psych 2.2

________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.

Alfred Binet

The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by

Alfred Binet.

Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.

Algorithms

________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.

Algorithms

If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?

Mechanoreceptors

________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.

David Wechsler

Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?

Dyslexia

Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf

What is the basic sound unit of a language?

Phoneme

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to ________.

Red, green, and blue

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.

Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ________ in regulating the social world.

Ingroups and outgroups

Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?

Sapir and Whorf

Tammy and Sara both agree that dogs typically have four legs, a tail, and fur. Tammy thinks that dogs also tend to bite small children while Sara thinks they tend to be friendly. What explains the differences between what Tammy thinks and what Sara thinks?

Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs.

Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered

chemical senses.

Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share ________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.

common ground

Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of

confirmation bias

If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of

confirmation bias.

Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.

dim

Thinking outside of the box is considered

divergent thinking.

The brain's descending pain modulatory system

enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm.

Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to

following the instruction manual

4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a

frog

Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of

functional fixedness

Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing the specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called

audience design

Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he askes Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of

audience design

Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the

availability heuristic.

Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an

availability heuristic.

Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in

lexicon

The words we use are called

lexicon

Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

mechanoreceptors

Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a

natural concept

Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called

neuropathic pain.

Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of

olfaction

Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.

olfactory bulb

What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?

originality, usefulness, surprise

The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are

phoneme, morpheme, syntax.

Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

practical

Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of

proprioception

The best example of a concept is a

prototype

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of

sensation

Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because

she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.

Which sense pertains to balance?

the vestibular sense

Perception is

the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced.

What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?

they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.

When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,

they can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system.

The meaty, savory taste you find in a steak activates your taste receptors for modosodium glutamate. This taste is described as

umami

Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called

inattentional blindness.

Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?

. Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.

Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around

12 months old

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.

Cones

Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?

Heuristics

________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.

Natural

________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.

Nociceptors

The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?

Sensory Adaptation

When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?

Sensory Adaptation

What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?

Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.

While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.

Syntax

How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?

The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.

Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?

Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders

Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride?

Vestibular

Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use

heuristics

Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use

heuristics

Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same

lexicon

Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the

motivation-decision model.

A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called

subliminal

Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.

syntax

Mental sets occur

when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.

The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain

why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests