psych 201 final
Which of the following is true of flashbulb memories?
Such memories are more durable than memories of day-to-day happenings.
In the context of the endocrine system, a function of the adrenal glands is to _____.
help regulate mood
________ thinking occurs during brainstorming
divergent
Arousal of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) causes:
rapid breathing
____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.
Encoding
the waves associated with relaxation or drowsiness are called ______ waves.
alpha
In the context of self-determination theory, which of the following best defines the term "competence"?
Ability to bring about desired outcomes
In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following is true of recognition?
In the task of recognition, an individual only has to identify learned items.
Paige is a good golfer but has no interest in the upcoming golf tournament. Mary is fairly good at golf, and is somewhat excited, but not overly anxious about the tournament. Sara has only recently learned to play golf but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament. Jenna is also a beginner, but she does not expect to play well. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, who among the following will perform the best at the golf tournament?
Mary
Which of the following procedures, used by law enforcement officials, is most likely to reduce eyewitness errors?
Presenting the suspects to the witness in a sequential fashion, one at a time
Behavior that is extrinsically motivated serves needs for which of the following values?
Prestige
Which of the following best explains being cognitively flexible?
Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation
Naomi intends to become a pilot. However, her father refuses to comply with her intention. He states that the women in his family have always been in the academic field and persuades her to pursue teaching as her future career. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Naomi's father has employed _____ in this scenario.
The availability heuristic
Cindy is studying for her final exams. According to the science of memory, which of the following practices will help her encode information more effectively?
Using chunking to group information in a meaningful way.
Dendrites:
always receive stimulation.
In the context of emotion, when information about fear is conveyed through the direct brain pathway, it moves from the thalamus to the _____.
amygdala
Which of the following individuals is least likely to exhibit mindfulness as part of their regular job responsibilities?
an Usher at a movie theater
If Professor Collins wants to be able to draw cause and effect conclusions from her research, she must use:
an experimental design
In the context of the nervous system, ________ are specifically responsible for keeping neurons running smoothly
glial cells
Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.
negative reinforcement
Watching Superman get rewarded for being aggressive tends to affect children though:
social (observational) learning
Theresa Dreams that she is being chased by a lion. This is an example of:
a nightmare
The cell body of a neuron contains the _____, which directs the manufacture of substances that the neuron needs for growth and maintenance.
nucleus
Heather just gave me her phone number. Unless I rehearse it, I am most likely going to forget it in:
30 seconds
Michelle has not rehearsed her friend's lunch order for a double cheeseburger with fries and a diet coke. How long is this unrehearsed information likely to last in short-term memory?
30 seconds
Jamie wants to remember his favorite TV stations: NBC, CBS, ABC, FOX, HBO, WGN, and PBS. According to chunking, how many short-term memory units will this represent?
7
According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?
A chronically lonely person
In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?
A composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face
Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior?
Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.
Which of the following is an example of functional fixedness?
Albert cannot find another use for his leftover shingles
How is science and uncertainty related?
All conclusions in science have an element of uncertainty.
Anxiety disorders involve fears that are _____.
All of these: -uncontrollable -disproportionate to the actual danger -disruptive of ordinary life
Jerome was in a car accident and now he cannot form new memories. What is his condition known as?
Anterograde amnesia
Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer in operant conditioning?
Being treated to a good meal
Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. In which of the following ways can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?
By taking witnesses back to the crime scene
What type of thinking is required when trying to determine who should be hired from a stack of fifty resumes?
Convergent thinking
Which neurotransmitters play a role in panic disorders?
GABA and serotonin
Marsha does a good job because she knows that her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Dianna does an adequate job but lacks the motivation to perform in a timely manner. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. All three women do the same kind of work. In the context of motivation, who among the three is likely to be the most competent at work?
Georgia
Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems?
Heuristics are shortcut strategies
Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?
In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.
Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?
It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term?
It often involves mechanically repeating information.
Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker?
Knowing when they don't know.
The theory of social comparison was proposed by _____.
Leon Festinger
What has research in neuroscience revealed about where memories are stored and how they are processed?
Memory is located in specific sets or circuits of neurons
Which one of the following examples contradicts the law of effect?
None of these examples contradict the law of effect.
which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?
Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills
Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?
Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.
Which of the following is true of deep processing in memory?
Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used in deep processing.
A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her _______ memory.
Short-term
What does the magnitude of a correlation coefficient indicate about the variables in a correlational study?
Strength of the relationship between the variables
Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?
The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.
In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory?
The right frontal lobe
Who would benefit the most from defining subgoals?
Todd has to complete a science fair project
which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.
Which of the following is an example of a low-arousal positive emotion?
Tranquility
which of the following is true of working memory?
Working memory capacity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, such as intelligence
In the context of psychology's scientific method, a theory defined as:
a set of closely related ideas that explains an observation
which of the following is a concept?
all of the above: -horses -attractive women -intelligence
If Jennifer is ready to donate one of her kidneys to anybody who needs it, she is demonstrating _____ behavior.
altruistic
Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning is defined as:
an increase in the frequency of a behavior because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
Which of the following best defines an instinct?
an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species
The human nervous system is made up of the:
central and peripheral systems
In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears, little Albert learned to fear a white rat. In this study, the white rat was the _____.
conditioned stimulus
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____
conformity
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that:
constructs images of a person's tissues and biochemical activities
what is the name of the large bundle of axons that connects the two halves of the brain?
corpus callosum
Natasha is most likely to be skeptical of claims by advertisers and read more information when she engages in _____.
critical thinking
The act of putting off a pleasurable experience in the interest of some larger but later reward is known as _____.
delay of gratification
Jenna receives a bonus for performing well. Instead of buying herself something nice, she invests her money with the intention of buying a house after a few years. In the context of reinforcement and punishment schedules, Jenna demonstrates _____ in this scenario.
delayed reinforcement
In the context of social behavior, _____ is the key to altruism.
empathy
The first step in memory is _______
encoding
The set of glands that regulates the activities of certain organs in the body is called the _____ system
endocrine
Jack, a father of two, still remembers how his mother and he shared an entire tub of ice cream whenever Jack did well on a test. In this scenario, Jack's recollection of this memory best exemplifies the use of his _____ memory.
episodic
At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____.
explicit memory and implicit memory
Coping with stressful situations is not a form of problem solving.
false
Learned helplessness occurs when an organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided.
false
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include all of the following EXCEPT:
flat affect
All Asians are good at math.
generalization
In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because most real-life problems:
have ambiguous parts and are often unclear
In the context of the organization of the brain, body temperature, emotional states, and coping with stress are functions controlled by the _____.
hypothalamus
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by:
irresistible urge to sleep
Floyd, Larry, Jon, and Don are studying for their physics exam. Floyd studies in the library, where it is quiet. Larry studies in the room their class is held in. Jon studies at Starbucks, where it is noisy. Don studies at his friend's house. According to context dependent memory, who is likely to do the best on the exam?
larry
A possible behavioral explanation for depression focuses on _____.
learned helplessness
Andrea, an avid golfer, imitates a professional golfer's swing after watching him play golf on television. Andrea's act of imitation represents the _____ element of observational learning.
motor reproduction
Which of the following regions of the cerebral cortex is involved in higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self-control?
prefrontal cortex
Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the:
room color.
Tim and Margaret are having a picnic near the edge of a large forest. Suddenly, a huge black bear invades their space and heads for the picnic basket. According to the James Lange theory of emotion, the couple will:
run and then experience the emotion of fear as a result of the physical changes in their bodies.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to:
satisfy his physiological needs.
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation.
specific phobia
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaines are:
stimulants
Juanita is one of the finalists in a televised game show. Juanita is able to remember the names of the contestants she met on the first day of the show but cannot remember the names of the contestants she met after that day. In the context of memory retrieval, Juanita's ability to recall only the names of the contestants she met on the first day exemplifies _____.
the primacy effect
If Cathy blames her history teacher for her poor performance on a history test she is engaging in:
the self-serving bias.
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.
unconditioned response
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog salivated each time the food was presented. The dog's response to the food was a(n) _____.
unconditioned response
The sleep disorder narcolepsy occurs when individuals:
unexpectedly fall into REM sleep during an activity.
Greg feels that he did poorly on his first job interview only because the interviewer did not like him. He knows that he will perform better at other interviews. According to the attribution theory, Greg is attributing his performance at the first interview to:
unstable factors.
A slot machine rewards people some of the time. This type of schedule is called:
variable ratio
Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through _____.
vicarious reinforcement
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved:
when one is moderately aroused.
Which of the following cultural factors is most likely to increase conformity?
A collectivist culture
According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders, abnormal behavior can be influenced by _____.
All of these: -genes -childhood experiences -gender
Jasmine is an attractive, well-dressed female who appears normal to her colleagues. . . However, Jasmine may still be considered abnormal if _____.
All of these: -she is statistically deviant -her behavior is maladaptive -she suffers from personal distress
Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?
An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety he experiences.
Which of the following statements is true of meditation?
As a physiological state, meditation shows qualities of sleep and wakefulness, yet it is distinct from both.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature
Bobby manages a fast-food restaurant. He is frustrated because employees often call in sick at the last minute before the start of their shift. Given that Bobby recognizes this problem, which of the following is the next immediate step that he should take to solve this problem?
Bobby should define the problem in detail.
Dr. Grey notices that his schizophrenic patient, Alicia, sometimes lapses into a phase during which she becomes unresponsive and stiff. In this state, Alicia's body becomes rigid, and she sits for hours by herself in a sort of stupor. In the context of schizophrenia, which of the following best describes Alicia's condition in this scenario?
Catatonia
Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory?
Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in capacity.
Felix is memorizing vocabulary for his spanish class. When he studies the word "gato", or cat, he thinks of his big orange cat named Garfield and how he purrs every time he he gets attention. Which level of processing has Felix engaged in while encoding the word "gato"?
Deep
Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough of money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?
Esteem
Which of the following statements is true of cultural differences with regard to the facial expression of emotions?
Facial expression of emotion does not differ significantly across cultures.
Which of the following is an avoidance-motivating emotion?
Fear
Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Flat affect
Ginny was in a car accident in which her amygdala was severely damaged. Which of the following is a likely consequence of this damage?
Ginny will try to eat the plate on which her sandwich is placed.
Ivan has misplaced his room keys. Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?
He will go through each drawer in his house.
A very attractive woman walks by Henry and his friends while they are playing basketball. His friends begin to whistle at her, but Henry feels that it is demeaning for the woman and does not participate. According to the false consensus effect, Henry's friends are most likely to think that:
Henry feels the way they do.
Dan gets a shock every time he hugs his wife when she wears her cotton red sweater with the pink violin on the front. This thursday he came home and was wearing a red sweater. According to classical conditioning, which of the following would Dan do?
Hesitate before he hugs her because he was conditioned to get a shock.
Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in bipolar disorder?
High levels of norepinephrine and low levels of serotonin are associated with bipolar disorder.
Alissa is memorizing her grocery list: Eggs, bacon, sugar, apples, bread, hamburger, pop tarts, carrots, chicken, tea, eggplant, green beans, flour, honey, broccoli, oranges, and ice cream. According to the recency effect, which items will Alissa remember?
Honey, broccoli, oranges, and ice cream
Which of the following is true of implicit memory?
Implicit memory is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.
Which of the following is true of continuous reinforcement in operant conditioning?
In continuous reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?
It involves bottom-up processing.
Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter dopamine?
It is in excess in patients with schizophrenia
which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?
It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Ryan realizes that his heart is beating faster than usual the moment Jenna walks into the classroom. He wonders whether he has a crush on her. This reaction is best explained by the _____.
James-Lange theory
Which of the following theories of emotion is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis?
James-Lange theory
Karen's grandparents suffered from Alzheimer's Disease before they died. What piece of advice about Alzheimer's Disease will help Karen stay healthy?
Karen should take ballroom dance lessons to challenge her brain.
Which of the following is true of long-term memory?
Long-term memory has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited.
Which of the following statements is correct about MDMA (ecstasy)?
One of the side effects from ecstasy is brain damage.
The release of which of the following hormones and neurotransmitters plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding?
Oxytocin
Which of the following is true of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
People with this disorder show an excessive attachment to moral codes and are excessively orderly in daily life.
______ refers to a situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later
Proactive Interference
Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in schizophrenia?
Problems in prenatal development may predispose a brain to developing schizophrenic symptoms later in life.
Brian is trying to remember a list of 15 letters, grouped into the following chunks: SLI BG XA BDF TRI UX. In the context of chunking, which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters?
Re-organizing the letters to form meaningful words
Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?
Rehearsal
At a party, Andrea stunned her fellow guests when she was able to introduce a new arrival to all 205 people attending the party by name. Which of the following processes of memory has Andrea demonstrated in this scenario?
Retrieval
Which of the following is true of sensory memory?
Sensory memory has a duration of a fraction of a second.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the process of serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
Serotonin reuptake inhibition increases the production of serotonin.
Gerald, a high-school senior, sees another student stumble and drop her books in the hall. If Gerald makes the fundamental attribution error, how would he most likely explain the student's behavior?
She is a clumsy person.
Margaret fell down her basement stairs and severely injured her head. The doctor said that the limbic system in her brain was badly damaged, specifically the amygdala. Keeping this information in mind, which of the following memory difficulties is Margaret most likely to experience?
She will find it difficult to process emotional memories.
Which of the following is true of the biological factors involved in emotion?
The limbic system is involved in the experience of positive emotions.
Which of the following is true according to self-determination theory?
The needs emphasized in the self-determination theory concern personal growth, not the filling of deficiencies.
Which of the following statements is true of subgoals?
They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies.
In the context of persuasion, attempts at persuasion may be more difficult when:
a source has a vested interest in the message.
In order for a sample to help scientists generalize their results, the members of the sample must ___
accurately represent the population they come from.
Which of the following is true of social cognition in social psychology?
all of these: -It refers to the way people select social information. - It refers to the way people interpret social information. - It refers to the way people remember social information
Jennifer has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she is very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An electroencephalograph (EEG) is most likely to indicate the presence of:
alpha waves.
Neurotransmitters are stored in the _____
axon
Noelle, a psychologist, hypothesizes that male high school students experience increased self-esteem if they receive excellent grades in math. She conducts an experiment in which she divides the participants to two groups. One group is consistently given excellent grades in math by their teachers, whether they are actually doing well or not. The other group is consistently given average scores by their teachers. After two months, she gives the boys the same self-esteem questionnaire that she administered to them before the test. In the context of experimental research, the group that receives average grades consistently is the:
control group
Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.
declarative memory
The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will:
experience physiological and emotional reactions simultaneo
The _____ effect means individuals overestimating the degree to which other individuals think or act the way they do.
false consensus
Which of the following is a characteristic of good problem solvers?
humility
_____ is the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel the way they do, resulting in behavior that is energized, directed, and sustained.
motivation
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.
obedience
Spanking Whitney to decrease her crying in the cereal isle at BiLo is a form of:
positive punishment
When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test.
self-serving bias
The second process in memory is ____
storage
In the context of the neuron structure, the tiny space between two neurons is called the _____.
synapse
Encoding failure occurs when _____.
the information never entered the long-term memory
After bungee jumping, David's nervous system signals the production of large amounts of epinephrine which causes high arousal. During this time, he notices a beautiful woman and cognitively interprets his excitement as attraction toward the woman. This exemplifies the concept of the ____
two-factor theory
An example of a specific phobia that is associated with the fear of strangers is referred to as _____.
xenophobia
Alex has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. Which of the following, if true, might have played a role in the development of his disorder?
Alex has respiratory system abnormalities.
Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98th floor of a building. The first few times that Alex used the elevator, his ears popped and Alex found the sensation uncomfortable. As a result, whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator, he feels his ears pop before he gets to the elevator. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following is the conditioned response?
Alex's ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator
In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?
All of these: -People tend to look to the behavior of others for cues about what to do. -People wait for others to offer help. -When witnesses are present, there is a diffusion of responsibility.
Neil has been riding his bike to work for the last five years. Which of the following characteristics of concepts is being illustrated in this statement?
Concepts aid memory.
Sam is at an international food fest with his brother Mark. When Sam is served a dish of Mopane worm stew, Mark tells him reassuringly, "That's food!" and Sam comprehends his statement regarding the concept of food. Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?
Concepts provide can offer suggestions or clues about the understanding of a particular object.
Dan is at an international food fest with his brother Jude. When Dan is served a dish of Mopane worm stew, Jude tells him reassuringly, "That's food!" and Dan comprehends his statement regarding the concept of food. Which of the following characteristics of concepts has been illustrated in this scenario?
Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object.
Which of the following is an example of elaboration in memory used while sturying for a psychology exam?
Dennis studies the key terms by relating them to stories about himself.
Donna prides herself on being able to remember a face after seeing it just once. However, she is not good with remembering the names that match the faces. In the context of memory retrieval, it can be said that:
Donna is good with recognition but poor with recall.
Which of the following is the most common neurotransmitter activated by psychoactive drugs and found to be related to addiction?
Dopamine
Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?
Drives do not always follow from needs.
Which of the following is true of emotional expression in computer communications?
Emoticons reveal a potentially unique aspect of computer-mediated communication.
Jonah struggles to finish his algebra assignment even though he dislikes the subject. He fears that if he fails to complete his assignment on time, he might have to spend time in the school detention room. Which of the following is responsible for influencing Jonah's behavior?
Extrinsic motivation
Ray played basketball for most of his life because he enjoyed the sport. He became so competent that he was given an opportunity to play professionally. Eventually, he signed a very lucrative contract with a regional basketball team. After the contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money than the previous deal, but Ray decided that it was not enough. Which of the following best explains the rationale behind Ray's decision?
Extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play.
Gary turned to his wife when he woke up and said, "You won't believe what I dreamed. I was being chased by men in suits; they were riding horses. They had long narrow briefcases, and they were trying to run me down!" If Gary related his dream to a psychodynamic therapist, they would tell him that what he had dreamed about was his fear of financial issues and not being able to pay all his bills. Which element in this scenario represents the latent content of the dream?
Gary's concern over monthly bills
Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?
Generalization in classical conditioning
Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to explain psychological disorders using the psychological approach?
Genetics (thoughts emotions and experiences are)
Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?
He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank
_____ helps individuals to resist persuasion.
Inoculation
Whenever a dog falls into a puddle of water, it shakes itself to dry its wet fur. Which of the following best describes the dog's pattern of behavior?
Instinct
Which of the following is a trait of creative thinkers?
Intrinsic/internal motivation
Which of the following is a function of the axon in a nerve cell in the context of specialized cell structure?
It carries information away from the cell body toward other cells.
Which of the following is a function of the cell body in a nerve cell?
It directs the manufacture of substances required for growth and maintenance of neurons.
Which of the following is true about the myelin sheath in a nerve cell?
It facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses.
In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of the connectionist view?
It maintains that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons.
Which of the following is true about the autonomic nervous system?
It monitors processes such as breathing and digestion.
Which of the following statements best explains the primacy effect?
It occurs because the first few items in a list receive more elaborate processing.
Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?
It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.
Which of the following principles underlies the technique of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
It rests on the principle that mental activity is associated with changes in the oxygenated blood levels in the brain.
In the context of memory, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieval?
Jane is telling Jon about a recent movie she saw.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates a flashbulb memory?
Joseph remembers what he was doing when he heard that his wife was in an accident.
While preparing for a biology test, Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind, just as it is shown in the textbook. He also labels each part in his mind as it is in the textbook. Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario?
Mental Imagery
Shonda is a waitress at Johnny Rocket's restaurant. She recalls each customer's order perfectly by picturing each customer wearing the food they ordered. Which encoding processes is Shonda most likely using to help her remember his orders?
Mental imagery
Which of the following characteristics makes mirror neurons so fascinating?
Mirror neurons appear to respond to both kinds of information, doing and seeing.
Dr. Know-it-All hosts a TV talk show. One of his guests, Joe Collins, complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving. Joe asks Dr. Know-it-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation. Dr. Know-it-All immediately exclaims that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation. Is Dr. Know-it-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?
No, an instinct cannot explain complex human behaviors accurately
At age thirty-three, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?
Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.
Which of the following emotions is associated with negative affect?
Sadness
In the context of how memory is organized, which of the following is true of schemas?
Schemas support the reconstruction process, helping individuals fill in gaps between their fragmented memories.
_____ is a severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from this disorder may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality.
Schizophrenia
John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?
The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.
The advertising committee for a politician is going door-to-door and asking people to place a big, unattractive election sign on their lawns. Assuming that most people will refuse at first, the advertising committee is prepared to ask them to place a small sign on their lawns, which is the actual plan. Which strategy for successful persuasion is the advertising committee using in this scenario?
The door-in-the-face strategy
Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
The higher-level needs can only be observed in a person who is relatively satisfied in the most basic needs.
A history class of 50 students has agreed to be the subject of a research study. Half of the class has been asked to study for the next history test while listening to classical music. The remaining half has been asked to study in a completely silent environment. The test scores of the two groups will be compared at the end of the experiment. In this experiment, which of the following is the dependent variable?
The test scores of both groups at the end of the experiment
David damaged a part of his brain in a ski accident. Once he was out of his coma, the doctors noticed that even though he could produce words in speech, he couldn't seem to understand the meanings of the words spoken by others. In this scenario, damage to which of the following areas of David's brain is most likely causing this symptom?
Wernicke's area
Darrin is a good pianist. However, when he is alone, he becomes lethargic and is not motivated to perform well. At recitals with strangers, Darrin gets very overly aroused and often makes mistakes. His best performance is typically when his family and friends are nearby. In such situations, Darrin isn't nervous and is only moderately aroused. This scenario best exemplifies the principle of _____.
Yerkes-Dodson law
Leslie screams immediately after burning her fingers on the stove. In the context of the cognitive factors involved in emotion, Leslie's behavior supports _____.
Zajonc's ideas about cognition and emotion
In surveys conducted by Gerald, many adolescents reported that they started smoking cigarettes because of peer pressure. In observing adolescent groups, however, Gerald rarely sees adolescents offering each other cigarettes or putting pressure on others to smoke. Gerald predicts that if he conducts further studies on this topic, he will be able to prove that peer pressure is not the primary reason that adolescents start smoking cigarettes. In the context of psychology's scientific method, Gerald is basing his further studies on:
a hypothesis
In the context of retrieval failures, the decay theory states that memories fade because __________
a neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time
In psychological research, a correlational study is used to determine:
a predictive link between variables
learning is defined as:
a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting. This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of _____.
a schema
Josie just woke up. She had a cup of coffee and is about to study for a psychology test. Her wants her body to be as alert as possible so she is relying on which of the following neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
Martin's father is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease. In the context of neurotransmitters, this is most likely due to the insufficient production of _____ in his brain.
acetylcholine
REM sleep is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that is specifically involved in muscle action, learning, and memory is _____.
acetylcholine
Shane is a sales representative and uses MapQuest to get driving directions to his clients' offices. Thus, Shane uses _____ to get to his destinations.
algorithms
Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to:
alter consciousness.
In operant conditioning, generalization occurs when:
an organism performs a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
In operant conditioning, discrimination occurs when:
an organism responds appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
The _____ of an emotion is the degree to which the emotion is reflected in an individual's being active, engaged, or excited versus passive, disengaged, or calm.
arousal level
_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
associative learning
In the context of the divisions of the nervous system, such processes as heart rate, breathing, and digestion are monitored by the _____.
autonomic nervous system
The fact that Jordan hears about airplane crashes on the news more often than he hears about automobile crashes may lead him to believe that he is more likely to die in a plane than in a car. This scenario exemplifies:
availability heuristic.
As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) _____ experiment.
aversive conditioning
Jacob, a police officer, wants to train his new dog, Rover. Jacob buys a "zap collar" that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog whenever it pulls on the leash. After wearing the collar for a few days, Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the leash. Consequently, Rover stops pulling on the leash. In this scenario, which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline Rover?
aversive conditioning
Diana wants to avoid getting Ebola. Which of the following could be considered a subgoal of her major goal?
avoid coming into contact with anyone who has treated an Ebola patient.
Why do people like and use heuristics?
because they are fast and mostly reliable
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking anti-depressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the _____.
biological approach
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with _____.
body dysmorphic disorder
A psychological study indicates a strong positive correlation between two variables. This means that:
both variables increase or decrease in the same direction.
Charlton accidentally stuck a pin in his hand. He feels the pain in his:
brain
Roy, the conductor of an orchestra, guides and coordinates other musicians during stage performances. What part of your nervous system best represents what Roy does?
brain
In the context of divisions of the nervous system, the central nervous system consists of the _____.
brain and spinal cord
The _____ states that the function of positive emotions is to extend the scope of attention and foster the construction of resources.
broaden-and-build model
In the context of psychology's scientific method, variables are elements of research that:
can change.
Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics
can lead to different answers to a given problem
in which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?
classical conditioning
Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through:
classical conditioning.
Chelsea is a chain smoker. She plans to stop smoking because she knows that smoking will harm her health. In this scenario, Chelsea is trying to change her behavior to fit her attitude, which will most likely reduce her _____.
cognitive dissonance
According to the investment model of close relationships, _____ a relationship most clearly predicts a willingness to sacrifice for a romantic partner.
commitment to
In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), _____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts
compulsions
Professor Milton wants to examine the relationship between brain damage and intelligence levels in adults. She wants to know whether brain damage has any relation to intelligence and, if so, what the extent of this relationship is likely to be. Which of the following psychological research methods is likely to be most suitable to Professor Milton's needs?
correlational research
In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that _____.
decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
Sherlock Holmes has concluded that the man lying dead by the lake was definitely not murdered. He came to this conclusion going from the general (the dead body) to the specific (the clues did not support murder) using:
deductive reasoning
Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store, looking at video game systems. Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display. Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details?
deep processing
Jason and Marie were out late dancing and drinking. Jason noticed that whenever he drank, he felt less inhibited and more likely to dance and have fun. The irony about this perception is that alcohol is actually a:
depressant.
In the context of evaluating theories in psychology, _____ replication means doing a study precisely as it was conducted in its original form.
direct
Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.
discrimination
Nate begins to feel very thirsty during an annual sports meet in his college. Since he forgot to carry a bottle of water, Nate decides to go to the cafeteria to get some soda. Which of the following is responsible for urging Nate to walk toward the cafeteria to quench his thirst?
drive
Night terrors typically occur:
during non-REM sleep.
In the context of nervous system pathways, nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body are known as _____ nerves.
efferent
Cannon-Bard theory suggests that in terms of emotional and physiological reactions, _____.
emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
Daniel is reading a book and wants to remember it. He first needs to use the process of _________.
encoding
While sending her daughter off to her school prom, Eve recollects the events of her own prom. She even remembers the moment that her name was announced as Prom Queen. Eve's recollection of this moment best reflects her _____ memory.
episodic
In order for Jennifer to find out the relationship between drinking coffee and test performance, her best method to do this is:
experimental
In an experimental study, group A receives progressive relaxation training before taking a general knowledge test, while group B receives no training before taking the same test. In this student, group A is the _____ group, while group B is the _____ group.
experimental; control
Dale, a researcher, conducts a study on two groups. During the study, he is friendlier toward the female participants than he is toward the male participants which makes the women feel more relaxed during the study. In this scenario, Dale might be influencing the results of the experiment through _____ bias.
experimenter
Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors.
external
Raymond is a salesman at a store that sells electronic gadgets. He meets his monthly sales target in time because it fetches him additional incentives besides his monthly salary. This is an example of:
extrinsic motivation
Gerald enrolls himself into the school's basketball team only because his dad insisted that he do so. However, Gerald is interested in swimming. He believes that he would be a better swimmer than a basketball player. Gerald's current performance in the school's basketball team is influenced by:
extrinsic motivation.
In positive punishment, a behavior increases when it is followed by the presentation of a stimulus.
false
______ memory is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events
flashbulb
In the context of the "Stanford Marshmallow Experiments", research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to:
focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity
Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____
focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them
Operant conditioning is a form of learning that ______.
focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them
Classical conditioning _____.
focuses on the association between two stimuli
Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.
generalization
After the study of little Albert was over, Albert seemed to be afraid of Santa Clause white beard. This is because he ___________ his fear of the color white.
generalized
What makes an educated guess, educated?
going to the library or online and reading about it
In the context of experimental research, random assignment of participants is important in order to ensure that:
groups have equal and balanced composition.
Jeremy, a schizophrenic patient, hears multiple voices inside his head; talking to him at the same time and forcing him to do things. Hence, it can be inferred that he is experiencing the symptom of _____.
hallucinations
Lauren is watching a live golf tournament on television and sees a golfer frown after he makes his shot. Lauren would make the fundamental attribution error if she assumed that the golfer:
has a volatile personality.
Many psychologists believe that the facial expressions of human beings:
have strong biological ties.
The two halves of the cerebral cortex are called cerebral _____.
hemispheres
Sheila is late for class. Assuming that she is the actor and her teacher is the observer, her teacher is most likely to attribute Sheila's tardiness to:
her lack of organizational skills.
After the football game in which the underdog beat the favorite, Charlie boasts to his friends, "I knew they were going to win all along!!" Charlie is using:
hindsight bias.
After the outcome of an election is announced, George states that he knew all along what the outcome would be. This is a form of:
hindsight bias.
Ross takes a flight from Log Angeles to New York to attend a business meeting the next day. He checks into a hotel and goes to bed at 11 p.m. However, he is unable to fall asleep even though he is accustomed to sleeping by 11 p.m. Ross is unable to sleep because:
his body time is out of phase with clock time
Jessica stayed up all night to study for a math exam. After the test, she returned to her dorm room and slept for seven hours to compensate for her lack of sleep. In the context of drive reduction theory, Jessica's sleeping behavior was regulated by her body's tendency to maintain:
homeostasis.
Veronica dives into a swimming pool on a chilly winter day. Initially, she feels very cold and begins to shiver. However, after a while, Veronica stops shivering as her body begins to use energy to maintain its normal temperature. This phenomenon can be best explained as:
homeostasis.
In the context of psychology's scientific method, a(n) _____ is an educated guess that derives logically from a theory.
hypothesis
Albert, a student researcher, varies the amount of food given to rats in an experiment, to measure the effect on their learning behavior. In Albert's study, the amount of food given is the _______ variable.
independent
Before agreeing to participate in a psychological research study, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, which of the following addresses this issue?
informed consent
Courtney, a young woman with an anxiety disorder, volunteers to participate in a psychological study so that she can earn $100. She knows that the study will require her to reflect upon her childhood but she does not know that this experiment is unsuitable for individuals with anxiety. Courtney's symptoms act up during the experiment and she re-starts her therapy. In Courtney's case, the American Psychological Association (APA) ethics guideline that has most likely been violated is _____.
informed consent
Lily spent over $1000.00 to help her problem. She has the most frequently reported sleep disorder in the USA. Lily has:
insomnia
Nikita is always tired. She goes to bed at about 10:30 every night and is asleep in seconds, but she wakes up frequently during the night. She is most likely suffering from:
insomnia
Myelin is to a neuron as _______ is to an electric wire.
insulation
Bradley is an exceptionally good student. He enjoys studying and works hard toward improving the overall quality of his work. Bradley is motivated to study topics beyond the scope of his syllabus and takes pride in his gift for learning. Bradley's behavior can be attributed to:
intrinsic motivation.
something is considered a science when:
it gathers information using the scientific method
Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning called _____.
learned helplessness
Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to:
lower memory retention.
in the context of the organization of the brain, damage to the hippocampus impairs:
memory formation
In the context of the organization of the brain, damage to the hippocampus impairs:
memory formation.
Bradley conducts research to validate his hypothesis that increased job satisfaction leads to greater organizational commitment among employees. He collates the existing data from all of the studies that he can locate on the topic. By looking at the data, he establishes that his hypothesis has been consistently proven correct across the studies. In this scenario, the method of study used by Bradley is _____.
meta-analysis
According to Ellen Langer, an individual's routine of engaging in meditation every morning is an example of _____.
mindful behavior
Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food, she is ridden by a desire to eat. These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food. Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of:
motivation
An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience _____.
motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts
Sarah is hungry. She cooks herself a meal and then sits down by herself to eat it. In this instance, Sarah is satisfying her _____.
need
After running a marathon, Nick begins to perspire heavily. According to the drive reduction theory, Nick's body will have a(n) _____ for water, which will consequently produce a(n) _____ for water.
need; drive
Five minutes are deducted from Frankie's recess hour every time he misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, his teacher is using _____ to discipline Frankie.
negative punishment
Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.
negative reinforcement
Gary, a high-school student with no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting poor grades in school. This scenario is reflective of _____ in operant conditioning.
negative reinforcement
In a double-blind experiment:
neither researchers nor participants know who is in the control or experimental group.
the body's electrochemical communication circuitry is known as the _______ system.
nervous
The first step of the scientific method is psychology involves:
observing some phenomenon in the world
Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.
open-mindedness
in the context of pathways in the nervous system, efferent nerves carry information:
out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body
Dorothy has been suffering from epileptic seizures for the past four years. In the context of neurotransmitter functioning, her seizures can be best attributed to the _____.
overstimulation caused by glutamate
Chunking is the process of _______.
packing information that exceeds the 7+-2 memory span into higher order units
John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like fainting and has trouble catching his breath. John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of _____.
panic disorder
The placebo effect in an experimental study refers to the:
participants' expectations producing an outcome.
A major criticism of the drive reduction theory is that it does not provide a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation because:
people often behave in ways that increase drives.
The processes by which individuals use social stimuli to form impressions of others is known as _____.
person perception
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the strongest human needs are:
physiological needs.
In the context of characteristics of the nervous system, the brain's special physical capacity for change is referred to as its _____.
plasticity
Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of _____ in operant conditioning
positive punishment
Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through _____ in operant conditioning.
positive reinforcement
Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives when he cries is a _____.
primary reinforcer
Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory.
procedural
Drive pertains to a(n) _____, whereas need involves a physiological one.
psychological state
Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance in order to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups is known as _____ assignment.
random
Betty sent Christmas cards to everyone in her address book and received Christmas cards in return from most of the recipients. This result is consistent with the social behavior known as:
reciprocity
Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a:
reflex
_____ is the method of improving short-term memory that involves the conscious repetition of information.
rehearsal
In class we used the example of racism when we were discussing:
representative heuristic.
According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams:
result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.
Felix, a record-holder in the area of memory skills, amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order. Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario?
retrieval
Jillian, a flight attendant, is fluent in Spanish. Ever since she has learnt French, however, Jillian finds it difficult to remember Spanish words and phrases. In this scenario, Jillian's failure to retrieve Spanish words and phrases is most likely caused by _____.
retroactive interference
Garret was playing in his high school football game when he was tackled by a 300 lb player on the opposing team. Because of his brain injury, he cannot remember attending his brother's birthday party two weeks before the football game. What is this phenomenon known as?
retrograde amnesia
Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____.
retrograde amnesia
Jenna is in an accident a week before her wedding. Due to injury to her head, Jenna's memory is affected even though she can speak and read clearly. She remembers that she is getting married in a week and remembers her appointments for the week, but she has no memory of how she met her fiancé or how long they were dating. In this scenario, Jenna's _____ memory is most likely impaired.
retrospective
After delivering its message, some of the neurotransmitter is used up in the production of energy, and some of it is reabsorbed by the axon that released it to await the next neural impulse. In the context of synaptic transmission, this reabsorption is called _____.
reuptake
Kenny has been diagnosed with Parkinson disease and has been prescribed medication to manage some of his symptoms. The medication elevates the levels of dopamine in his system. If the levels of dopamine in his system become excessive, Kenny might start to exhibit symptoms associated with _____.
schizophrenia
Whitney has been in a car accident. She received a blow to the back of her head. Her doctor said there may be some impact to her occipital lobe and she may have some issues______.
seeing
The highest and most elusive of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:
self-actualization.
Research in psychology suggests that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. One explanation for this is that expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make their expectations about attractive people come true. This is known as the _____
self-fulfilling prophecy
Research in psychology suggests that many attractive people possess a number of positive characteristics. One explanation for this is that expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make their expectations about attractive people come true. This is known as the _____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Sally is very intelligent and has a great personality. However, she has always seen herself as unattractive and, as a result, is often depressed. Sally's depression is most likely facilitated by feelings of:
self-objectification.
Josh had a very enjoyable time at the zoo last week. Most of the visual and auditory stimuli that he experienced and has now forgotten were initially processed in his _____ memory.
sensory
Hallucinations are _____.
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli
Moments before her exam, Shay glances through a new chapter in her chemistry book. There is a question on the new chapter on the exam, but all Shay can remember is the physical appearance of the molecular structure. Which level of processing did Shay use while encoding the chemistry material?
shallow
In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding slight changes in behavior a little at a time to achieve an overall change.
shaping
Kay wants to remember Kathy's phone number. She says it outloud a few times to rehearse it, utilizing her _______ memory.
short-term
George Miller's classic paper on "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" refers to a person's
short-term memory
Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.
spontaneous recovery
Hiroko's fifth-grade teacher was disappointed when he performed poorly in math. She believes that Asian students are academically excellent and never perform poorly. In this scenario, the teacher's beliefs best illustrate:
stereotyping.
In the context of psychological research methods, a(n) _____ presents a standard set of questions, or items, to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic.
survey
_______ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
sustained attention
Harry is driving on the interstate highway for the first time since he obtained his license. He is nervous and wants to get off the interstate but cannot do so; his heart and pulse are racing. In this scenario, Harry's physiological responses can be best attributed to his _____ nervous system
sympathetic
Lionel is preparing for his first job interview. The night before the interview, he is restless and anxious; his palms sweat and his heart beats faster than usual. In this scenario, Lionel's physiological responses can be best attributed to his _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Nancy is in her building elevator going down to the lobby when the elevator stops suddenly between floors, and the doors won't open. Nancy's heart starts pounding, and her palms start sweating. In this scenario, Nancy's physiological responses can be best attributed to her _____ nervous system.
sympathetic
Mom told us not to go swimming after we ate. She said the food digestion would cause cramps. In terms of the peripheral nervous system, our digestion after eating was under the control of the _________ division, while our muscles were under the control of the _________ division
sympathetic; parasympathetic
Harry intends to pursue his career in the armed forces. However, his mother prevents him from applying for a position in the armed forces. She fears that she will lose her son just like she lost her husband who died during his regime in the armed forces. Hence, it can be concluded that Harry's mother has used _____.
the availability heuristic
Jet lag can be best explained by:
the effect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.
Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning is a learning process in which:
the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
Gabriella is putting her favorite blouse in her dresser. She wants to remember what drawer the blouse is in for future use. What part of Gabriella's brian is storing this memory?
the hippocampus
According to the all-or-nothing principle, which of the following would happen if the size of the electrical charge in a neural impulse was twice the size needed for the electrical impulse?
the intensity of the impulse would not be affected
In the context of memory retrieval, which of the following refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list?
the primacy effect
Dominic is a marathon runner. He admits that whenever he runs, he feels euphoric. He cannot begin his day without running for an hour. In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following is most likely responsible for his feelings of pleasure from running?
the release of endorphins
Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake who is a tall and lanky man. She concludes that Drake might be a basketball player for his college team. According to the biases and heuristics in decision making, it can be concluded that Hillary mirrors _____ in this scenario.
the representativeness heuristic
Samantha believes that Gabe is a member of the football team because he is muscular and wears gym shorts. This typically illustrates:
the representativeness heuristic
Maya burns her fingers while cooking dinner. Which of the following divisions of the nervous system will be primarily responsible for the pain she feels?
the somatic nervous system
The concept of mindfulness refers to:
the state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities.
Extinction in classical conditioning is:
the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Jessica and her husband, Jason are both constipated. Jessica says" Darn you, Jason! I caught your constipation!" Jason asks his psychology professor about this. His professor says that their constipation is correlated. That means:
they both may be eating a diet that causes constipation.
With regard to cognitive factors in emotion, the psychologist, Richard Lazarus believed in the primacy of thinking, which implies that:
thoughts are a precondition for emotions.
Observational learning occurs _____.
through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior
In the context of pathways in the nervous system, afferent nerves carry information:
to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors
The need to take increasing amounts of a drug in order to get the same effect is referred to as:
tolerance.
Motivated forgetting is usually associated with _____ memories.
traumatic
For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least _____.
two weeks