism's neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed. (3)
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
Occipital Lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
A group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces.
A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.
Levels of analysis, 26
A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system. (2)
Broca's area, 38
An area in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language. Damage to this area causes Broca's aphasia. (2)
Extrastriate body area (EBA), 42
An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects. (2)
Fusiform face area (FFA), 42
An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces. (2)
A.Contralaterality B. Localization of Function 1. Right Hemisphere a. Controls left side of body b. Emotional expression c. Spatial tasks d. Complex visual patterns 2. Left Hemisphere a. Math b. Language
Basic Brain Processing
Corpus Callosum & "Split Brain"
Basic Brain Processing
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
Broca's area.
CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)
Computerized x-ray that produces high-resolution images of the brain, blood vessels, arteries, and veins
Which of the following procedures can be used to help determine the exact way in which nerve fibers communicate with each other?
DTI
Ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
She will say she doesn't know what word appeared but she will be able to identify the object with her left hand.
Kate has a split brain. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. Which set of responses is Kate most likely to give?
toward the rear of the frontal lobe
The primary motor projection area is located
How many synapses do you have?
There are approximately 1 quadrillion synapses in the human brain. That's 1,000,000,000,000,000 synapses! -This is equal to about a half-billion synapses per cubic millimeter! •That's about nine grains of salt!
All are includes: ***.,attention ***different groups of neurons firing in synchrony ***.spatial position ***memory
To perceive the visual world, we have to reunite various elements of a scene together so that these elements are perceived in an integrated fashion. Which of the following is NOT likely to be involved in the task.
How does cognition occur in the brain?
1. Through PATTERNS of neural activation in large sets of neurons. 2. Permanent memories a. Dendritic changes - structure & sensitivity ....(long-term potentiation) b. Change in neurotransmitters ....(activation patterns)
Development of neurons
Most neurons are made in the third trimester (last months before before birth) •Peak: 250,000 neurons made PER MINUTE
Dendrites
Neurons receive information from other neurons through the
Neurons receive information from other neurons through the:
Neurons receive information from other neurons through theNeurons receive information from other neurons through the::
Feature detectors, 33
Neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli. (2)
Distributed representation, 44
Occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain. (2)
a variety of problems, including problems planning and implementing strategies
Olivia has sustained damage to the prefrontal area. As a result, she is most likely to have
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
Cell body, 28
Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons. (2)
Axons, 28
Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon. (2)
cell body, dendrites, and axon.
The key structural components of neurons are
Frontal lobe, 39
The lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning. (2)
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are processed
different parts of the brain
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
distributed processing
Brain Imaging Techniques
fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging PET: Positron emission tomography EEG & ERP CAT
Neurons that respond to specific qualities (e.g., such as orientation, movement, and length) that make up objects are called
feature detectors
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
firing rate of the action potentials
The _____ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
frontal
The Cerebral Cortex consists of
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
Barbara has recently been diagnosed with a rather aggressive form of abdominal cancer. Her oncologist is interested in determining the best way to treat her so that the tumors can be eliminated. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and giving her normal digestive functioning. Barbara is also seeing a psychologist, whose goal is to help her stay calm, relaxed, and keep her anxiety as minimal as possible while keeping her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of ________ presented in your textbook.
gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting
In a procedure called diffusor tensor imaging (DTI), the way in which ________ diffuse(s) along the length of a nerve fiber is measured to determine how different nerves communicate with each other.
neurotransmitters
the part of the cerebral cortex where the visual cortex is located.
occipital lobe
A grandmother cell responds
only to a specific stimulus
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe
parietal lobe
Which part of the brain is important for touch, pressure, and pain?
parietal lobe
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
picket fence
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
sparse
In a procedure called diffusor tensor imaging (DTI), the way in which ________ diffuse(s) along the length of a nerve fib er is measured to determine how different nerves communicate with each other.
water
