Psych 201 final exam

Anna and Diane are psychologists. Anna flows a psychodynamic perspective, while Diane embraces a humanistic perspective. Although they disagree in a number of ways, their approaches are similar in that both

Acknowledge the importance of internal mental processes

The concept of "theory of mind" is best described as

An understanding that everyone thinks, feels, perceived, and has private experiences

Which of the following terms refer the physiological state of being engaged with the environment?

Arousal

___ is the process of focusing awareness on a narrow aspect of the environment

Attention

State of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called

Automatic processes

While on her way to work recently, Martha was pulled over for the first time, for exceeding the speed limit. She was required to pay a heavy fine. Since then; she has maintained a consistent speed if 30 miles per hour while driving, whether or not there are speed limits in place. In this scenario, Martha is demonstrating ___ learning

Avoidance

____ includes knowing about oneself and thoughts about one's experiences

Awareness

Subliminally presented stimuli

Can sometimes be subconsciously perceived

In an experimental study, a properly designed hypothesis will test a theory by predicting the

Changes in the dependent variable in response to changes in the independent variable

Jack always takes his dog out for a walk in the morning. Whenever jack puts the leash on his dog, the dog gets very excited about going for a walk. In this scenario, the dog has learned to associate the leash with going for a walk through

Classical conditioning

A(n) ____ is a person who is given a role to play in an experimental study so that the social context can be manipulated

Confederate

Jenna heard construction noise while studying. Even though the noise distracts her from her studies initially, she is able to focus on her studies after some time. In this scenario, Jenna is demonstrating

Habituation

Ivan has misplaced his room keys. Which of the following would he do if he decides to use an algorithmic approach to find them?

He will go through each drawer in his house

Dr. Ambrose feels that a particular intelligence test is probably culturally biased. Which of the following test questions would concern Dr. Ambrose the most?

In which month of the year is the Super Bowl played?

Peter is driving down the highway. While trying to find his exit, he fails he to notice the sign stating the detour sign near his exit. In this scenario, Peter is exhibiting

Inattentional blindness

Sleep deprivation has been shown to

Increase inability to sustain attention Reduce the complexity of Brain activity Increases the difficulty in making healthy food choices

positive reinforcement in operant conditioning

Increase the frequency of a behavior

Which of the following is a situation in which concept facilitates generalization?

Irene, an infant, learns that all living thugs that fly are called birds.

Identify a true statement about the controlled system of reasoning and decision making

It involves conscious reflection

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery on classical conditioning

It occurs without further conditioning

Caleb, the owner of a small garage, is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for. He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction. In this scenario, Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

Positive reinforcement

The body's electrochemical communication circuitry is known as the ____ system

Nervous

When describing the process of natural selection, Charles Darwin claimed that

Organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring

Miguel is learning to play the piano. He has Learned to play some chord sequences with ease. In this scenario, the chord sequences learnt by Miguel will be stored in his

Procedural memory

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a(n)

Punishment

____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allows individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks

Working

which of the follow is NOT true of the principle of natural selection proposed by Darwin?

a characteristics can be passed from one generation to the next without being recorded in the genes

____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

classical conditioning

An individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called

consciousness

__ is the process of reflecting deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence.

critical thinking

operant conditioning is a form of learning that

focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them

the humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the role ___ as a determinant of behavior.

free will

a neurobiologist explains to his students that the human nervous system is analogous to electrical circuits in homes. if the circuit wires are not insulated, they are likely to cause a short circuit. in this scenario, the insulation on the wires can be likened to the ___ in the neural system.

myelin sheath

psychologists use ___ to study the role of the brain in psychological processes

neuroscience

___ is the term given to irrelevant and competing stimuli

noise

Being receptive to other ways of looking at things is referred to as _____.

open-mindedness

when describing the process of natural selection, Charles Darwin claimed that..

organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring

in psychology, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information is called

perception

the process of receiving stimulus energy from the environment and transforming it into neural energy is called..

sensation

In the context of the opponent-process theory of color vision, afterimages refer to:

sensations that remain once a stimulus is removed

in the context of sensation and perception, specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called

sensory receptors

A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her ____ memory

short term

The _____ theory of perception states that detection of sensory stimuli depends on a variety of factors besides the physical intensity of the stimulus and the sensory abilities of the observer.

signal detection

Professor Jacobs believes that sleep deprivation is related to conflicts between roommates. He collects data on the number of hours of sleep and the number of conflicts for a group of college students over the courses of a month. He obtains a correlation coefficient of -0.75. In the context of correlational research, which of the following is the most likely conclusion from the results of his study?

sleeping too little is associated with more conflicts

____ is ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

sustained attention

Teresa, a young woman, sees the words in colors and sees shapes whenever she hears a sound. in the context of sensory receptors and the brain, teresa's experiences best illustrate the phenomenon of

synaesthesia

Psychology is formally defined as...

The scientific study of behavior and mental process

Identify a true statement about heuristics

They aid in narrowing down the possible solutions to a problem

Britney is aware of the thoughts running through her mind and the emotions triggered by some of those thoughts. She is also aware of the sounds she hears, the things she sees in her room and outside the window, the smell of coffee brewing in the kitchen, and the smell of freshly cut grass coming through the window. She would be considered to be in a state of

Consciousness

Noelle, a psychologist, conducts a Study a establish whether caffeine increases the ability to run. She has two group of participants run on a treadmill for 15 minutes. One group drinks regular coffee before running, while the other group drinks decaffeinated coffee before running. The group that drinks decaffeinated coffee is the

Control group

Professor Milton wants to examine the relationship between brain damage and intelligence levels in adults. She wants to know whether brain damage has any relation to intelligence and, if so, what the extent of this relationship is likely to be. Which of the following psychological research methods is likely to be most suitable to Professor Milton's needs?

Correlational research

While Sarah does her dishes, she doesn't pay full attention to her dishes. Instead, she thinks about what she is going to have for dinner. Which of the following is Sarah most likely demonstrating?

Daydreaming

The first step in memory is ___, the process by which information gets into memory stage.

Encoding

In the context of loss aversion, ____ means that people ascribe greater value on things they already own, compared to objects owned by someone else.

Endowment effect

While having dinner with his boss, James recalls his first Interview with his boss. he recounts that he had lunch with his boss in the same restaurant that he is now in. In this scenario, James uses his ___ to recall the first time he had spoke to his boss.

Episodic memory

The ____ to psychology focuses on ideas such as adaption, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining scientific human behaviors

Evolutionary approach

At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the sub structures of

Explicit memory and implicit memory

Tyler's grandmother, rose, has been receiving emails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his emails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the emails have stopped. As a result, rose checks her email only every few days. If this pattern continues, rose will completely stop checking her email. In classical condition, this is know as...

Extinction

In ____, the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that is has no control over negative outcomes.

Learned helplessness

Chunking improves short-term memory by

Making large amounts of information more manageable

In the context of memory processes, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information?

Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.

The term ____ refers to the stable, negative change of an inactive neuron

Resting potential

Donna is writing a test. She is so focused on writing the test that she does not hear the Invigilator remind her that she only has five minutes to complete her test. In this scenario, Donna has engaged in

Selective attention

Thomas is playing is video game and is about to complete the last level. He seems unaware that his mom has been calling him for long. Which of the following is Thomas demonstrating

Selective attention

Cathy has long believed that all her supervisors are cranky and disagreeable individuals. According to the confirmation bias, after being transferred to a new department, which of the following will Cathy most likely do on her first day in the new supervisor's department?

She will look for negative behaviors on the part of the supervisor.

Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week. His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night. The next morning, manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before. In this scenario, mannys response to the vitamin can be attributed to

The placebo effect

Dominic is a marathon runner. He says that whenever he runs, he feels euphoric. He cannot begin his day without running for an hour. In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following is most likely responsible for his feelings of pleasure from running?

The release of endorphins

According to the science of psychology, a behavior is a(n)

action that can be directly observed.

Jared has consumed excessive alcohol at a party. Therefore, he is exhibiting

an altered state of consciousness

which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying messages to and from the body's internal organs and monitoring processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion?

autonomic nervous system

As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction, John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette. This experiment is most likely a(n) _____ experiment.

aversive conditioning

the ___ to psychology focuses on the body, especially the brain and nervous system

biological approach

Jimmy hears an insect buzzing in front of him. he locates the insect and decides to swat it with a rolled up magazine. in the scenario, jimmy's decision to swat the fly is a result of

bottom-up processing

in the context of the divisions of the nervous system, the central nervous system consists of the

brain, and spinal cord

behaviors differ from mental processes in that behaviors

can be observed directly

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

declarative memory

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method?

dr. frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week

Ross takes a flight from Log Angeles to New York to attend a business meeting the next day. He checks into a hotel and goes to bed at 11 p.m. However, he is unable to fall asleep even though he is accustomed to sleeping by 11 p.m. Ross is unable to sleep because:

his body time is out of phase with clock time

allie has developed a theory concerning test grades of high school students. she believes that there is a strong casual relationship between students' levels of happiness and their grades in school. in this scenario, her expectation that happier students get better grades is a ____ derived from her theory

hypothesis

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed as:

inductive reasoning

before agreeing to participate in a psychological research study, all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop. According to the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, which of the following addresses this issue.

informed consent

The concept of ___ is best defined as the ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and to learn from experience

intelligence

controlled processes

involve individuals actively focusing their efforts toward a goal

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

it has a storage capacity that is virtually unlimited

Which of the following statements is true of sensation

it is given meaning by the brain through perception

Jacob is a waiter at Alpines, a five-star restaurant. He is known for his excellent memory with regard to customer orders. He recalls each customer's order perfectly by associating the order with where the customer is seated and with the clothes the customer is wearing. In this scenario, which of the following encoding processes is Jacob most likely using to help him remember his orders?

mental imagery

___ are activated in human and nonhuman primates both when they perform an action and when they watch someone else perform that same action.

mirror neurons

If an outcome measure is normally distributed, this means that

most scores are around the average with some scores being lower or higher.

____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus

positive reinforcement

cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of

problem solving

In his psychotherapeutic practice, Dr. Wagner stresses on his clients' unconscious processes as well as their unresolved conflicts. Dr. Wagner most likely adheres to the _____ approach to psychology.

psychodynamic

the ___ approach to psychology emphasizes unconcious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demand and early childhood family experiences.

psychodynamic

which of the following best describes B.F. Skinner's beliefs about studying human behavior?

psychology should be about what people do

Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance in order to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups is known as _____ assignment.

random

Dendrites differ from axons in that dendrites

receive information, whereas axons send information.

Minutes before her biology test, Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes. She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it. Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?

rehearsal

Kenny has been diagnosed with Parkinson disease and has been prescribed medication to manage some of his symptoms. The medication elevates the levels of dopamine in his system. If the levels of dopamine in his system become excessive, Kenny is most likely to exhibit symptoms associated with

schizophrenia

For a research project, Joaquin observes student behavior during a learning task and attempts to form a _____, which is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations.

theory

Robert loves watching action films. while watching an old action film, he notices that he may have already watched that film. he confirms this by predicting the sequence of events in the movie. in this scenario, robert is using

top-down processing

the cognitive approach approach to psychology differs from the behavioral approach to psychology in that the cognitive approach..

views the mind as an active and aware problem-solving system, whereas the behavioral approach portrays behavior as governed by external forces