Psych 2 Exam

Ayanna doesn't know what a "clunker" is, so her friend Hilary says, "You know that old car Bruce has? That's the best example of a 'clunker.' It has all the characteristics: It's an older car, it looks terrible, and it's always breaking down, yet it's still drivable." Hilary's thinking about Bruce's clunker is based on the ---- model of thought. a. Prototype b. Exemplar c. Schema d. Stereotype

A

Christopher used to drink water from a drinking fountain just before physics class. One time, he felt nauseated right after drinking the water. After that, to avoid the risk of nausea, he stopped drinking at the fountain. Christopher learned a connection between the water fountain and feeling nauseated because he experienced ______. a. Acquisition b. Extinction c. Spontaneous recovery d. Counterconditioning

A

Felicia has a high IQ and is excellent at trivia. Felicia always answers the questions several seconds before anyone else. Felicia's cognitive performance suggests she is intelligent, because she ______. a. Has fast reaction times b. Has high general intelligence c. Has good working memory d. Is a savant

A

Johanna was asked to remember a string of letters. She heard x during the presentation of the letters. In her brain, this input was changed into the neural code s. Later, when she was asked to recall the letters, Johanna included s, not x, in her list. Johanna most likely made this error on the recall test due to an error in the _____ phase of memory. a. Encoding b. Retrieval c. Creation d. Storage

A

Mrs. Tomaselli knows that her student Eli has an average IQ. She also has observed him having difficulty spelling long words and multiplying double-digit numbers. Because of these facts, Mrs. Tomaselli assumes that Eli will have trouble with other specific abilities, such as solving science problems. Mrs. Tomaselli's assessment of Eli's abilities is best explained by a belief in _____. a. General intelligence b. Multiple intelligences c. Crystallized intelligence d. The triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Nathaniel's friend asks him what he ate for breakfast this morning. When Nathaniel remembers that he ate eggs, toast, and bacon, this recall is an example of ______ memory. When Nathaniel tells his friend what he ate, his ability to verbalize that information is an example of ______ memory. a. Episodic; explicit b. Episodic, implicit c. Semantic; explicit d. Semantic; implicit

A

Sanjay's roommate has a habit of chewing gum very loudly. At first, Sanjay found the noise really disruptive when he was studying. After a week, however, the noise stopped bothering him. Sanjay's adjustment resulted from a type of learning called ______. a. Habitation b. Sensitization c. Conditioning d. Modeling

A

Ajeet's younger sister is always bugging him. One day, Ajeet lets her play his video game, and she stops bugging him for several hours. Ajeet now lets her play his video game more and more, because doing so stops her from bugging him. Ajeet's learning in this situation is best explained by ______. a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Positive punishment d. Negative punishment

B

Cadence, a teacher, is currently frustrated with a coworker. She wants to write a recommendation for one of her students, Jamie, who has many talents and is a hard worker. However, as she writes the letter, the only memories that come to mind are times when she was frustrated with Jamie. Cadences experience of remembering only situations where Jamie frustrated her is best explained by ______ a. Context-dependent memory b. State-dependent memory c. Retroactive interference d. Proactive interference

B

Dawson thinks about going to Las Vegas on his vacation. But he remembers the recent mass shooting and decides that Las Vegas is too dangerous. So he books a flight to Sarasota instead. Dawson's overestimation of the danger in Las Vegas is a result of ______. a. Formal reasoning b. The availability heuristic c. Framing d. The representatives heuristic

B

Glen and Lynda are hired to rake leaves. Glen is paid $3 for each bag of leaves he rakes. Lynda is paid $7 for each hour she works. Glen is paid according to a ______ schedule of reinforcement. Lynda is paid according to a ______ schedule. a. Variable ratio; variable interval b. Fixed ratio; fixed interval c. Variable ratio; fixed interval d. Fixed ratio; variable interval

B

Lola's new dog, Hoss, is afraid of loud noises. Every time her cell phone rings, Hoss starts barking out of fear. After a while, Hoss also starts barking when a phone rings on a television show. The fact that Hoss now barks when he hears a telephone ring on TV is most likely due to _________. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Stimulus generalization c. Spontaneous recovery d. Second-order conditioning

B

When he works on a sudoku puzzle, Armando begins by filling in all the number 1's. Then he moves on to all the 2's, then 3's, and so on until he finishes with the number 9's. Armando's problem solving strategy of filling in one number at a time until the entire puzzle is complete is based on ______. a. Using an analogy b. Creating subgoals c. Working background d. Experiencing insight

B

When someone says the word "doctor," 13-year-old Vanessa remembers her most recent medical visit. She also thinks of objects related to to the concept of a doctor, such as an examination room, a stethoscope, and an X-ray machine. The fact that a word brings up memories about many related ideas is best explained by -----. a. The primary effect b. Spreading activation models of memory c. The recency effect d. Level of processing model of memory

B

Camden is learning to play pool. He thinks about how his knowledge of math formulas in physics can help him make different types of shots. Camden is using a(n) ______ to think about how to play pool. a. Prototype b. Analogical representation c. Symbolic representation d. Heuristic

C

Dante often shopped at the same grocery store. One day, another customer asked Dante if he knew where the plastic storage containers were located in the store. Dante immediately gave directions to the correct aisle, even though he had never bought plastic storage containers from that store. The fact that Dante knew the location of the containers is best explained by ______. a. Insight learning b. Vicarious conditioning c. Latent learning d. Continuous reinforcement

C

Dr. Cantor puts several questions about his political views on an American history exam. Students complain that those questions have nothing to do with how well they know American history and should not be used to determine their grades. The students are arguing that the test ______. a. Lacks reliability b. Does not have normal distribution c. Lacks validity d. Measures aptitude, not achievement

C

Fritz is an "A" student who easily learns and remembers facts from school and recalls them for tests. Jason is skilled at diagnosing car troubles and solving them creatively so he can get around. Fritz is most likely considered to be intelligent based on ______, while Jason is most likely considered to be intelligent based on ______. a. Fluid intelligence; multiple intelligence b. Fluid intelligence; triarchic theory c. Crystallized intelligence; triarchic theory d. Crystallized intelligence; multiple intelligences

C

Lily gets a new debit card and must memorize her PIN, vt0806. To remember this sequence, she thinks of vt as representing Vermont. She thinks of 0806 as representing August 6th, her husband's birthday. With this combination in mind, Lily remembers the PIN easily. She has used ______. a. Maintenance rehearsal to encode information into long-term storage b. The primary effect c. The working memory strategy of chunking d. The recency effect

C

Professor Linsmeier was recently in a motorcycle accident that left him with brain damage. He has no trouble teaching his economics course, which he has taught for 15 years. However, Professor Linsmeier has lost the ability to remember new information, such as the names of his students. He is most likely experiencing _____. a. Retrograde amnesia b. Proactive interference c. Anterograde amnesia d. Retroactive interference

C

To do his math homework, Brandon looked at the formulas and solved the problems by keeping track of the variables that he manipulated in his mind. However, when Brandon took a math test, he could not recall the formulas. Brandon's problem during the test reveals that he most likely did not retain the information in his ______. a. Sensory storage b. Working memory c. Long-term storage d. Short-term storage

C

When Russell was growing up, he thought his grandma Betty was a hoarder because she had so much junk that you could hardly walk around her house. Now that Russell is an adult, he obsessively buys old board games and action figures that remind him of his youth. He has so many boxes lying around, he can barely make a pathway from his bedroom to his kitchen. Russell claims that he learned to collect from his grandma Betty, whose house he loved visiting because she "always collected really cool, meaningful stuff." The fact that Russell's memory about his grandmother is currently positive can best be described by ______. a. Forgetting b. Misattribution c. Memory bias d. Suggestibility

C

Whenever Erin first sees her boyfriend, her heart beats fast. And whenever her boyfriend comes to her dorm room and the door is closed, he knocks five times before entering the room. After a while, Erin's heart jumps with excitement whenever she hears five knocks. The knocking is a(n) ______ for Erin. a. Unconditioned stimulus b. Unconditioned response c. Conditioned stimulus d. Conditioned response

C

Carla conducts a study and finds evidence supporting a correlation between nurture and intelligence. Which of the following is Carla most likely to have found? a. Identical twins receive similar scores on a traditional IQ test b. Adopted siblings vary greatly in their ability to learn new tasks c. Children who are able to teach themselves to read are more likely to go to college d. Children whose parents provide them with many books perform better academically

D

Demetra's husband is watching a football game on television. When Demetra asks if he will pick up their daughter, Zoe, from day care the next day, he doesn't reply. When Demetra asks, "Did you hear me?" her husband replies, "Yes, I heard you. I'll pick up Zoe tomorrow." However, the next day, her husband comes home without Zoe. He claims to have no memory of being asked to pick her up. The fact that he did not have the information about picking up Zoe from day care in ____ storage was most likely due to his ____. a. Short-term; never having that information in sensory memory b. Short-term; not paying attention to the request c. Long-term; never having that information in sensory memory d. Long-term; not paying attention to the request

D

During a spelling test, Jung's friend is caught cheating and gets suspended from school for three days. Jung decides not to cheat because she does not want to get suspended for cheating. In this example, Jung is most likely displaying learning that is due to _____. a. Modeling b. Observational learning c. Insight learning d. Vicarious conditioning

D

Florin wants to go out on Halloween, but he doesn't have a costume. His wife, Ashley, replies, "No problem. Just use this sheet." But Florin doesn't see how the sheet could be a costume. His wife says, "Put this sheet over your head, poke out two holes for your eyes, and now you're a ghost!" The fact that Florin didn't see how he could use the sheet as a ghost costume is most likely explained by his experiencing ______ a. Restructuring b. Framing c. Insight d. Functional fixedness

D

Louis recovers from a severe illness. While he used to be a good piano player, now he cannot remember what finger movements to make to play his favorite pieces. Louis most likely has damage in his ____ a. Amygdala b. Temporal lobe c. Hippocampus d. Cerebellum

D

Rosie wants her cat to meow when the doorbell rings. Each time a visitor rings the bell and the cat meows, Rosie gives him a treat. Soon, the cat always meows when the doorbell rings. Rosie's cat is demonstrating _____ a. Non-associative learning b. Classical conditioning c. Vicarious conditioning d. Operant conditioning

D

Three-year-old Sam watches as his 5-year-old sister, Mindy, draws on her bedroom wall with crayons. Their mother enters the room, but doesn't yell at Mindy. Instead, as Sam watches, their mother gets cleaning supplies and scrubs the wall clean. The next day, Sam displays modeling when he ------. a. Stops himself from drawing on the walls to avoid punishment b. Thinks about where they have a coloring book he can color in c. Yells at Mindy for drawing on the walls d. Gets his markers and colors on the laundry room wall

D