PSYCH 1301 Test 3
Celia has scored the most goals in her soccer team, and she knows that she has been successful. However, when a reporter asks Celia how she could score so many goals, Celia says that she seems to get lucky and is just in the right place at the right time. Celia does not think that she creates her own success, and so she could be described as having a(n):
external locus of control
Derrick loves social interaction. If Derrick takes a personality test he will likely score highly on:
extraversion
Tom spends a great deal of time thinking about others, considering how other people interact, and how different cultures influence the world. Tom's personality is BEST described by Carl Jung's notion of:
extraversion
Trait researchers use _____ to tell them how many basic personality traits are needed to describe the human personality
factor analysis
Stanley Milgram reported that _____ of participants continued to the highest voltage level, administering what they thought was a 450-volt shock to the learner.
65%
A typical labor last about:
8 to 12 hours
In the Gawkers study, the percentage of those who conformed (looked up) was _____ when 15 people were looking up.
80%
The fetal phase is reached at _____ weeks after conception.
9
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT):
A biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure.
psychosurgery:
A biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed.
vulnerability-stress model:
A biopsychosocial explanation of schizophrenia that proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not.
conformity:
A change in behavior, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
Which is NOT true regarding learned behavior and Albert Bandura's notion of the self-system?
A child is not in control of his or her behaviors because they are elicited by the environment.
systematic desensitization:
A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps.
virtual reality therapy:
A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation.
flooding:
A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is immediately exposed to a feared object or situation.
habituation:
A decrease in the physiological responding to a stimulus once it becomes familiar.
major depressive disorder:
A depressive disorder in which the person has experienced one or more major depressive episodes.
psychotic disorder:
A disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality.
bipolar disorder:
A disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur.
obsessive-compulsive disorder:
A disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life.
delusion:
A false belief.
hallucination:
A false sensory perception.
self-efficacy:
A judgment of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.
groupthink:
A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making, because the desire for group harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives.
lithium:
A naturally occurring element (a mineral salt) that is used to treat bipolar disorder.
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS):
A neurostimulation therapy in which the left frontal lobe is stimulated with magnetic pulses via an electromagnetic coil placed on the patient's scalp. It is only cleared for use in cases of severe depression for which traditional treatment has not helped.
obsession:
A persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety.
free association
A person spontaneously describes, without editing, all thoughts, feelings, or images that come to mind.
personality:
A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking.
resistance:
A person's unwillingness to discuss a particular topic during therapy.
projective test:
A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli.
Oedipus conflict:
A phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him.
experimenter bias:
A process in which the person performing the research influences the results in order to portray a certain outcome.
defense mechanism:
A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.
schizophrenia:
A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period—hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion.
compulsion:
A repetitive and rigid behavior that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety.
learned helplessness:
A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events.
tardive dyskinesia:
A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.
longitudinal study:
A study in which performance of the same group of participants is examined at different ages.
cross-sectional study:
A study in which the performances of groups of participants of different ages are compared with one another.
authoritative parenting:
A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, but set rational limits for their children and communicate well with their children.
authoritarian parenting:
A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.
permissive parenting:
A style of parenting in which the parents make few demands and are overly responsive to their children's desires, letting their children do pretty much as they please.
uninvolved parenting:
A style of parenting in which the parents minimize both the time they spend with their children and their emotional involvement with them and provide for their children's basic needs, but little else.
cognitive therapy:
A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive
behavioral therapy:
A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behavior from maladaptive to adaptive.
client-centered therapy:
A style of psychotherapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy to help the person to gain insight into his or her true self-concept.
psychoanalysis:
A style of psychotherapy, originally developed by Sigmund Freud, in which the therapist helps the person gain insight into the unconscious sources of his or her problems.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A syndrome affecting infants whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy, resulting in a range of severe effects including intellectual disability and facial abnormalities.
self-perception theory:
A theory developed by Daryl Bem that assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs.
cognitive dissonance theory:
A theory developed by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behavior.
counterconditioning:
A type of behavioral therapy in which a maladaptive response is replaced by an incompatible adaptive response.
Beck's cognitive therapy:
A type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking.
rational-emotive therapy:
A type of cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, in which the therapist directly confronts and challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational.
lobotomy:
A type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobes to lower brain areas are severed.
holophrase:
A word used by an infant to express a complete idea.
_____ occurs when a new experience cannot be appropriately placed into an existing framework, so the framework is modified.
Accommodation
scaffolding:
According to Vygotsky, a style of teaching in which the teacher adjusts the level of help in relation to the child's level of performance while orienting the child's learning toward the upper level of his or her zone of proximal development.
zone of proximal development:
According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child could do with the help of others.
compliance:
Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group.
Tyrone's mother was very easy going and kind to others. As a result, his mother received a great deal of praise from those around her. Tyrone acted in similar ways at school and found that his teachers rewarded him for this behavior. As Tyrone grew into adulthood, he developed a personality that was very similar to his mother's. Tyrone's personality development is BEST explained by:
Albert Bandura's self-system
Which statement is NOT a criticism of Kohlberg's model of moral development?
Although everyone passes through all of Kohlberg's stages at some point, the sequence of moral stages may vary from person to person
panic disorder:
An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks.
generalized anxiety disorder:
An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety and worries that he cannot control, occurring more days than not for at least a period of 6 months.
agoraphobia:
An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing.
social anxiety disorder:
An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which embarrassment may occur and in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others.
specific phobia:
An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable.
information-processing approach to cognitive development:
An approach to studying cognitive development that assumes cognitive development is continuous and improves as children become more adept at processing information (taking in, storing, and using information).
manic episode:
An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractibility, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week.
major depressive episode:
An episode characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem and worthlessness, extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behavior, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friends, and activities for a period of 2 weeks or more.
neurogenesis theory of depression:
An explanation of depression that proposes that neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus stops during depression, and when it resumes, the depression lifts.
sucking reflex:
An innate human reflex that leads infants to suck anything that touches their lips.
rooting reflex:
An innate human reflex that leads infants to turn their mouth toward anything that touches their cheeks and search for something to suck on.
personality inventory:
An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to her or not.
Anna has gone to see a clinical psychologist for help. The MOST important factor to consider when making a clinical diagnosis of Anna's problem will be:
Anna's symptoms
A psychiatrist has a patient who experiences frequent panic attacks. Which is the drug type that is MOST likely to be effective?
Antianxiety drugs
A researcher is exploring how people support their opinions. The researcher presents a group of five participants with a brief explanation of a political issue. He has each participant state how strongly they agree or disagree with the issue. If all the participants agree with the issue, then the researcher has the participants discuss their viewpoints together. After the discussion, all the participants provide stronger ratings of agreement with the issue than they did prior to the discussion. Which BEST explains this result?
Group polarization
antianxiety drugs:
Drugs used to treat anxiety problems and disorders.
antidepressant drugs:
Drugs used to treat depressive disorders.
antipsychotic drugs:
Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders.
Which of the following is NOT true of children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
Egocentrism goes away late in the sensorimotor stage
teratogens:
Environmental agents such as drugs and viruses, diseases, and physical conditions that impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects and sometimes death.
Psychologists have proposed stage theories for different aspects of development. Which choice pairs a theorist with the CORRECT area of development?
Erikson - psychosocial development
attitudes:
Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) toward objects, events, and other people.
biopsychosocial approach:
Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioral and cognitive), and sociocultural factors.
Julia is outgoing, social, and friendly. In the terminology of Carl Jung, she MOST likely possesses which personality characteristic?
Extraversion
In Milgram's studies, which manipulation caused the greatest disobedience to authority?
Having two models of disobedience
As an adult, Bob is sloppy, disorderly, and occasionally destructive and cruel. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which is the BEST explanation for his personality?
He became fixated in the anal stage, rebelled against toilet training by having bowel movements whenever and wherever he pleased, and developed an anal-expulsive personality.
According to Hans Eysenck, which trait is NOT consistent with low scores on the neuroticism-emotional stability trait?
High levels of empathy
Which of the following is an obsessive-compulsive related disorder that involves people who have persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save the items and the distress associated with discarding them?
Hoarding disorder
A researcher wants to examine obedience to a request from a school teacher for a student to punish another student in the classroom. Which is MOST likely to result in low levels of obedience?
If the teacher is not in the room when the request is made
Which statement is true of premature birth?
In about 50% of cases, the cause of premature birth is unknown.
social facilitation:
Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present.
Myra is unaware that she is pregnant and consumes high amounts of alcohol during the first several months of pregnancy. What is the most likely result of Myra's alcohol use on her baby?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
obedience:
Following the commands of a person in authority.
manifest content:
Freud's term for the literal surface meaning of a dream.
unconscious mind:
Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of.
latent content:
Freud's term for the underlying true meaning of a dream.
preconscious mind:
Freud's term for what is stored in one's memory that one is not presently aware of but can access.
conscious mind:
Freud's term for what we are presently aware of.
The _____ study was conducted to determine if group size influenced conformity.
Gawkers
Which statement BEST describes the vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia?
Genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render one vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether or not it develops.
spontaneous remission:
Getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy.
Which statement is NOT true of an infant's visual capability?
Infants cannot detect edges until about 5 months after birth. Newborns possess 20/20 vision.
How did DeCasper and Spence's (1986) "The Cat in the Hat" experiment support the notion that the development of hearing begins before birth?
Infants sucked on an artificial pacifier to activate a recording of their mothers reading a story that the mothers had read aloud during pregnancy.
normative social influence:
Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others.
informational social influence:
Influence stemming from the need for information in situations in which the correct action or judgment is uncertain.
primacy effect:
Information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later in forming an impression of another person.
You have been assigned to construct a new personality inventory based on the Five Factor Model. Which personality test would serve as the BEST starting point?
NEO-PI-R
According to Freud, the _____ refers to the attraction a boy feels toward his mother, along with the resentment or envy directed toward the fathe
Oedipus complex
self-fulfilling prophecy:
Our behavior leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person.
cohort effects:
People of a given age (cohorts) are affected by factors unique to their generation, leading to differences in performance between generations.
Which statement is FALSE with respect to the pessimistic explanatory style?
Pessimistic explanations are temporary and short-lived
assimilation:
Piaget's term for the interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemas.
accommodation:
Piaget's term for the modification of present schemas to fit with new experiences.
Jonas is a junior in college and is the president of his fraternity. As a part of the recruitment process for new members of the fraternity, it has been the tradition to "haze" the new members even though it is against school policy. Jonas implements a "no-hazing policy" for his fraternity stating, "Hazing is wrong. It is not fair to treat new members so differently than the rest of our members." Jonas is in what level of moral development?
Postconventional
Richard is in the third grade, and his friends ask him to steal candy from the local store after school. Richard decides not to steal the candy because he does not want to go to jail. Richard is in what level of moral development?
Preconventional
In Stanley Milgram's study, approximately how many people administered the maximum possible shock?
Two in three people administered the maximum shock.
unconditional positive regard:
Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others.
telegraphic speech:
Using two-word sentences with mainly nouns and verbs.
A teacher gives a student a set of learning strategies, along with a series of partially solved math problems, to help him learn a difficult math concept. This method is MOST closely aligned with _____ technique.
Vygotsky's scaffolding
transference:
When a person undergoing therapy acts toward the therapist as he or she did or does toward important figures in his or her life, such as his or her parents.
A researcher uses a habituation technique to gauge infants' interest in paintings. The researcher shows the infants the same painting five times and then shows the infants a new painting next to the first painting. Which is NOT an appropriate measure of habituation?
Whether the infants touch the new painting more than the first painting
Which is NOT a situational factor discussed in the text that contributes to conformity in the Solomon Asch study?
Whether the task is visual or auditory
Which is NOT true regarding the sucking and the rooting reflexes
Which is NOT true regarding the sucking and the rooting reflexes
_____ is a type of therapy that treats the family as a unit, focusing on relationships and problems among the various family members
family therapy
All organ systems except the sex organs are present, though not functional, at the beginning of the _____ phase of development.
fetal
After years of study, researchers identified _____ personality factors.
five
Bill gets Jon to agree to do something that Jon dislikes because Jon previously agreed to do something similar that he did like, though the first request was smaller and far more reasonable. This is an example of the _____ technique.
foot-in-the-door
Katherine asks her parents for a trip to the museum, and they say yes. Tomorrow, she is going to ask them for a graduation trip to Paris. Katherine appears to be using the _____ technique, which is a method for gaining compliance that involves making a small request first, followed by a larger request.
foot-in-the-door
The success of the _____ technique seems to be partially due to individual behavior affecting his or her attitudes both to be more positive about helping and to view oneself as generally a charitable person.
foot-in-the-door
According to James Marcia, those who are low on exploration and high on commitment have which identity status?
foreclosure
Membership in a cult or gang can lead to which identity status?
foreclosure
Stephanie has based her identity on the values and beliefs of her parents. Which best describes her identity status?
foreclosure
Children in Piaget's _____ stage demonstrate hypothetical-deductive thought
formal operational
Formal instruction in the scientific method usually begins when students are between 11 and 13 years of age. At this point, students are capable of the abstract thinking and deductive reasoning characteristic of Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
formal operational
According to trait theorists, each trait is:
a continuum. Any person can possess any amount of a given trait.
A disorder that affects conscious awareness is most likely
a dissociative disorder
One-year-old Teddy gets tired, stretches up his arms, and says to his father, "Up!" Teddy has just used _____ to express his wish to be picked up
a holophrase
Taking an SSRI for the treatment of depression should be effective if depression is caused by _____ in the brain
a lack of serotonin
Megan has lost interest in her friends, family and hobbies. She has difficulty sleeping. Megan MOST likely has:
a mood disorder
Evander is afraid of crossing the street. Regardless of whether there are traffic lights, he is so afraid of crossing the street that he never leaves his neighborhood because he would need to cross a street. Evander MOST likely has:
a specific phobia
In a 1995 survey, Krackow and Blass found that _____ of the registered nurses who responded had complied with a physician's order that they knew would endanger the welfare of a patient.
about half
Andrea thinks that all dogs have a tail until one day she sees a dog whose tail has been removed. She changes her concept of dog through a process called:
accommodation.
According to James Marcia, those who are high on exploration and high on commitment have which identity status?
achievement
Those with identity _____ status are mature and balanced thinkers.
achievement
Those with the identity status of _____ have struggled with questions of identity and purpose but have formed a direction for the future. They have considered a provisional career choice and a set of important values and beliefs about key life style issues of young adulthood.
achievement
Up to now, Jill has led a relatively normal life with typical "ups and downs" and has never been diagnosed with a mental disorder. However, following several traumatic events, she develops a sudden onset of schizophrenic symptoms that are mainly positive in nature. It is MOST likely that Jill has developed _____ schizophrenia, which _____ respond well to drug therapy.
acute Type I; will
conformity
adjusting our thinking or behaviors to coincide with a group standard
Lois will not drive in a car because she fears becoming trapped in traffic. Lois also will not travel by bus or train because she worries that the bus or train could become crowded and she would not get out. As a result, Lois rarely goes further than a mile from her house. Lois MOST likely has:
agoraphobia
Eden has spent her life as a volunteer and always gets along well with people she works with. If Eden took a personality test she would likely score highly on:
agreeableness
Jerry is rude and irritable. On the NEO-PI-R, Jerry would MOST likely score low on:
agreeableness
When there is no clear correct behavior, people often feel pressure to imitate the behavior of those around them. This demonstrates the power of:
ambiguity.
Ian is nervous and swallows a lot during his interview with the clinician. Ian's behavior is MOST consistent with
an anxiety disorder
Many therapists adopt an approach that combines several types of therapies, according to their client's needs. This is called
an eclectic approach
Results of the study regarding treatment of schizophrenia discussed in this activity indicated that:
an eclectic approach to therapy is the best approach to treating several psychological disorders
Edward does not have access to regular medical care. When he is able to get to a doctor, he is diagnosed with bipolar disorder. He MOST likely will be prescribed _____ to reduce his symptoms because _____.
anticonvulsants; they have the fewest dangerous side effects of the available treatments
Mark has little regard for the rights of others and no sense of morality. He feels no guilt over his past crimes. Mark likely has a(n) _____
antisocial personality disorder
The psychological disorder distinguished by a total disregard for the rights of others and the moral rules of the culture is called
antisocial personality disorder
Phobic disorder is a type of
anxiety disorder
An obsession is a(n) _____, whereas a compulsion is a(n) _____.
anxiety-provoking, persistent, intrusive thought, idea, or impulse; repetitive, rigid behavior performed to reduce anxiety
During the last few years of their lives, some older people "recreate" the story of their lives. They emphasize the importance of some aspects that, at the time, seemed relatively minor, and downplay the importance of other aspects that took a long time and a lot of effort. Erikson would claim that such activities:
are an ordinary part of the integrity stage of his psychosocial model
Researchers believe that personality traits:
are on a continuum
Newborn reflexes such as the Babinski, sucking, and grasping reflexes
are unlearned
The process by which people explain their own behavior and the behavior of others is called:
attribution.
People develop _____ when they generate an explanation for their own or others' behavior
attributions
A(n) _____ parenting style is one in which parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children
authoritarian
Hailey's parents demand strict obedience from her; "backtalk" is not tolerated. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. In Baumrind's terms, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
An illusion in which a stationary pinpoint of light in a completely dark room appears to move is known as the:
autokinetic phenomenon
A type of therapy that attempts to reduce the frequency of a problem behavior by associating it with an unpleasant experience is:
aversive conditioning
Jill has the bad habit of chewing the erasers off her pencils. Which therapeutic technique would be MOST helpful for her?
aversive conditioning
_____ is a type of therapy that can help people quit "bad" habits, such as smoking or nail biting, by having the client associate the habit with an unpleasant experience
aversive conditioning
In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional level, moral reasoning is based on:
avoiding punishment and looking out for one's own welfare
The rhythmic repetition of various syllables including both consonants and vowels is called:
babbling
Someone with an internal locus of control is likely to:
believe that she controls her own fate.
For a patient with schizophrenia, a person who _____ is an example of someone with a positive symptom, and a person who _____ is an example of someone with a negative symptom
believes that he is a deceased president; has lost the ability to speak
Samantha feels a great need to be a contributing member in a group of friends, and to have the support and care of her parents. Based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Samantha is focused on:
belongingness and love needs
According to Eysenck's trait model of personality, the origins of each factor are:
biological
The _____ approach appears to be the BEST at explaining all of the mental disorders
biopsychosocial
At about four days after conception, the cell mass develops a hollow center and is called a:
blastocyst
The humanistic approach to personality represented a reaction against _____ approaches
both psychodynamic and behavioral
fMRI research suggests that participants who conformed to the responses of confederates in the Solomon Asch-type conformity task MOST likely:
changed their visual perceptions.
One night during a terrible thunderstorm, the lights go off, and the whole family heads to the basement. Tijuana's heart is racing, and she is terrified that the house is going to collapse on them. From that night on, Tijuana is terrified of thunder and lightning. She likely acquired this fear through
classical conditioning
What type of therapy was developed by Carl Rogers
client-centered therapy
_____ is a type of therapy in which the therapist reflects the client's feelings and fosters personal growth and self-awareness in an environment that offers genuineness, acceptance, and empathy
client-centered therapy
When Harlow saw that the baby monkeys he was studying spent a lot of time with their _____ mothers, he concluded that _____ was an important component in creating attachment.
cloth; contact comfort
A type of therapy that helps people discover and change their habitually negative patterns of thinking is
cognitive therapy for depression
What type of therapy was developed by Aaron Beck
cognitive therapy for depression
Studies of cultural and gender factors in conformity have found:
collectivist countries show higher levels of conformity than individualist countries
Around age 7, children enter the _____ stage, a stage when they begin to think more logically, but mainly in reference to tangible objects and circumstances
concrete operational
personality disorder:
condition in which personality traits, appearing first in adolescence, are inflexible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment
Berns et al. (2005) examined brain activity during Asch-type conformity experiments. They found that:
conforming responses showed more activity in cortical areas involving visual and spatial awareness
Adjusting thoughts or behaviors to coincide with a group standard is known as:
conformity
Amy tends to act carefully and responsibly. If Amy takes a personality test she will likely score highly on:
conscientious
The false _____ effect leads one to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and _____ behaviors.
consensus; unsuccessful
A researcher shows a child a circular piece of thin metal, with a 4-inch diameter and allows the child to hold it. The researcher then folds the piece of metal over several times so that it appears smaller. The researcher asks the child if the piece of metal will weigh the same and the child indicates that it will weigh less. The researcher is testing the child's understanding of:
conservation
Erik Erikson's stage theory is MOST different from Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development because Erikson's theory:
covers the entire life span.
Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a _____ research design.
cross-sectional
_____ is a type of therapy used primarily in the treatment of depression and involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure
electroconvulsive therapy
The electrical induction of a brief brain seizure for the purpose of treating severe depression is known formally as _____. It is effective in about _____ % of depressed patients
electroconvulsive therapy; 80
Each organ system begins to form during the _____ phase of development.
embryonic
Fred's friends call him 'steady Freddy' because he is calm, predictable and happy. If Fred took a personality test he would likely score highly on:
emotional stability
A person who scores high on extraversion would MOST likely:
enjoy high levels of activity
Ralph is focused on working hard to have a great career and to contribute as an important member of his community. He wants to achieve success because it makes him feel good when he is successful. Based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Ralph is focused on:
esteem needs
David spends nearly all his time studying because he wants to obtain the highest grades in all his classes. According to Maslow's theory, David is strongly focused on satisfying his:
esteem needs.
A person with an anxiety disorder is MOST likely to
exhibit maladaptive behaviors in an intent to reduce anxiety
According to Erik Erikson, identity crisis is experienced as:
experimentation and exploration
This biopsychosocial approach involves
explaining abnormal behavior based on biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
Albert Bandura's concept of the self-system is similar to behaviorist principles because it
explains how behavior is learned from the environment
What are the two dimensions of identity?
exploration and commitment
The participants in Muzafer Sherif's study were exposed to a stationary point of light in a dark room and were told that the purpose of the study was to test visual perception. However, the actual purpose of the study was to:
explore informational social influence
In Erik Erikson's theory, the crisis in adolescence is concerned with _____, and the crisis in middle adulthood is concerned with _____.
exploring roles; making a lasting contribution
The second step a clinician takes after meeting with a client is
gathering any other available information that may be relevant, such as information from family members
An infant has habituated to a familiar object. When shown a novel object, the infant will MOST likely:
gaze at the novel object
The basic unit of genetic instruction is called a(n):
gene
Lashonda has been prescribed dopamine. Lashonda is MOST likely undergoing treatment for:
generalized anxiety disorder
The first two weeks after conception are referred to as the ______ phase of development.
germinal
The period from conception to about 2 weeks is known as the _____ stage. At the end of this stage, the _____.
germinal; zygote implants itself into the uterine wall
A child who is popular with his peers is more likely to develop _____, whereas children who are rejected by their peers _____.
good social skills; are at increased risk for emotional and social difficulties
Freud believed that the psychic energy directed toward a particular area of the body during psychosexual development could become "stuck" due to excessive _____, which could result in the person becoming _____ at this stage.
gratification or frustration; fixated
Which is NOT a condition increasing the likelihood of conformity?
group size of 10 or more
Perception is to belief as _____ is to _____.
hallucination; delusion
High self-efficacy is to _____, whereas low self-efficacy is to _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
happiness; anxiety
A person who scores highly on emotional stability would MOST likely:
have mostly positive attitudes
In Rosenhan's (1973) study on labeling bias, researchers who faked _____ were mostly admitted to hospitals under the diagnosis of _____.
hearing voices; schizophrenia
The neurogenesis theory of depression suggests that when new neurons in the adult _____ stop growing, depression _____. Resumption of new neuronal growth causes the depression to _____.
hippocampus; begins; lift
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs attempts to explain
how people can reach their fullest potential
When Kohlberg presented participants with the Heinz dilemma of a man stealing a cure for cancer to save his sick wife, he classified their answers according to:
how they justified their conclusion that Heinz was either right or wrong
Social psychology is usually defined as the study of:
how we influence one another's behavior and thinking.
Stanley Milgram's research illuminated the dangers of:
human obedience
While out for dinner, Lisa ran out of water in her glass. She was still very thirsty. Rather than waiting for her glass to be refilled, Lisa drank the water of a person sitting next to her that she didn't know. Within the framework of psychoanalytic theory, Lisa's actions were MOST likely controlled by the:
id
According to Freud, unhealthy personalities may result from an overly dominant _____, or from becoming too dependent upon _____ to face psychological conflicts.
id or superego; defense mechanisms
The _____ is the only personality structure present at birth. It guides the individual to satisfy his or her biological needs according to the _____ principle
id; pleasure
Karen, a recent college graduate, has changed careers several times in the 3 years since she graduated. She is also continuously involved with new circles of friends. Erikson would argue that Karen is in the _____ stage of her psychosocial model of development.
identity
The degree of obligation one feels toward the identity choices made thus far is
identity commitment
The degree to which one investigates their identity and struggles with identity issues is:
identity exploration
The Ego Identity Process Questionnaire completed during this activity assessed:
identity exploration and commitment
According to Erik Erikson, what is the chief challenge of adolescence?
identity formation
College students are more likely to be in which identity statuses?
identity moratorium and achievement
Hannah and some other graduate students are considering trying to get admitted to a mental health facility to replicate David Rosenhan's work. Hannah wants to show that:
if you fake your symptoms and receive a diagnosis, it is very difficult to convince mental health professionals that you are actually healthy
Research on infant hearing capability indicates that
infants develop the ability to distinguish their mothers' voice from other voices before birth.
Becca is struggling with feelings of worthlessness and a loss of self-esteem. According to Alfred Adler, Becca may have a(n) _____ complex.
inferiority
Conformity can be motivated by _____ when a person wants to do the right thing and others seem to have necessary information.
informational social influence
Shelby has been invited to attend a banquet dinner. She has never been to one before and watches others around her for cues on how to behave. She is seeking:
informational social influence
Blaming a person for causing an event is an example of _____; blaming a situation for causing an event is an example of _____.
internal attribution; external attribution
People with an _____ locus of control believe self-efficacy is important; moreover, an _____ locus of control is associated with _____ physical and psychological outcomes.
internal; internal; better
A clinician begins by
interviewing the client
The primary difference between panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder is that panic disorder:
involves sudden panic attacks, but generalized anxiety disorder lasts for more than 6 months.
Cognitive therapy seeks to change _____. A cognitive therapist would try to get John, a three-times divorced man who blames himself entirely for his failed marriages, to _____.
irrational thoughts and unrealistic beliefs; understand how his marital failures were not entirely his fault
If a person cuts his or her own arm with a razor to relieve anxiety, the behavior is considered disordered because it
is culturally infrequent, maladaptive, irrational, and likely distressing to that person or to others.
Whether or not a thought is rational:
is one of several criteria for determining whether or not a thought is "abnormal."
All anxiety disorders involve fear that
is persistent
The self-serving bias may be considered to be adaptive because:
it protects us from feeling badly about ourselves and falling victim to learned helplessness and depression
Who developed assessment tools for identity?
james marcia
Who identified various identity statuses?
james marcia
According to Bandura, a person with a high degree of self-efficacy:
judges himself to be quite successful in dealing with particular situations
The word "insane" is primarily a _____ term.
legal
The insanity defense is used in _____ % of felony cases.
less than 1
Chantal has difficulty keeping a job because she is suspicious of others and uncooperative. If she was given a personality test she would score:
low on agreeableness
Kristen gets into many arguments with her mother because her mother easily aggravates her. She also can be very harsh and says things to her mother that are so mean that they bring her mother to tears. In terms of the Five Factor Model of personality, Kristen is MOST likely:
low on agreeableness
James is described by his family as reserved and shy. James would likely score:
low on extraversion
Kendra enjoys reading fantasy novels and imagining what it would be like to be a character in a novel. She thinks about her life all the time. She does not have many friends, and avoids situations in which she would need to talk to people, especially people she does not know. In terms of Hans Eysenck's three-factor model, Kendra is MOST likely
low on extraversion
Sahar is a college professor and she is very confident in her teaching abilities; this allows her to be calm and at ease in the classroom. Additionally, she is very content with her life and feels very secure in herself. In terms of the Five Factor Model of personality, Sahar is MOST likely
low on neuroticism
Schizophrenia, which is more common in _____, affects about _____ of the population and tends to have its onset in _____.
lower socioeconomic classes; 1%; late adolescence or early adulthood
People with _____ may have irregularities in various parts of the brain, including the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus
major depressive disorder
According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious does NOT contain:
memories of old, memorable events such as birthday
_____ twins result when the zygote breaks apart early in development, resulting in two clusters with _____ genes.
monozygotic; identical
According to James Marcia, those who are high on exploration and low on commitment have which identity status?
moratorium
Jason is experimenting with different roles and lifestyles but has made no commitment to any of them. Which best describes his identity status?
moratorium
Lithium is a(n) _____ that was discovered to stabilize mood in patients suffering from _____.
naturally occurring mineral salt; bipolar disorder
Juan defines himself by rebelling against his parents. He definitely knows who he is not. What type of identity does he currently have?
negative identity
Research on personality traits indicates that people who are high on the _____ dimension are more likely to suffer from anxiety and depression.
neuroticism
In a follow-up to Rosenhan's famous study looking at the effect of labeling, hospital staff were warned that pseudopatients would attempt to gain admission to the hospital over a 3-month period. The researchers found that
no pseudopatients were sent, but the staff identified some of the real patients as likely pseudopatients
People like to consider themselves:
nonconformists
Conformity can be motivated by _____ when a person does not want to be different from others.
normative social influence
Recent research has found that _____ appears sooner than suggested by Piaget.
object permanence
Erikson's psychosocial stage theory of development was based on _____ data
observational
A new mother is convinced that her baby cries differently when he is tired than when he is hungry. This mother is:
observing typical infant behavior
In many cases, people with obsessive-compulsive disorder experience _____ that focus on fears of contamination with germs or dirt and _____ that revolve around cleaning and sterilizing.
obsessions; compulsions
Prior to conducting his famous studies, Stanley Milgram asked psychiatrists what percentage of participants were likely to administer the highest (450 volt) shock to the learners. The psychiatrists predicted that about _____ would administer the maximum shock. In the actual study (the basic condition), Milgram found that about _____ of the participants delivered the maximum shock.
one person in one thousand; two-thirds
Eysenck's dimensions of personality do NOT include:
openness
Mia is highly creative and always trying new things. If she was given a personality test Mia would likely score highly on:
openness
Sandy is described by her friends as being very spontaneous. A personality test is MOST likely to show Sandy scores:
openness
Ben is an independent, imaginative thinker who is also disorganized and impulsive. On the Five Factor Model of personality, Ben has a high level of _____ and a low level of _____.
openness; conscientiousness
The first stage of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage theory is the _____ stage
oral
Listening to a newly written symphony, Monique became "lost" in its beauty and magnificence. According to Maslow, Monique is having a _____, typically associated with the need for _____.
peak experience; self-actualization
With respect to obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsession refers to a(n):
persistent intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety
What is another name for client-centered therapy
person-centered therapy
One's _____ comprise(s) a person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking
personality
Jarrod is eighteen years old and has been in trouble with the law since he was 9. He is violent and shows little respect for his family or authority. He is in isolation in prison because he picks fights with other prisoners. Jarrod MOST likely suffers from:
personality disorder
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning are characteristic of
personality disorders
Tyree is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. Tyree's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of _____ on behavior.
personality traits
Psychotherapy treats all of the following types of problems EXCEPT
physical
Riek lives in South Sudan, a war-torn area where food is scarce. From one day to the next, he has no idea how he will find enough food to feed his family or even himself. Based on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Riek is concerned with
physiological needs
Fiona is taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Fiona is looking at:
pictures
Warren's schizophrenia is characterized by delusions and hallucinations. He is showing evidence of:
positive symptoms
Barbara has undergone conventional psychotherapy, as well as various drug therapies, to treat her severe case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Because she did not respond to those therapies, Barbara is most likely faced with the:
possibility of psychosurgery, which will involve the destruction of a portion of her cingulate gyrus.
Children in the _____ stage typically engage in activities such as playing "house," a game in which one child might be the "mommy" and another child the "daddy." Such pretend play illustrates that children in this stage have the ability to engage in _____.
preoperational; symbolic thought
An attribution is the
process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.
Eddie can tie his shoes with the aid of his mother, but not by himself. For Eddie, tying his shoes is within Vygotsky's zone of:
proximal development
What type of therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud
psycho
_____ is a type of therapy that attempts to give clients insight into their repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts stemming from early childhood
psychoanalysis
Schizophrenia is a(n) _____ disorder
psychotic
A therapist has a client who believes that he must do everything he can to please his family. This causes the client a great deal of stress. To help the client, the therapist has the client explain some of the things that he feels he must do for his family and has the client reframe these issues in terms of what he "wants" to do or what would be "nice" to do. The therapist aims to demonstrate that the client has unrealistic expectations and needs to change the way he thinks about pleasing his family. The therapist is using:
rational-emotive therapy
_____ is the desire to protect or restore one's freedom of action
reactance
Roger is attracted to people of the same sex but lives in a culture that condemns homosexuality. He has become a leader in the antigay movement. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Roger is displaying the defense mechanism:
reaction formation
A therapist is administering the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to her client. She will base her conclusions about the client on the:
recurring themes in the motives, relationships, and feelings of the characters in the client's stories
If Emma has an external locus of control, her sense of self-efficacy is:
relatively unimportant
In psychoanalytic theory, the superego is the part of the personality that
represents one's conscience and standards of behavior
Sydney draws her finger along baby Evangeline's cheek, toward her mouth. Evangeline turns her head toward Sydney's fingertip. Evangeline is demonstrating the _____ reflex.
rooting
A teacher designs her course so that her students can build knowledge by completing tasks that are increasingly more complicated. That is, each assignment in this class is built on knowledge gained from the previous assignments. The teacher's approach is BEST described as:
scaffolding
Chantal worries that the neighbors are reading her thoughts and talking about them behind her back. Chantal likely suffers from:
schizophrenia
Disorganized and irrational thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate actions are the main features of:
schizophrenia
To gain admission to psychiatric hospitals, David Rosenhan and his assistants faked a symptom of
schizophrenia
Abnormal psychology is BEST defined as the
scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment
Reasoning at Kohlberg's "conventional" level involves either _____ or _____.
seeking the approval of others; complying with existing laws and rules
Anh and Hai were buying groceries and when they were at the checkout counter, they noticed that the cashier failed to charge them for an expensive item. They could have ignored this—they were running low on money to pay their bills— but they felt that the right thing to do was to tell the cashier and pay for the item. Within the framework of psychoanalytic theory, Anh and Hai's actions were MOST likely controlled by the:
superego
When the behavior of others affects personal behavior _____ has occurred.
social influence
The scientific study of how we influence one another's behavior and thinking is called _____.
social psychology
Jake has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. His family notices that he has begun to enter the manic phase of the disorder because he:
spent over $10,000 on new furniture when he saw a small scratch on an end table, but then decided he could have designed better furniture and began to tear the new pieces apart.
A researcher presents a participant with the Heinz dilemma, which involves a man stealing medicine to treat his wife's cancer. The participant indicates that he would not steal the medicine because he would be punished for stealing. According to Lawrence Kohlberg, this participant's response is MOST consistent with:
stage 1 preconventional morality
Later researchers used Ainsworth's _____ procedure to determine which of _____ types of mother-child relationships existed between the mother-child pairs they studied
strange situation; four
Alfred Adler disagreed with Freud about the primary motivation in personality development and claimed that people's main motivation is to:
strive for superiority
When Lea channels repressed sexual impulses into musical creativity, she is using the Freudian defense mechanism of:
sublimation
A type of therapy in which a state of relaxation is classically conditioned to a hierarchy of gradually increasing, anxiety-provoking stimuli is
systematic desensitization
Margo has a fear of heights. Which therapeutic technique would be MOST helpful for her
systematic desensitization
Alcohol can act as a _____, an environmental agent that impairs prenatal development. In some cases, prenatal alcohol exposure may lead to _____.
teratogen; fetal alcohol syndrome
Conditions of worth refer to:
the behaviors and attitudes for which other people will give positive regard
The germinal phase ends when:
the blastocyst attaches to uterine wall
Adam is having some problems at work and in his close personal relationships. He is considering seeking treatment from a client-centered therapist. The therapist is MOST likely to emphasize:
the conditions of worth established by Adam's parents and his need for unconditional positive regard.
According to Franz Gall's phrenology theory in the early nineteenth century, personality was determined by:
the contours and bumps of a person's head
Ashley contracted rubella while she was pregnant. Her unborn child is most likely to be affected if it is in the _____ of development.
the embryonic phase
The developing organism is particularly vulnerable during the _____ because this is when the distinct organ systems are being formed.
the embryonic phase
What phase of development gets its name from the Greek word for "swelling"?
the embryonic phase
People underestimate the prevalence of their abilities and their successful behaviors. This is:
the false uniqueness effect
Serotonin activity has also been linked to all the following parts of the brain that may be related to obsessive-compulsive disorder EXCEPT:
the hippocampus
Evidence suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder may be linked to
the inability to disengage attention due to insufficient serotonin activity in the caudate nucleus and orbital region of the frontal cortex
An infant is MOST likely to stare at:
the infant's mother
In Kohlberg's fictional stories about dilemmas provided to participants in his research studies, he was most interested in determining
the moral reasoning behind their answers.
Clinicians' working hypothesis about the condition of the patient is based on
the patient's symptoms
After Sheila was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder, people began referring to her as "a lunatic." The reference to Sheila as "a lunatic" is a result of:
the perceptual bias of labeling
Timothy was incorrectly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Even after the diagnosis was reversed, people continued to question the normalcy of Timothy's behaviors and often referred to him as "crazy." This reaction to Timothy is a result of:
the perceptual bias of labeling
The outer mass surrounding the embryo becomes:
the placenta
A researcher shows participants a video of two people interacting. The researcher tells half of the participants that the person on the right in the video is friendlier than the person on the left. However, the other half of the participants are told that the person on the left is friendlier. The researcher then asks the participants to rate how friendly the people seemed based on the video interaction and finds that the participants always rate the person that they were told was friendly as the person most friendly in the video. This result is BEST explained as an example of:
the primacy effect
A mother is cleaning her infant's face after feeding, and in the process, the mother accidentally brushes the infant's lips with a rag. The infant begins sucking on the rag. This is an example of: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
the sucking reflex
Jane has to take the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Although she has no clinical disorder, she is concerned that the test might suggest that she does. If she tries to "fool" the test by answering "no" to questions like "I get angry sometimes":
the test's validity scales will suggest that she did not answer the questions truthfully.
Which choice does NOT accurately complete the following statement? "Freud correctly identified _____, though he misidentified _____."
the three-part personality structure; the role of the id, ego, and superego
Biomedical therapy refers to
the use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat mental disorders
People are MOST likely to resist social influence when:
their personal sense of freedom is threatened
Which is NOT a characteristic of all therapies?
they provide a rigid way of interpreting social events and contextual clues
In a study discussed in this activity, patients with schizophrenia fared better if
they received both antipsychotic medications and counseling
Of the four theories of personality discussed in the text, which does NOT focus on problems in personality development?
trait
Gena is undergoing traditional Freudian psychotherapy. In her interactions with the therapist, she alternately acts angry, then submissive, toward him. The therapist concludes that Gena is showing _____ by acting toward him as she did toward other important figures in her life.
transference
Trait theory is to personality as _____ is to color vision
trichromatic theory
At the beginning of the fetal phase of development, the fetus is about:
1 inch long
identical (monozygotic) twins:
Twins that originate from the same zygote.
In Solomon Asch's study, what was the error rate when participants were tested individually?
1%
Which use is NOT a primary purpose of personality tests?
To help personality theorists test their proposed basic traits
Which of the following findings from Rosenhan's study supports the idea that being labeled with a mental disorder will bias other's perceptions of the person who is so labeled?
"Patients" were discharged with the diagnosis of schizophrenia or manic depression "in remission."
Solomon Asch found that when accomplices unanimously agreed on an obviously incorrect answer, the real participants conformed _____ of the time.
1/2
DSM-5 identifies _____ personality disorders, which are divided into _____ clusters.
10; 3
Although the Five Factor Model of personality is the most popular model among today's trait theorists, an earlier model by Raymond Cattell proposed that there were _____ trait factors; a model by Hans Eysenck proposed there were _____.
16;3
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for diagnosing psychiatric disorders was first published in:
1952
The first edition of the DSM was published in the year
1952
The embryonic stage lasts from _____. During this stage, the _____.
2 weeks to 2 months after conception; major organs and body structures begin to form
A typical fetus will be _____ times larger at 38 weeks than it was at 9 weeks.
20
In the Gawkers study, the percentage of those who conformed (looked up) was _____ when one accomplice was looking up.
20%
About _____ million sperm cells are released in a typical ejaculation
200 to 400
Solomon Asch found that approximately _____ of real participants conformed to the group at least once.
37%
Birth typically occurs _____ weeks after conception.
38
The cardiovascular system is functioning by the end of week:
4
Nearly 1 in _____ adults will suffer a major depressive episode at some point in their lives.
5
The pressure to conform increases with group size, up to about _____ people.
5
What is the current consensus on the number of traits needed to describe humans?
5
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) consists of _____ statements designed to measure _____ different clinical disorder scales. In addition, there are three _____ scales designed to detect test takers who are attempting to provide false information.
567; 10; validity
Ben's girlfriend just broke up with him. Ben has sunk into a deep depression, convinced that he will never be happy again. His rational-emotive therapist is using the ABC model to help him. In this case the therapist has identified _____ as the "B" portion of the model
Ben's beliefs about the future
Sandra has been diagnosed with panic disorder and Monique with phobia. What clinical similarities do they share?
Both experience anxiety as a symptom
Which would be true of two male, monozygotic twins?
Both have XY chromosomes
Neo-Freudian _____ claimed that, in addition to a personal unconscious, all humans possess a _____ unconscious that houses the accumulated universal experiences of humankind.
Carl Jung; collective
door-in-the-face technique:
Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request.
low-ball technique:
Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it.
foot-in-the-door technique:
Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request.
that's-not-all technique:
Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request.
_____ studies show a tendency for people of a given age to be affected by factors unique to their generation, leading to performance differences between generations. This is called a(n) _____ effect
Cross-sectional; cohort
demand characteristics:
Cues in the experimental environment that make participants aware of what the experimenters expect to find (their hypothesis) and how participants are expected to act.
depressive disorders:
Disorders that involve the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual's capacity to function.
anxiety disorders:
Disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances, such as avoidance behaviors.
Students in a classroom are asked to estimate the percentage of people in the world who have four or more siblings. Half of the students are asked to write their answer on paper, and the other half are asked to say their estimate out loud, one at a time. The instructor finds that the written estimates are much more variable than the spoken estimates. Almost all the spoken estimates seem to be similar to the first student's spoken estimate. Which BEST explains this result?
Informational social influence
Which question does NOT reflect one of the four criteria used by psychologists to determine whether a thought or behavior is "abnormal"?
Is the behavior listed in the DSM-5?
Which statement is FALSE of parentese?
It is very rarely used.
Looking at the Heinz dilemma of a man stealing a cure for cancer from a local druggist to save his sick wife, which statement reflects the "good-girl/good-boy" level of moral reasoning found in the conventional morality stage of Kohlberg's model?
It was the right thing to do because his wife, and all of his family, will tell him he did the right thing to try to help his wife.
_____ is a sense of hopelessness in which an individual thinks he is unable to prevent unpleasant events.
Learned helplessness
Which is NOT associated with the id?
Logical reasoning
Which could NOT be a personality trait based on a continuous dimension
Married
chromosomes:
Molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions for every cell in the body.
_____ is a researcher of social influence who took advantage of the autokinetic phenomenon.
Muzafer Sherif
Consider the terms "biomedical therapy," "psychotherapy," and "psychoanalysis." Which statement is true?
Psychoanalysis is a type of psychotherapy.
According to the text, which BEST explains why the DSM-5 has grown to contain approximately 400 disorders
Psychological knowledge has grown greatly from research
Which choice is NOT a technique used by psychologists to examine sensory-perceptual development in nonverbal infants?
Reaction time
The humanistic approach to personality is to the social-cognitive approach as _____ is to _____.
Rogers; Bandura
Eugene has begun treatment with a trained psychoanalyst. During their first session, the therapist pulls a stack of cards from his desk. Each card contains a single, symmetrical, abstract image. He then asks Eugene to describe what he sees in each picture. The therapist is giving Eugene the:
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The _____ is an example of a projective test. It provides ambiguous material onto which the test taker "projects" his or her _____.
Rorschach Inkblot Test; personal conflicts and personality dynamics
Sam's parents send him to a psychologist and tell the psychologist that Sam has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. However, Sam has never received that diagnosis and he does not have schizophrenia. Which is the MOST likely outcome based on David Rosenhan's research on the perceptual bias of labeling?
Sam's behaviors will be interpreted based on his labeled disorder.
_____ is an anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others.
Social anxiety disorder
fraternal (dizygotic) twins:
Twins that originate from the fertilization of two eggs at approximately the same time (two zygotes).
fixation:
Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining stuck in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs.
Which researcher is associated with the study of obedience in a research setting?
Stanley Milgram
overextension:
The application of a newly learned word to objects that are not included in the meaning of the word.
erogenous zone:
The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.
just-world hypothesis:
The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
gene:
The basic unit of genetic instruction.
conditions of worth:
The behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard.
What conclusion (if any) would a child in the concrete operational stage draw from the following problem: Earthlings are larger than Martians and Martians are larger than Venusians.
The child would not be able to draw a conclusion without a concrete model.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5):
The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders.
baby talk (parentese):
The different format of speech that adults use when talking with babies that involves the use of shorter sentences with a higher, more melodious pitch.
Which statement BEST explains how different trait theorists came up with different numbers of traits to explain personality?
The factors or traits in different models reflect different levels of abstraction.
underextension:
The failure to apply a new word more generally to objects that are included within the meaning of the word.
Genie was denied most social contact and communication during her first 13 years of life. What did her case illustrate about language acquisition?
There is a critical period for language learning that makes it nearly impossible to overcome language deprivation.
Cody had studied for many hours before taking an exam in his biology class. He left the exam feeling that the exam was very hard and that most of the students in the class would not do nearly as well as he did. He was very surprised when he found out his performance was only average. Which BEST explains why Cody thought that everyone in the class performed as poorly as he did?
The false consensus effect
zygote
The fertilized egg that is formed from the union of the sperm and egg cells in human reproduction.
genital stage of psychosexual development:
The fifth stage in Freud's theory (from puberty through adulthood), in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals, and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships.
preconventional level of moral reasoning:
The first level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment and looking out for your own welfare and needs.
oral stage of psychosexual development:
The first stage in Freud's theory (from birth to 18 months), in which the erogenous zones are the mouth, lips, and tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing.
sensorimotor stage:
The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2, during which infants learn about the world through their sensory and motor interactions with it and develop object permanence.
latency stage of psychosexual development:
The fourth stage in Freud's theory (from 6 years old to puberty), in which there is no erogenous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development.
self-actualization:
The fullest realization of a person's potential.
egocentrism:
The inability to distinguish one's own perceptions, thoughts, and feelings from those of others.
object permanence:
The knowledge that an object exists independent of perceptual contact with it.
reversibility:
The knowledge that reversing a transformation brings about the conditions that existed before the transformation.
conservation:
The knowledge that the quantitative properties of objects (such as mass and number) remain the same despite changes in appearance.
postconventional level of moral reasoning:
The last level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on self-chosen universal ethical principles (with human rights taking precedence over laws) and the avoidance of self-condemnation for violating such principles.
formal operational stage:
The last stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, starting at age 12 or so, during which a child gains the capacity for hypothetical-deductive thought.
diffusion of responsibility:
The lessening of individual responsibility for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group.
attachment:
The lifelong emotional bond between infants and their mothers or other caregivers, formed during the first 6 months of life.
Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity.
hierarchy of needs:
The motivational component in Maslow's theory of personality, in which our innate needs that motivate our behavior are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape. From bottom to top, the needs are physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization.
The "Astroten" study measured nurses' willingness to improperly administer an overdose of medication. How did this study differ from Milgram's obedience studies?
The nurses in the "Astroten" study did not know they were participating in an experiment
id:
The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.
superego:
The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behavior.
ego:
The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life in order to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives.
external locus of control:
The perception that chance or external forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.
internal locus of control:
The perception that one controls one's own individual fate.
reality principle:
The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society).
pleasure principle:
The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences.
bystander effect:
The probability of a person's helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders.
identification:
The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality.
attribution:
The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.
Why do people tend to comply with the foot-in-the-door technique?
They tend to comply with the bigger request to remain consistent in their involvement
A young woman went to a mental health hospital and told the admitting psychologist that she was hearing voices that told her to end her own life. However, this was not true; she only wanted to see if the hospital would admit her. After her admission, she told the staff that she never actually heard the voices. Based on David Rosenhan's study, which is the MOST likely result?
The psychological staff will continue to keep her in the hospital for a few weeks
traits:
The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person.
babbling:
The rhythmic repetition of various syllables including both consonants and vowels.
developmental psychology:
The scientific study of biological, cognitive, social, and personality development across the life span.
social psychology:
The scientific study of how we influence one another's behavior and thinking.
abnormal psychology:
The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment.
conventional level of moral reasoning:
The second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on social rules and laws.
anal stage of psychosexual development:
The second stage in Freud's theory (from 18 months to 3 years), in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements.
preoperational stage:
The second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from age 2 to 6, during which the child's thinking becomes more symbolic and language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking.
self-system:
The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates her behavior.
temperament:
The set of innate tendencies or dispositions that lead a person to behave in certain ways.
phonemes:
The smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language.
group polarization:
The strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic.
fundamental attribution error
The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences on others' behavior.
social loafing:
The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal than when individually working toward the goal.
centration:
The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem at a time.
self-serving bias:
The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably.
actor-observer bias:
The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behavior of others.
false consensus effect:
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and unsuccessful behaviors.
false uniqueness effect:
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and successful behaviors.
phallic stage of psychosexual development:
The third stage in Freud's theory (from 3 to 6 years), in which the erogenous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation.
concrete operational stage:
The third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from age 6 to 12, during which children gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events.
secure attachment:
The type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring freely in the presence of the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, displaying distress when the mother leaves, and responding enthusiastically when she returns.
insecure-avoidant attachment:
The type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring with little interest in the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, showing only minimal distress when the mother leaves, and avoiding her when she returns.
insecure-ambivalent attachment:
The type of attachment indicated by the infant not exploring but seeking closeness to the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, showing high levels of distress when the mother leaves, and ambivalent behavior when she returns—by alternately clinging to and pushing away from her.
insecure-disorganized (disoriented) attachment:
The type of attachment indicated by the infant's confusion when the mother leaves and returns in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure. The infant acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it.
theory of mind:
The understanding of the mental and emotional states of both ourselves and others.
biomedical therapy:
The use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat mental disorders.
psychotherapy:
The use of psychological interventions to treat mental disorders.
A clinical psychologist gives Demetrius a series of cards with a black and white scene depicted on each card. The psychologist asks Demetrius to tell a story about what is occurring in the scene. The clinician is MOST likely using the:
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
During the excitement and stimulation of a large Mardi Gras street party, normally circumspect, law-abiding citizens wearing masks engage in uninhibited and even illegal behavior. This BEST reflects the social psychological phenomenon of:
deindividuation
After the verdict was returned in the Rodney King trial in 1992, people in Los Angeles rioted and looted stores. Because so many people were involved, the rioters could not be identified. This unusual behavior was attributed to the aroused and charged reaction to the verdict. Which BEST explains why people would behave in this way?
deindividuization
Dr. Sumerall investigates identity formation processes during adolescence. Dr. Sumerall is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
According to James Marcia, those who are low on exploration and low on commitment have which identity status?
diffusion
Margo is not interested in identity exploration and lacks direction. Which best describes her current identity status?
diffusion
The identity status common among 13 to 16 year olds and is demonstrated by being relatively apathetic and uninterested in questions of identity is:
diffusion
A type of therapy focused on prescribing medications that alter mental functions to alleviate psychological symptoms is
drug therapy
Erikson divided the life span into _____ stages of development, and each stage represents a(n) _____.
eight; "fork in the road" choice that impacts development
Freud's original psychoanalytic theory of personality did NOT emphasize:
self-actualization.
June is going to meet with a new teacher, whom she expects to be impersonal and cold. June acts cautiously and reserved when they meet and the teacher acts similarly in response. The teacher's remote behavior toward June MOST likely reflects the:
self-fulfilling prophecy
The _____ theory holds that, when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behavior and the context in which it occurs.
self-perception
Jason turned in two papers recently for a grade in a class. He received an "A" grade on one paper but a "C" on the other paper. He explained to his friend that both papers were very well-written but that he received a "C" because the professor must have been in a bad mood and graded that paper more harshly. Jason's explanation is consistent with:
self-serving bias
Researchers discovered that the major determinant of the quality of the attachment relationship is the _____ of the mother. The child also contributes to the attachment relationship with its _____.
sensitivity; temperament
A researcher is performing cognitive tests on young children. The researcher shows a toy to a child, and the child expresses an interest in it. The researcher then hides the toy behind a wall, and the child searches for the toy behind the wall. However, the child cannot use language to ask for the toy. The child is MOST likely in Jean Piaget's: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
sensorimotor stage.
According to the text, Sigmund Freud believed that _____ is the primary cause of emotional problems.
sex
During the first _____ of life, a lifelong bond is formed between infants and their mothers or other caregivers. This bond is called _____.
six months; attachment
Because of the primacy effect, a person's first impression of someone else is likely to change:
slowly
The foot-in-the-door technique involves a _____ first request and a _____ second request. The major reason for compliance is _____.
small; larger; consistency
Jackson is so afraid to meet new people that he avoids people in general. He worries that when he meets someone new, he will say something embarrassing or that they will stare at him. This fear is so great that he avoids all situations in which he might meet someone new. Jackson MOST likely has
social anxiety disorder
Melissa is not afraid of people, but she is afraid that she will offend someone if she speaks with them or, worse yet, that that person will discover how nervous she is about speaking to them. It is possible Melissa may be experiencing
social anxiety disorder
A researcher performs an obedience study in which the participant is told by an experimenter to give a confederate in the study an electric shock. Each time that the confederate fails to correctly answer a question about African American history, the participant is instructed to administer a shock. All the following will help the researcher obtain maximum obedience EXCEPT if:
two experimenters are present in the room with the subject, who at some point during the experiment disagreed
Stacey is asked a question in front of six other people who have already answered the question. While she disagrees with what the other six people have said, she answers in the same way. This demonstrates the power of:
unanimity
Carl Rogers, one of the founders of humanistic psychology, believed that his clients lacked acceptance from important figures such as family members. He believed they would improve once he began to give them:
unconditional positive regard
The acceptance and approval of a person by others without conditions is called:
unconditional positive regard
The part of our mind that we cannot freely access is called the _____ mind.
unconscious
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on _____, whereas the humanistic approach focuses on _____.
unconscious drives; positive motivations
Language is _____ and humans of different cultures, who speak different languages, generally go through _____stages of language acquisition.
uniquely human; the same
Since surviving a plane crash in which all the other passengers died, Gary has begun to experience severe sleep disturbances and a need to isolate himself from others. Gary is _____ to be diagnosed with a personality disorder because _____.
unlikely; his avoidance pattern of behavior is not a long-standing personality trait
If a normal face and a Thatcherized version of the same face are shown to an infant in an _____ position, the infant will be able to discriminate between the two faces. If these faces are shown to an adult in the same way, the adult _____ be able to discriminate between the faces.
upright; will
Telegraphic speech:
usually begins between 18 and 24 months of age
A person who is highly conscientious will MOST likely:
value achievement
A person who scored highly on agreeableness would MOST likely:
very cooperative
Marie is diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Based on David Rosenhan's research, Marie's normal behaviors will MOST likely be
viewed as symptoms of her disorder
The embryonic phase of development lasts from about _____ after conception.
weeks 3 though 8
If the sex of the zygote is male, the ovum has been fertilized by a(n) _____ sperm from the _____ chromosome of the male.
y; 23rd
Vygotsky's sociocultural approach to development emphasized _____, the difference between what a child can actually do versus what a child can do with the help of others.
zone of proximal development
