psych 240 unit 2 cha 3 & 4

anyone under age 18 or 21

Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to:

more; less

Black adolescents are _____ likely to experience their parents' divorce and _____ likely to experience their remarriage.

it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people

Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:

later; less

Compared to 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment _____ and live under adult supervision _____ than adolescents in earlier times.

lengthened; prolonged

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.

long and disorderly

Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is:

familism

Many immigrant families place an especially high value on _____, an orientation in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual

not likely

Jim and Stacey are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is:

indulgent

Judy's parents express love toward her and they let her, for the most part, establish her own schedule. She eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style fits best with which of the following?

social redefinition

the universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society is called:

nonshared

According to the textbook, during adolescence, which are more influential, nonshared or shared environmental influences?

social rejection as a result of stigma.

Adolescents from divorced families frequently display all of the following negative effects, EXCEPT:

less mature and more conforming to their peers.

According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be:

smoke cigarettes or binge drink

According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to:

family discussions in which decisions, rules, and expectations are explained

According to research, _________ can be an effective way for enhancing the development of adolescents' reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy.

the Industrial Revolution

According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional period until:

40%

According to the textbook, approximately _____ of American children will experience their parents' divorce.

sleeper effects of divorce.

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the:

argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.

Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:

the degree of conflict between parents

The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over time is:

40%

Close to ____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-income families.

Cory most likely has authoritative parents and Jerry most likely has authoritarian parents.

Cory is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more intellectually curious than most of her peers. Jerry, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. According to the textbook, what is the best way to explain this difference?

girls have more problems than boys

Current research on the effects of remarriage indicates that:

young people needed to be kept away from the labor force for their own good.

During the industrial revolution, child protectionists argued that:

even though authoritative parenting is less commonly used by ethnic minority families, its effects on adolescent development are beneficial in all ethnic groups

Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that:

responsive and demanding

Felicia is very warm and accepting to both of her two children, but she also sets firm rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are:

depression, aggression, and delinquency

Growing up, Jessica's parents had a lot of marital conflict. At times Jessica was even exposed to some domestic violence. Jessica is likely to develop which of the following problems?

All of these are true.

How does poverty adversely affect the behavior and development of adolescents?

20; 27

In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was _____; today it is _____.

contemporary

In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however, they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to?

discontinuous.

In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly:

menarche.

Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:

exists in very few cultures

Jeffrey Arnett, the psychologist who created the term "emerging adulthood," believes that the developmental period between adolescence and adulthood (emerging adulthood):

controlling

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust best if Jesse establishes all of the following types of discipline, except:

indifferent

Marcus feels like his parents don't care about him because they allow him to set his own rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Marcus's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles?

indulgent

Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants and who never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother is best characterized as:

authoritative

Michelle is in late adolescence. She excels in school, holds an after-school job, and participates in community service projects on the weekends. Michelle also has lots of friends at school. Her parents most likely use which parenting style?

No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes.

about 1/5 of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial

One finding that emerged from the competence to stand trial research described in the textbook was that:

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:

authoritative

Optimal development during adolescence appears to be facilitated by the ________ style of parenting.

more; less

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense.

increase

Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one manifestation of this change in perspective is a(an) _____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents.

continuous

Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to exhibit a more _____ transition between adolescence and adulthood.

adolescents and their parents communicate in their native language.

Studies of immigrant families suggest that the least amount of conflict exists in households in which:

authoritarian

Tammy's father has absolute standards and expects Tammy to conform to them without exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her, and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father and I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style?

the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become.

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:

midlife crisis of adults

The identity crisis of adolescence may interact with the ________ in increasing family conflict.

the quality of the parent-child relationships at home

The textbook states that _________ is the MOST critical influence on adolescents' adjustment.

Robert, a 13-year-old

Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents?

family socioeconomic status

Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings?

being too loving is too indulgent

Which of the following is not one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting?

Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents.

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

Among those teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood

Which of the following statements about family conflict is true?

Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is FALSE?

Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is FALSE?

the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the community

Which of the following themes is generally NOT a universal element in the process of social redefinition?

demandingness

Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minorities?

Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents

Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is FALSE?

Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?